不同温度、土壤含水量及日光照时数对棉露尾甲虫(Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson))生长发育的影响

在5,10,15,20,30 ℃等5种温度、10%,20%,30%等3种土壤含水量和8,12,16 h等3种日光照时数共45个处理组合条件下,以丝瓜花作为饲料研究了3个因素对棉露尾甲生长发育的联合作用。结果表明：适合于卵生长发育的处理组合为25~35 ℃、10~15%和12~16 h,其中最佳处理组合为30 ℃、10%和12 h,在此组合条件下,卵发育历期为0.8 d,孵化率为93.3%;适合于幼虫及蛹生长发育的处理组合为：25~30 ℃、10~15%和12~16 h,其中最佳处理组合分别为30 ℃、10%、12 h和30 ℃、10%、8 h,在此组合条件下,幼虫历期、存活率和蛹历期、羽化率分别为5.0 d、85.7%和2.2 d、83.3%。在三元二次回归模型中,卵、幼虫、蛹和整个未成熟期（卵至蛹的历期）发育进度最快时的处理组合分别为27.5 ℃、10%、8 h,30 ℃、20%、12 h,32.5 ℃、10%、16 h和30 ℃、10%、16 h;此时理论最短历期分别为0.8、4.4、1.4 d和7.3 d。     

温度对空心莲子草叶甲生长发育的影响

在室内温度控制条件下,空心莲子草叶甲卵、幼虫、蛹的生长发育历期与温度呈函数关系,在22、25、28、30和32℃下,随着温度的提高,发育历期呈明显下降.幼虫有3龄,幼虫期8.8d.成虫寿命长短与温度和性别有关,雌虫寿命比雄虫长,成虫产卵前期1.5～5.0d之间,产卵期11.5～116.0d之间.卵、幼虫、蛹的起始温度分别是12.4、12℃,有效积温分别是69.192、125日度.     

南亚果实蝇各虫态发育历期及有效积温研究

【背景】南亚果实蝇是世界性的检疫性害虫,在我国多个省市发生为害,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置10、14、18、22、26、30、34℃7个恒温条件,测定不同温度条件下南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育历期,并推算出相应的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7．36、2．43、7．64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的有效积温分别为20．21、187．69和156．65日度。完成整个世代的发育起点温度是7．64℃,有效积温为364．55日度。当温度达到34℃时,卵的发育历期相对延长,而蛹则不能正常发育,无法羽化为成虫。【结论与意义】在10～30℃,南亚果实蝇的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率和温度呈显著正相关;在26和30℃下,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期均显著短于其他各处理温度的发育历期。该试验结果为了解南亚果实蝇的发育温度极限和进一步开展该害虫的适生性分析提供了基础信息,进而为制定该虫的检疫措施提供依据。     

光周期对国槐尺蠖生长发育状况的影响

在温度(25±1)℃,RH65%～75%条件下,对国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey各龄幼虫分别采用0:24、10:14、12:12、14:10、1:85种光周期处理。结果表明,以14:10处理的国槐尺蠖1～5龄幼虫历期最短;以16:8处理的幼虫发育历期最短,且随着光照时间的增加,幼虫发育历期逐渐缩短;不同光周期对于6～7龄幼虫存在显著的影响,但是对于1～5龄影响不大。成虫53%～56%在夜间羽化,越冬蛹在8～14h光照范围内,随光照长度增加发育历期延长,在14～16h光照范围内,历期随光照延长而缩短。以0:24处理的蛹羽化率最高,发育历期最短。     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

光周期和温度对枯叶蛱蝶幼虫生长发育的影响

在人工气候箱中研究不同光周期和温度条件下枯叶蛱蝶Kallima inachus Doubleday幼虫的生长发育情况。结果表明,20℃时,光周期对枯叶蛱蝶幼虫发育历期影响明显,25℃和30℃时无明显影响。20,25和30℃,12.5~14h光照下,幼虫发育历期分别为31.7~36.0,26.3~27.4和21.0~21.5d,最长和最短历期分别相差4.3,1.1和0.5d。随着温度升高,在相同光照下,幼虫发育历期缩短。20,25和30℃12.5~14h光照下幼虫存活率分别为80%~92%、75%~95%和55%~85%,随温度上升,不同光周期下幼虫存活率差异加大。30℃时大部分光周期下存活率较低,已对幼虫生长发育不利,人工养殖时温度不宜超过30℃。     

温度与光周期对麝凤蝶生长发育的影响

观察了麝凤蝶的卵、幼虫和蛹在不同温度和光周期条件下的发育历期。结果表明 :卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为 1 3 7,7 9和 8 0℃ ,有效积温分别为 43 8,3 98 0和 2 79 4日·度 ;越冬蛹的发育可以分为 5个阶段 ;大部分越冬蛹在上午 (88 2 % )羽化 ;长光照处理平均比短光照出处理提前羽化 2d。     

温度对以白茶为寄主的米缟螟生长发育的影响

为探明温度对以白茶为寄主植物的产虫茶昆虫米缟螟生长发育的影响,分别设置5个温度条件(31、28、25、22、19℃),研究温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期、发育速率和存活率的影响,计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温.结果表明:温度对米缟螟各虫态平均发育历期影响显著,除卵的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短外,幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育历期均在25℃达到最小值,分别为(249.53±23.83)d、(12.94±1.27)d和(273.00±24.19)d;除蛹外米缟螟各虫态发育速率与温度呈极显著相关,其中卵的发育速率与温度呈线性相关,幼虫、蛹和未成熟期则呈抛物线相关;温度显著影响各虫态存活率,卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期各虫态存活率均在25℃最高,分别为94.0％、73.8％、91.3％和63.4％,22和19℃次之,31℃最低;幼虫及蛹存活率在31℃均为0,表明米缟螟不耐高温;卵、幼虫、蛹及未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为13.21、17.12、14.76和16.47℃,有效积温分别为117.94、870.88、149.70和1442.75日·度.研究结果与米缟螟在贵州息烽地区一年发生2至3代的事实大致相符.     

幼虫密度对马铃薯块茎蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

室内观察了块茎中不同虫口密度(5、10、15、20、25、30头/块茎)对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)生长发育、后代发育和繁殖的影响。结果显示:幼虫密度显著影响马铃薯块茎蛾的生长发育及繁殖。对其生长发育影响的结果表明:幼虫的发育历期(7.1～9.1d)、蛹的历期(8.8～9.9d)、雌雄成虫的历期(分别为6.4～12.9d,6.7～11.6d)随幼虫密度的增加而延长;幼虫存活率(70.3%～93.3%)、蛹的羽化率(69.8%～91.7%)随幼虫密度的增加显著下降;单头蛹重(9.2～11.4mg)、单雌产卵量(136.8～166.0粒)、成虫的雌∶雄比(0.54～2.17)随幼虫密度的增加而下降。对其后代发育及繁殖的影响的结果表明:卵的发育历期(3.0～4.4d)、幼虫的发育历期(6.2～10.8d)、蛹的历期(8.1～10.0d)、雌雄成虫的历期(分别为7.4～11.8d,6.6～10.5d)、世代发育历期(24.4～36.1d)随幼虫密度的增加而从延长;卵的孵化率(73.1%～79.0%)、幼虫存活率(55.0%～96.8%)、蛹的羽化率(63.3%～93.3%)、世代的存活率(25.6%～71.5%)随虫口密度的增加而下降;单头蛹重(8.9～9.9mg)、单雌产卵量(93.5～155.6粒)、成虫的雌∶雄比(0.45～2.20)随虫口密度的增加而下降;种群趋势指数(I)(7.44～76.43)随幼虫密度的增加而下降。马铃薯块茎蛾的饲养密度建议以1头/13.0～26.0g块茎为宜。     

低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响

将金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu的卵、蛹分别在5℃和8℃下处理1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d后,放在25℃下培养,研究低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响。结果表明,低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵的发育历期和孵化率、蛹的发育历期和羽化率均有显著的影响。低温处理后,卵、蛹的发育历期比对照显著缩短,并且随着低温处理天数的增加,发育历期逐渐缩短,差异达显著水平;卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率比对照也显著下降。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短286 d、473 d;孵化率分别比对照下降了4234%和4967%;处理5 d、7 d的卵均不能孵化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短125 d、300 d;卵的孵化率分别比对照下降了3035%和4500%,处理5 d、7 d的卵也均不能孵化。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了249 d、454 d和701 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了5777%、6784%和7810%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了133 d、354 d和549 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了3945%、5873%和7441%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.