Ophryophryne属在角蟾科系统发育中所处的位置及拟髭蟾族四属间系统关系

采用最大似然法、贝叶斯法、最大简约法对来自角蟾科Megophryidae(Anura)9属20种及外群2种共30号标本的DNA序列进行了系统发育分析,所用片段为线粒体16S rRNA和cytb基因部分序列。结果表明,用于分析的所有角蟾科物种形成两大支。Ophryophryne、Brachycarsophrys、Atympanophrys同属第一支,前两者的系统关系较近。第二支5属间系统发育关系为(Leptolalax,((Leptobrachium,Vibrissaphora),(Oreolalax,Scutiger)))。     

中国角蟾科动物系统发育研究中的几个问题

根据外部形态、核型以技精子形态等特征,角蟾科分布于中国的角蟾属（Megophrys）较之拟髭蟾属（Leptobrachium）是更为原始的类群,角蟾科动物中拟角蟾属（Ophryophryne）与角蟾属亲缘关系较近,短腿蟾属（Brachytarsophrys）是较为原始的类群,且应为一无效属,无耳蟾属（Atympanophrys）应为一有效属。角蟾属可以分为两个种组,其是峨嵋角蟾种组比较进化,白颌大角蟾种组比较原始。     

基于线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分序列的角蟾亚科部分属种的系统发育关系

测定了角蟾亚科2属8种(亚种)和外群3种的线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列,比对后序列长共949bp,其中变异位点数320,简约位点数206。邻接法和最大简约法分析的系统关系树一致表明内群为一单系群,其中腺角蟾首先与其他物种分开;沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾聚为一支;余下的5种(亚种)角蟾组成一支,其中小角蟾短肢亚种的广西种群和香港种群聚为一亚支,另一亚支包括峨眉角蟾、小角蟾指名亚种、尾凸角蟾和重庆武隆的角蟾种,后两种角蟾进化关系最近。本结果支持短肢角蟾为有效种,同时提示腺角蟾、沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾可能隶属3个不同的亚属或属。     

我国三种两栖动物在广西的新分布

在广西发现了3种两栖动物,它们分别是锄足蟾科的高山掌突蟾(Leptolalax alpinus)、景东角蟾(Megophrys fingdongenis)、大角蟾(M．major)。     

湖北省两栖动物新纪录——尾突角蟾

2003年7月,在湖北后河国家级自然保护区采集到一批两栖动物标本,经鉴定其中一只为尾突角蟾(Megophrys caudoprocta),系湖北省新纪录种,分类上隶属于两栖纲无尾目角蟾科角蟾属。     

瓦屋山国家森林公园锄足蟾科6种的繁殖鸣声特性

在地处四川省洪雅县的瓦屋山国家森林公园录取了锄足蟾科 6种的繁殖期求偶鸣叫声。它们分隶 4属 ,即角蟾属 (Megophrys)、齿蟾属 (Oreolalax)、齿突蟾属 (Scutiger)和掌突蟾属 (Leptolalax)。在IBMPC上用“SIGNAL”软件 (EngineeringDesign ,USA)对获取的鸣声资料进行分析 ,分析的频率范围设置为 0～ 10kHz。声学分析结果表明 :峨山掌突蟾 (L oshanensi) ,小角蟾 (M minorr) ,角蟾 1种 (M sp) ,金顶齿突蟾[S (S )chintingensis],峨眉齿蟾 (O omeimontis)和无蹼齿蟾 (O schmidti)的主能峰频率平均值分别是45 2 1 9、 34 5 6 4、 2 2 93 8、 10 76 5、 10 71 0和 1849 4Hz ,每声持续时间的平均值分别是 46 2、 90 8、 99 6、72 2、 78 8和 110 3ms ,声距的平均值分别是 140 4、 2 5 3 0、 6 81 4、 15 17 7、 46 1 3和 6 19 5ms。单因子方差分析结果表明主能峰频率、每声持续时间和各声距在 6个种间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。LSD法多重比较的结果指出金顶齿突蟾和峨眉齿蟾间的主能峰频率无显著差异 (P =0 917>0 0 5 ) ;在每声持续时间上 ,只有峨山掌突蟾与小角蟾、角蟾 1种、峨眉齿蟾、无蹼齿蟾间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;在声距上 ,峨山掌突蟾与小角蟾间无显著差异 ,角蟾 1种与无蹼齿蟾之间、峨     

湖北省两栖类新纪录——淡肩角蟾、短肢角蟾

1983年和2006年分别在湖北省通山县老鸭尖和后河国家级自然保护区采集到两批标本,经鉴定其中包含有淡肩角蟾Megophrys boettgeri和短肢角蟾Megophrys brachykolos.这两种两栖类未见有在湖北省的分布报道,为湖北省新纪录.淡肩角蟾、短肢角蟾在分类上隶属两栖纲、无尾目、角蟾科、角蟾属.标本保存于华中师范大学动物学研究室.     

鳞毛蕨科植物的系统发育: 叶绿体rbcL序列的证据

运用MEGA2和MrBayes 3.0b4软件包对105种鳞毛蕨类及近缘植物(其中新测定36种)的叶绿体DNA rbcL基因序列进行系统发育分析, 探讨了其主要分类群(属级水平)的系统演化关系。用最大简约法、邻接法和贝叶斯分析方法构建的系统树基本一致, 结果显示: (1)秦仁昌系统所定义的鳞毛蕨科Dryopteridaceae, 除了拟贯众属Cyclopeltis外, 均包含在两个单系群之中, 支持鳞毛蕨族Dryopterideae和耳蕨族Polysticheae的成立; 但是鳞毛蕨族还包含秦仁昌系统所定义的球盖蕨科Peranemaceae和三叉蕨科Tectariaceae肋毛蕨属Ctenitis的部分种类; 耳蕨族还包含产于美洲的Phanerophlebia属和Polystichopsis属; 确认石盖蕨属Lithostegia属鳞毛蕨族的成员, 且与复叶耳蕨属Arachniodes具有较近的亲缘关系。(2)拟贯众属与所分析的其他任何鳞毛蕨类植物的关系都比较疏远, 单独为一支。(3)秦仁昌系统所定义的球盖蕨科与肉刺蕨属Nothoperanema聚成一个分支, 属于鳞毛蕨族的成员。(4)鳞毛蕨属Dryopteris为多系类群, 耳蕨属Polystichum和贯众属Cyrtomium均为并系类群。(5)黔蕨属Phanerophlebiopsis、毛枝蕨属Leptorumohra和石盖蕨属与复叶耳蕨属构成一支; 柳叶蕨属Cyrtogonellum与Polystichum属和Cyrtomium属的部分种类聚成一支; 肉刺蕨属与球盖蕨科及鳞毛蕨属的部分种类聚成一支。对鳞毛蕨科的系统关系、球盖蕨科与鳞毛蕨科的系统关系、肋毛蕨属与鳞毛蕨科的系统关系以及中国或亚洲特有属(拟贯众属、肉刺蕨属、黔蕨属、毛枝蕨属、石盖蕨属和柳叶蕨属)的系统位置进行了讨论。     

蛛缘蝽科系统发育初探(半翅目:缘蝽总科)

本文通对蛛缘蝽科各亚群16个代表属的比较形态学研究,以支序分析方法探讨了属间系统发育关系,其结果证实蛛缘蝽科为一单源群,支持Schaefe(1965)将该科分为蛛缘蝽亚科和微缘蝽亚科的意见,并认为扁缘蝽属和锥缘蝽属应分别单独成立族。Ahmad(1965)等将原有蛛缘蝽族、稻缘蝽族和微翅缘蝽族分别提升为亚科从而将该科分为三亚科的观点得不到文中支序图的支持。     

尾突角蟾Megophryscaudoprocta(两栖纲,角蟾科)的进一步记述

尾突角蟾(Megophrys caudoprocta Shen,1994)具有非常特殊的特征,它们的尾杆骨(urostyle)长,超过坐骨(ischium)后缘,支持着尾突(caudal projection);泄殖孔(cloacal pore)在股间后缘向腹面开口;上眼睑(upper eyelid)前部大,有一三角形突起向侧后突出.这些特征有别于角蟾属其他物种,有重要研究价值.近年来在模式标本产地又采到1雌2雄,先后共4号成体标本,本文对其形态特征,生物学资料和分布作了进一步记述,并拍摄到原色生态照片.     

Diversity of Beauveria spp. isolates from pollen beetles Meligethes aeneus in Switzerland

Pollen beetles Meligethes aeneus were collected in oilseed rape fields at different sites in Switzerland in spring 2004-2005 and 32 isolates of the fungal genus Beauveria occurring as latent infections in the beetles were obtained and molecularly characterized. Three major clades, Beauveria bassiana sensu stricto (Clade A: n=13), Beauveriabrongniartii (Clade B: n=1) and Beauveria Clade C (n=18) were identified among the isolates based on sequences of the ITS region and the 5' end of EF1-α. B. bassiana s.s. was further separated in the two clades, Eu_1 (n=10) and Eu_4 (n=3). The intergenic region Bloc provided best resolution of the individual clades B. bassiana s.s. Eu_1, Eu_4 and B. brongniartii. No specific clade of Beauveria appeared to be associated with adult M. aeneus populations. However, data suggested high relative abundance of Beauveria Clade C among the fungal entomopathogens infecting M. aeneus. Characterization of the isolates by simple sequence repeats (SSR) revealed further genotypic diversity within the clades except B. bassiana s.s. Eu_4 which appeared to be clonal. However, the individual SSR markers were differentially amplifiable from isolates of the different clades. It is therefore important to identify the underlying phylogenetic affinity of Beauveria isolates to interpret results based on SSR markers. The data suggest that not all available SSR markers are suitable for reliable characterization of diversity within Beauveria Clade C.     

Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Japanese clawed salamander, Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae), and its congener inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

Using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, we investigated phylogenetic relationships between and within the Japanese clawed salamander, Onychodactylus japonicus, and its close continental relative O. fischeri. Monophyly of O. japonicus was well supported, and O. japonicus was clearly distinguished from O. fischeri. However, O. fischeri comprises genetically distinct populations from Russia, NE China, and Korea that do not form a monophyletic group. Within O. japonicus, four major clades were clearly recognized: Clade I from northern Tohoku district, Clade II from southern Tohoku district and the Tsukuba Mountains, Clade III from southwestern Honshu, and Clade IV from Kinki and Chugoku districts in Honshu and from Shikoku. Although genetic distances among these clades were large (5.5-9.6%), relationships among the clades were unresolved. All clades except Clade I contained two or three distinct subclades. In several localities in Kinki and Chugoku, Clades III and IV were sympatric. The estimated divergence times and available geohistorical data suggest that O. japonicus began to differentiate in the Upper Late Miocene and that the pattern of genetic differentiation of this species has been affected strongly by climate changes and geohistorical events such as volcanic activity and mountain formation. Our results suggest that both O. fischeri and O. japonicus comprise multiple cryptic species.     

A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-alpha sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs

Beauveria is a globally distributed genus of soil-borne entomopathogenic hyphomycetes of interest as a model system for the study of entomopathogenesis and the biological control of pest insects. Species recognition in Beauveria is difficult due to a lack of taxonomically informative morphology. This has impeded assessment of species diversity in this genus and investigation of their natural history. A gene-genealogical approach was used to investigate molecular phylogenetic diversity of Beauveria and several presumptively related Cordyceps species. Analyses were based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha) sequences for 86 exemplar isolates from diverse geographic origins, habitats and insect hosts. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using maximum parsimony and Bayesian likelihood methods. Six well supported clades within Beauveria, provisionally designated A-F, were resolved in the EF1-alpha and combined gene phylogenies. Beauveria bassiana, a ubiquitous species that is characterized morphologically by globose to subglobose conidia, was determined to be non-monophyletic and consists of two unrelated lineages, clades A and C. Clade A is globally distributed and includes the Asian teleomorph Cordyceps staphylinidaecola and its probable synonym C. bassiana. All isolates contained in Clade C are anamorphic and originate from Europe and North America. Clade B includes isolates of B. brongniartii, a Eurasian species complex characterized by ellipsoidal conidia. Clade D includes B. caledonica and B. vermiconia, which produce cylindrical and comma-shaped conidia, respectively. Clade E, from Asia, includes Beauveria anamorphs and a Cordyceps teleomorph that both produce ellipsoidal conidia. Clade F, the basal branch in the Beauveria phylogeny includes the South American species B. amorpha, which produces cylindrical conidia. Lineage diversity detected within clades A, B and C suggests that prevailing morphological species concepts underestimate species diversity within these groups. Continental endemism of lineages in B. bassiana s.l. (clades A and C) indicates that isolation by distance has been an important factor in the evolutionary diversification of these clades. Permutation tests indicate that host association is essentially random in both B. bassiana s.l. clades A and C, supporting past assumptions that this species is not host specific. In contrast, isolates in clades B and D occurred primarily on coleopteran hosts, although sampling in these clades was insufficient to assess host affliation at lower taxonomic ranks. The phylogenetic placement of Cordyceps staphylinidaecola/bassiana, and C. scarabaeicola within Beauveria corroborates prior reports of these anamorph-teleomorph connections. These results establish a phylogenetic framework for further taxonomic, phylogenetic and comparative biological investigations of Beauveria and their corresponding Cordyceps teleomorphs.     

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Creek Chubs and the Spine-Fins: an Enigmatic Group of North American Cyprinid Fishes (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae)

Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene were performed for representatives of major North American cyprinid clades. These analyses resolved four monophyletic groups: (1) Western Clade, represented by Acrocheilus and Gila , (2) Creek Chub Clade, represented by Couesius, Hemitremia, Semotilus , and Margariscus , (3) Open Posterior Myodome Clade, represented by Campostoma, Phenacobius, Cyprinella, Notropis, Platygobio , and Rhinichthys , and (4) Plagopterin Clade, represented by Snyderichthys, Lepidomeda , and Meda . The overall results of these analyses refute previous hypotheses of relationships of North American Cyprinidae based on morphological data. Our analyses support recognition of Snyderichthys , formerly considered a subgenus of Gila, and indicate that the Plagopterin Clade is sister to the Creek Chub Clade. Furthermore, this analysis indicates that hypotheses of relationship between plagopterins and other Western taxa are unsupported and the Open Posterior Myodome Clade is a monophyletic group.     

Initial steps of speciation by geographic isolation and host switch in salmonid pathogen Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae)

To test the hypothesis that host-switching can be an important step in the speciation of gyrodactylid monogenean flatworms, we inferred the phylogeny within a cluster of parasites morphologically close to Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg 1957, collected from Atlantic, Baltic and White Sea salmon (Salmo salar), farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and grayling (Thymallus thymallus) from Northern Europe. The internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal gene was sequenced for taxonomic identification. Parasites on grayling from the White Sea Basin differed from the others by one nucleotide (0.08%), the remainder were identical to the sequence published earlier from Norway (G. salaris on salmon), England (Gyrodactylus thymalli on grayling), and the Czech Republic (unidentified salaris/thymalli on trout). For increased resolution, 813 nucleotides of the mitochondrial COI gene of 88 parasites were sequenced and compared with 76 published sequences using phylogenetic analysis. For all tree building algorithms (NJ, MP), the parasites formed a star-like phylogeny of six definite sister clades, indicating nearly simultaneous radiation. Average K2P distances between clades were 1.8-2.6%, and internal mean distances 0.2-1.1%. The genetic distance to the nearest known relative, Gyrodactylus lavareti Malmberg, was 24%. A variable salmon-specific mitochondrial Clade I was observed both in the Baltic Basin and in pathogenic populations introduced to the Atlantic and White Sea coasts. An invariable Clade II was common in rainbow trout farms in Sweden, Denmark and Finland; the same haplotype was also infecting salmon in a landlocked population in Russian Karelia, and in Oslo fjord and Sognefjord in Norway. Four geographically vicariant sister clades were observed on graylings: Clade III in the Baltic Sea Basin; Clade IV in Karelian rivers draining to the White Sea; Clade V in Norwegian river draining to Swedish lake V?nern; and Clade VI in rivers draining to Oslo fjord. The pattern fitted perfectly with the postglacial history of grayling distribution. Widely sampled clades from salmon and Baltic grayling had basal haplotypes in populations, which were isolated early during the postglacial recolonisation. The divergence between the six clades was clear and linked with their hosts, but not wide enough to support a species status for them. Parasites from the Slovakian type population of G. thymalli were not available, so this result does not mean that G. salaris and G. thymalli are synonyms. It is suggested that the plesiomorphic host of the parasite cluster was grayling, and the switch to salmon occurred at least once when the continental ice isolated Baltic salmon in an eastern freshwater refugium, 130,000 years ago. At the same time, parasites on grayling were split geographically and isolated into several allopatric refugia. The divergence among the parasite clades allowed a tentative calibration of the evolutionary rate, leading to an estimate of the divergence of 13.7-20.3% per million years for COI coding mtDNA. The results supported the hypothesis that parallel to the allopatric mode, host switch and instant isolation by host specificity can be operated as a speciation mechanism.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Pythium and Phytophthora species based on ITS rDNA, cytochrome oxidase II and beta-tubulin gene sequences

Fifty-eight isolates representing 39 Pythium species and 17 isolates representing nine Phytophthora species were chosen to investigate intra- and intergeneric relationships with sequence analysis of three genomic areas. The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2), including the 5.8S gene of the ribosomal DNA were PCR amplified with the universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. On the other hand 563 bp of the cytochrome oxidase II (cox II) gene was amplified with the primer pair FM66 and FM58 for Pythium and FM75 and FM78 for Phytophthora. The 658 bp partial beta-tubulin gene was amplified with the forward primer BT5 and reverse primer BT6. Maximum parsimony analysis of the three DNA regions revealed four major clades, reflective of sporangial morphology. Clade 1 was composed of Pythium isolates that bear filamentous to lobulate sporangia. Clade 2 represents Pythium isolates that bear globose to spherical zoosporangia or spherical hyphal swellings. Meanwhile Phytophthora isolates were lumped into Clade 3 wherein the papillate, semipapillate and nonpapillate species occupied separate subclades. Lastly, Clade 4 was composed of Pythium species that bear subglobose sporangia resembling the papillate sporangia observed in Phytophthora. Hence a number of species (Ph. undulata, P. helicoides, P. ostracodes, P. oedochilum and P. vexans) have been proposed to be the elusive intermediate species in the Pythium-to-Phytophthora evolutionary line.     

Comparative genomics of two ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter' clades performing biological phosphorus removal

Members of the genus Candidatus Accumulibacter are important in many wastewater treatment systems performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The Accumulibacter lineage can be subdivided phylogenetically into multiple clades, and previous work showed that these clades are ecologically distinct. The complete genome of Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis strain UW-1, a member of Clade IIA, was previously sequenced. Here, we report a draft genome sequence of Candidatus Accumulibacter spp. strain UW-2, a member of Clade IA, assembled following shotgun metagenomic sequencing of laboratory-scale bioreactor sludge. We estimate the genome to be 80–90% complete. Although the two clades share 16S rRNA sequence identity of >98.0%, we observed a remarkable lack of synteny between the two genomes. We identified 2317 genes shared between the two genomes, with an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 78.3%, and accounting for 49% of genes in the UW-1 genome. Unlike UW-1, the UW-2 genome seemed to lack genes for nitrogen fixation and carbon fixation. Despite these differences, metabolic genes essential for denitrification and EBPR, including carbon storage polymer and polyphosphate metabolism, were conserved in both genomes. The ANI from genes associated with EBPR was statistically higher than that from genes not associated with EBPR, indicating a high selective pressure in EBPR systems. Further, we identified genomic islands of foreign origins including a near-complete lysogenic phage in the Clade IA genome. Interestingly, Clade IA appeared to be more phage susceptible based on it containing only a single Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats locus as compared with the two found in Clade IIA. Overall, the comparative analysis provided a genetic basis to understand physiological differences and ecological niches of Accumulibacter populations, and highlights the importance of diversity in maintaining system functional resilience.     

The biogeography of Miniopterus bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from the Comoro Archipelago inferred from mitochondrial DNA

The endemic fauna of the Comoro Archipelago is composed of a mixture of taxa originating from Africa and Madagascar. Bats are the only native land dwelling mammals on this archipelago, but the biogeographical origins for the vast majority of species within this group are ambiguous. We report here genetic analyses based on two mitochondrial DNA markers to infer the origin of Comorian bats belonging to a reputed species complex of Miniopterus that is further distributed across Africa and Madagascar. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that east African M. minor are not closely related to the insular Miniopterus of Madagascar and the Comoros (Grande Comore and Anjouan). The latter cluster into two distinct, monophyletic clades (Clade 1 and Clade 2). Representatives of these clades occur sympatrically both on the Comoros and on Madagascar, and are distinguished by a large genetic distance (K2P: 9.9% for cytochrome b). No haplotypes are shared between any islands, suggesting the absence of contemporary gene flow. Populations of the widespread Clade 1 are furthermore characterized by a significant inter‐island structure (Φ_CT = 0.249), and by high haplotype and nucleotide diversities (h = 0.90–0.98, π = 0.04–0.06). Demographic analyses of Clade 1 suggest secondary contact between two distinct phylogroups (Subclade 1 A and 1B) that reached Grande Comore and Anjouan, and a large, stable population with a long evolutionary history on Madagascar. These results and the current distribution of related lineages suggest that the Comoros were colonized independently at least two or three times by ancestors from Madagascar.