不同温度、土壤含水量及日光照时数对棉露尾甲虫(Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson))生长发育的影响

在5,10,15,20,30 ℃等5种温度、10%,20%,30%等3种土壤含水量和8,12,16 h等3种日光照时数共45个处理组合条件下,以丝瓜花作为饲料研究了3个因素对棉露尾甲生长发育的联合作用。结果表明：适合于卵生长发育的处理组合为25~35 ℃、10~15%和12~16 h,其中最佳处理组合为30 ℃、10%和12 h,在此组合条件下,卵发育历期为0.8 d,孵化率为93.3%;适合于幼虫及蛹生长发育的处理组合为：25~30 ℃、10~15%和12~16 h,其中最佳处理组合分别为30 ℃、10%、12 h和30 ℃、10%、8 h,在此组合条件下,幼虫历期、存活率和蛹历期、羽化率分别为5.0 d、85.7%和2.2 d、83.3%。在三元二次回归模型中,卵、幼虫、蛹和整个未成熟期（卵至蛹的历期）发育进度最快时的处理组合分别为27.5 ℃、10%、8 h,30 ℃、20%、12 h,32.5 ℃、10%、16 h和30 ℃、10%、16 h;此时理论最短历期分别为0.8、4.4、1.4 d和7.3 d。     

温度对传粉甲虫——棉露尾甲生长发育、存活及繁殖的影响

在光照周期为 12 L:12 D、土壤含水量为 15 %的 5种恒温条件下 (15℃、2 0℃、2 5℃、30℃和 35℃ ) ,以丝瓜花为饲料研究了棉露尾甲未成熟期 (卵期、幼虫期和蛹期 )的生长发育和存活情况 ;同时 ,在同样的光照和温度、棉球保湿的条件下 ,研究了温度对成虫寿命及繁殖的影响情况。结果表明 ,未成熟期各虫态发育速率随温度呈抛物线变化 ,30℃时发育速率最大 ;15℃时卵孵化率最高 ,2 0～ 30℃时 ,幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率显著高于低温 (15℃ )和高温 (30℃ ) ,平均分别可达 96 .3%和 93.2 % ,低温和高温对其有明显的抑制作用 ;成虫寿命同温度之间呈负的线性关系 ,雌虫寿命普遍长于雄虫 ,30℃时雌虫的产卵期最长 ,繁殖力最大 ,最高可达 14 6粒 /雌 ,产卵期和产卵量与温度之间呈抛物线关系     

食料含水量对黄斑露尾甲生长发育和生殖的影响

黄斑露尾甲适宜高湿的生境。室内试验结果表明,食料含水量15％时,卵完全不能孵化。在食料含水量20～45％范围内,卵孵化率、幼虫发育速率及成虫日均产卵量均与食料含水量之间呈“S”形曲线关系,拟合关系式分别为和;幼虫期死亡率与食料含水量之间呈二次曲线关系,拟合关系式为D=0.2926W~2-20.8121W+379.3,并求得幼虫期死亡率最低的食料含水量为35.6％;预蛹和蛹则不甚敏感,其发育速率和死亡率均随食料含水量变化而定。     

棉露尾甲发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在 1 5 ,2 0 ,2 5 ,3 0和 3 5℃下 ,测定了棉露尾甲Haptoncusluteolus(Erichson)各虫态的发育历期。结果表明 ,卵到蛹各虫态历期随温度升高而呈抛物线变化 ,3 0℃时发育历期最短 ;成虫寿命及世代历期随温度升高呈负线性变化。对试验结果采用了 2种方法计算发育起点温度和有效积温 ,并用变异系数进行检验。结果表明 ,除预蛹期外 ,其它各虫态用最优化法计算结果优于直线回归法 ,卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、雌雄成虫产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为 :9 9,7 9,8 6,9 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 3和 5 7℃ ,有效积温分别为 :2 6 4,5 3 9,5 4 91 5 1 6,1 3 4 1 ,5 2 4和 3 2 2 0日·度 ;预蛹期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为 4 8℃和 94 1日·度。     

棉露尾甲在不同饲料上的生长发育及繁殖力比较

[目的]棉露尾甲Haptoncus luteolus Erichson是棉花和番荔枝科等植物上重要的传粉昆虫,研究其室内人工饲养技术对于开发其传粉价值和以其为对象进行转基因棉花安全性评价等方面具有重要意义.[方法]利用筛选的人工饲料和油菜花粉2种潜在的人工饲料,同时以天然饲料丝瓜花为对照,观察比较棉露尾甲初孵幼虫在3种...     

不同温度和土壤含水量对大斑芫菁生长发育的联合作用

在室内人工饲养大斑芜蓄,研究了不同温度、土壤台水量对大斑芜蓄生长发育及其卵的孵化串的联合作用。结果表明：大斑芜蓄不同生长发育时期对温度、土壤台水量的要求有所不同,１—６龄幼虫发育速率最快时的温度和土壤台水量依次为：３２．６℃、６％;３５．６℃、６％;３６．３℃、６％;３８．０℃、６％;３５．６℃、６％;３８．０℃、７．１％,蛹发育速率最快时的温度、土壤台水量为３７．１℃、６％。卵孵化率最高时的温度、土壤台水量为３４．０℃、１２％,卵发育速率最快时的温度、土壤台水量为３３．２℃、７％,     

温度和土壤含水量对青冈栎种子萌发的影响

运用直播法,研究应用人工气候箱控制温度和土壤含水量对野生青冈栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在12h光照条件下,青冈栎种子在变温为10℃/15℃时,萌发率很低,仅为(12±12.29)%;变温为30℃/35℃时,萌发率达最大,为(81±13.7)%。土壤含水量为30%～40%时,萌发率为(79±15.9)%;土壤含水量为90%～100%时,萌发率为(56.67±19.36)%。青冈栎种子萌发呈现出迅速萌发和推迟萌发的特点;温度对青冈栎幼苗的苗高、叶长和叶宽影响显著,对幼苗的地径、叶片数量影响不显著。恒温下,不同梯度土壤含水量处理对幼苗的苗高、地径、叶长、宽影响不显著。     

温度对棉大卷叶螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

本文利用生命表方法评价了温度对棉大卷叶螟生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明：在17 ℃～26 ℃温度范围内,棉大卷叶螟的发育历期随温度升高而显著缩短;当温度超过32 ℃时,其发育历期延长.棉大卷叶螟的世代起点发育温度为12.08 ℃,有效积温为436.2日·度.在17 ℃～35 ℃温度范围内,棉大卷叶螟的存活率在26 ℃下最高,其他温度下的存活率随温度的升高或降低而降低.在17 ℃～35 ℃之间,棉大卷叶螟实验种群的内禀增长率、世代净增殖率、周限增长率分别在29、26和32 ℃下最大,其值分别为0.1268、415.65和1.185.世代平均历期随着温度的升高而缩短,在17 ℃下最长,为89.11 d;在35 ℃下最短,为28.68 d.     

不同温度对烟草生长发育及光合作用的影响

该试验通过人工气候室模拟相对低温(日均温16.5℃)、常温(日均温23.5℃)和相对高温(日均温30.5℃)3种日动态温度,研究了不同温度对烟草生长发育及光合作用的影响。结果表明:(1)与常温下生长的烟草相比,相对低温和高温处理均降低了烟株的株高、叶长和叶宽,在一定程度上抑制了烟草的生长。(2)相对低温和高温处理比常温处理下有较低的烟叶净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)、Rubisco羧化酶活性和相对较高的初始荧光强度(F0)。长期较高或较低的温度均会对烟草的生长发育产生抑制,这可能因其在一定程度上抑制了烟叶的光合机构活性并对反应中心造成了损伤,从而降低了烟草的光合作用,抑制了烟株的生长,长期日均温23.5℃有利于烟草的生长和光合作用。     

温度及土壤含水量对淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾死亡率的影响

淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾Spodopteradepravata(Bulter)在 2 2 ,2 5 ,2 8,3 1 ,3 4,3 6,3 8℃恒温条件下卵孵化率分别为 96. 0 0 ,91 .0 0 ,83. 90 ,84. 81 ,83 . 60 ,80 %和 0。高龄幼虫在低温环境下 ,一般随温度的降低、时间的延长死亡率增加。过冷却点为 (-6. 81± 1 . 63 )℃ ,体液冰点为 (-3 .5 1± 1 . 5 6)℃。 1 0 %土壤含水量时该虫羽化率最高 ,40 %及其以上羽化率为 0。     

湿度和光照对桑白盾蚧种群生长的影响

本文分析了 4组不同湿度和 3组光照条件下桑白盾蚧 Pseudaulacapis pentagona(Targioni-Tozzetti)的种群生长状况 ,组建生命表。相对湿度在 55% ,77% ,80 % ,95%时 ,种群的内禀增长率分别为 :- 0 .0 0 57,0 .0 510 ,0 .0 50 8,0 .0 0 94 ;净增殖率分别为 :0 .6 92 0 ,2 7.2 10 0 ,2 7.6 6 80 ,1.86 0 6 ;后 3者世代增倍时间分别为 13.5910 ,13.6 4 4 6 ,73.7391天 ;光周期在 L∶D=14∶ 10 ,12∶ 12时 ,种群内禀增长率分别为 :0 .0 4 4 5,0 .0 334,净增殖率分别为 2 3.96 2 8,12 .156 2 ,增倍时间为 15.576 3,2 0 .752 0天 ,而 L∶D=10∶ 14时 ,净增殖率为 0 ,内禀增长率和增倍时间都不存在 ,种群将消亡。     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the development and diapause of the bark beetle Ips typographus

Abstract:  Diapause was induced in a Central European population of Ips typographus grown at 20°C when the day length decreased below 16 h [50% diapause incidence occurred in the 14.7:9.3 h L:D (light:dark) regime]. The non-diapausing adults fed on days 2–6 and 10–14 after the ecdysis and swarmed after the second feeding bout with chorionated eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the spermiducts. Neither gonads nor the flight muscles matured and no swarming occurred in the diapausing adults. The development from egg to adult took about 34 days in both 18:6 h (no diapause) and 12:12 h L:D (diapause) regimes, but it was extended by up to 30% without diapause induction when only larvae or pupae were exposed to L:D 12:12 h. Diapause was induced in insects reared at L:D 12:12 h through the last larval and the pupal instars and/or in the adult stage. Temperature ≥ 23°C prevented diapause induction at L:D 12:12 h but diapause occurred at L:D 14:10 h associated with 26:6°C thermoperiod. The effect of thermoperiods on the developmental rate requires further research. Exposure of the non-diapausing adults to 5°C for several days blocked feeding and evoked a diapause-like state, whereas diapausing adults fed and their gonads slowly developed at this temperature. Diapausing adults exposed in forest to low night temperatures and transferred in October to 20°C readily reproduced at 18:6, but not 12:12 h L:D photoperiods. After 2-months at 5°C and darkness, they became insensitive to the photoperiod, matured and most of them also swarmed at 20°C in the 12:12 h L:D regime. In a Scandinavian population, diapause occurred at 18:6 h L:D and was terminated either by exposure to 5°C or by very long photoperiod (L:D 20:4 h) combined with high temperature (23°C).     

环境因子对真水狼蛛胚胎发育的影响

研究了温度、相对湿度和光照时间对真水狼蛛（Pirata piraticus）胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,温度不仅影响真水狼蛛胚胎发育的全过程,也对胚胎发育的各阶段有影响,在20℃-35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,胚胎发育加快,卵的发育起点温度为11.9℃,低温下,卵的孵化整齐度高温下要高,28℃时,孵化率最高。为探讨真水狼蛛胚胎发育的影响因子和合适条件,考虑温度、相对湿度和光照时间3个因子的综合作用,按照二次正交旋转组合设计的要求安排实验,得出了影响胚胎发育历期、胚胎成形率和孵化率的二次回归模型,并分析了其影响因子,利用孵化率的回归模型,得到了真水狼蛛卵孵化的最优条件为温度为27℃-28.5℃,相对湿度为94％－97％,光照时间为14－17h。     

Role of photoperiod in the development and reproduction of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae)

To improve the laboratory mass rearing and the winter greenhouse use of the multicoloured Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), the effects of photoperiod on the development and fecundity of H. axyridis were investigated at 20°C and photoperiods ranging from 0L:24D to 24L:0D. We foun'd photoperiod to significantly affect the pre-imaginal development and reproduction of H. axyridis. The development of the pre-imaginal stage was significantly faster at shorter photoperiods (0–14?h) than at longer ones (16–24?h). The proportion of females laying eggs within the first 30 days after eclosion, the mean number of eggs per ovipositing female, and the long axial length of the first oocyte were all lower at shorter photoperiods (6–12?h) than at longer ones (14–24?h). These results suggest that adult H. axyridis may encounter problems in preying and reproducing in the winter conditions of unheated and unilluminated greenhouses in areas with temperatures lower than 20°C and day lengths shorter than 12?h.     

Comparison of rectal and vaginal temperature daily rhythm in dogs (Canis familiaris) under different photoperiod

To investigate the daily rhythm of rectal and vaginal temperature, we used six mongrel dogs with a mean body weight of 15±3 kg, aged between 2 and 3 years old. Rectal and vaginal temperatures were recorded every 3 h over 48-h period during three different lighting regimes: natural light/dark (L/D) cycle (sunrise 06:25, sunset 17:05), constant light (L/L) and constant darkness (D/D). A daily rhythm of rectal temperature was observed in both days of monitoring in all experimental conditions. Vaginal temperature showed a daily rhythmicity in L/D and D/D cycle. During the L/L cycle, daily rhythm was disrupted. Rhythmic parameters (MESOR, amplitude, acrophase and robustness) did not change between the different photoperiod and the site of temperature collection. In conclusion, the monitoring of vaginal temperature can be considered a valid alternative to the monitoring of body temperature as well as rectal temperature under natural lighting conditions in canine medicine.     

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on flowering in Hyptis brevipes

Few tropical species have been tested for their flowering response under controlled conditions. Hyptis brevipes Poit, is an annual herb, commonly found in wet margins of streams and ponds, being considered a weed for some perennial plantations in Brazil. Under experimental glasshouse conditions, this species proved to be an obligate short-day plant. Flowering was delayed when photoperiods longer than 8 h were given, the critical photoperiod being between 12 and 13 h. When both temperature and photoperiod were controlled, at 20°C a longer protoperiod (by almost 1 h) is still inductive compared to 25 and 30°C. The number of short-day cycles required for full induction is relatively high and dependent upon temperature; at 20°C or above, 10 cycles are adequate, but at 15°C, more short-day cycles are needed. The number of inflorescences formed as well as the floral index vary according to daylength × temperature × inductive cycle number, allowing flowering to be assessed quantitatively. Long days are inhibitory to flowering, either suppressing it completely (when symmetrically intercalated among 24 inductive cycles) or preventing the floral index from increasing.     

Development,survival and reproduction of Orius niger (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) under different photoperiod and temperature regimes

The successful use of the predatory bug Orius spp. (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) for the biological control of pests, namely western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses during winter depends on overcoming the obstacles of short photoperiods and low temperatures which limit the efficacy of the predators through diapause induction, slowed development, reduced survival and reproduction. Thus, research has focused on determining the insect species least vulnerable to these problems. This study investigated the effect of varying day-lengths (9, 11, 13 and 16 h) at 26°C as well as constant (18, 22, 26 and 30°C) and fluctuating (10/22°C) temperatures on biological characteristics of Orius niger (Wolff). Photoperiod did not induce reproductive diapause and did not significantly affect development, survival of eggs and nymphs, longevity, fecundity or sex ratio; with the exception of the 16 h day-length which led to a shorter duration of nymphal development. Fluctuating temperatures and a constant temperature of 18°C increased the incubation period, duration of nymphal development, total developmental time, generation time and longevity, compared to the constant temperatures of 22, 26 and 30°C, but decreased fecundity compared to 22 and 26°C. On the other hand, sex ratio was not influenced by 10/22 and 18°C. Egg hatch rate and nymph survival differed significantly between temperature regimes, being lower at 18 and 10/22°C. These results suggest that O. niger would be able to survive and reproduce under winter conditions in unheated Mediterranean greenhouses and is a candidate for use in the biological control of pests.     

光周期和温度对中华通草蛉成虫生殖的影响

研究表明,在25℃和长光周期（L：D＝15：9）条件下饲养至产卵高峰的中华通草蛉成虫,经短光周期（L：D＝9：15）处理后,与长光周期相比,虽然产卵速度有所下降,但产卵期延长,产卵量明显提高;在15℃和短光周期条件下处理后,成虫的生殖受到强烈抑制,产卵速度显下降,部分个体逐渐停止产卵,并进入滞育状态。