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1.
有蹄类食性研究方法的评价   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
陈化鹏 《动物学杂志》1991,26(2):40-41,64
本文对有蹄类食性的研究方法进行了比较,结果得出粪便和胃分析法同样精确,且前者好于后者,加上取样容易,更适于用来研究我国有蹄类的食性,但限于经济条件尚难在我国应用。而利用法因精确性差,只能作为食物组成的定性描述或其他研究方法的补充。  相似文献   

2.
空间生态位分化是生物多样性维持的重要机制之一。为了解大熊猫国家公园崇州片区有蹄类的空间生态位分化情况, 本文于2021年10月至2022年3月在该区域布设了56台红外相机, 采用单季节单物种占域模型计算域内主要6种有蹄类动物的占域率, 包括毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、水鹿(Rusa unicolor)、扭角羚(Budorcas taxicolor)、中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)和小麂(Muntiacus reevesi), 分析其空间分布情况, 并进一步采用单季节双物种占域模型计算这些物种间的物种相互作用因子(species interaction factor, SIF)值, 探究它们的空间共存关系。结果显示: (1)毛冠鹿具有最高的空间占域率(0.61), 野猪次之(0.55), 水鹿、扭角羚和中华斑羚分别为0.44、0.41和0.11, 小麂占域率最低(0.05); (2)有蹄类动物的占域率受到环境变量的影响, 其中海拔是影响上述6种有蹄类动物分布的主要因素; (3)在空间共存关系上, 水鹿与除野猪外的其他有蹄类不存在明显回避, 毛冠鹿与野猪和扭角羚之间也不存在明显回避, 而其他物种相互之间空间分布更多呈回避关系。研究结果表明环境因素影响着崇州区域有蹄类物种的空间生态位, 同时, 物种间的空间分布格局显著影响了同域分布动物的共存机制及种间竞争关系。本研究为保护和管理大熊猫国家公园崇州片区有蹄类动物提供了重要的科学依据, 突出了在物种多样性保护中考虑空间生态位分化的重要性。  相似文献   

3.
韦怡  姜广顺 《生物多样性》2022,30(9):21551-242
虎(Panthera tigris)和豹(P. pardus)及有蹄类猎物的种群数量监测是虎豹保护的核心任务, 也是制定有效管理、保护和恢复措施的基础。近年来, 国内外用于虎豹种群数量监测的方法主要有: 信息网络收集法、基于标志重捕模型的红外相机调查法和非损伤采样粪便DNA分析技术; 有蹄类猎物的监测方法主要有: 样线法、样带法、大样方法、红外相机调查技术和非损伤性遗传标志重捕法。每种监测方法基于的假设前提和生态学原理不同, 监测结果的准确度也不同。由于监测物种的生物学特征、种群分布状况、监测目标和空间尺度或环境因素各异, 每种方法的适用性也不同。本文从野外调查设计、数据收集、处理分析等方面对虎豹及其有蹄类猎物数量监测方法的应用过程和统计原理进行了介绍, 分析了各种监测方法的优缺点, 并针对在虎豹监测中相机布设密度过大可能造成的伪重复抽样, 以及应用虎豹监测设计的自动相机监测替代猎物种群监测数量的评估等不科学的方面进行了探讨和建议。  相似文献   

4.
青海省可可西里地区几种有蹄类动物的食物重叠初步分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
2005年7月和2006年1月,应用粪便显微组织分析法测定了可可西里地区的藏野驴、藏羚、藏原羚、野牦牛,以及家牦牛和藏羊在冷季(1月)和暖季(7月)的食物构成.用Schoener's Index计算了这些同域分布动物种间的食物重叠度.结果表明,藏野驴分别与藏羚羊、野牦牛、藏原羚在暖季的食物重叠度各为63.0%、48.4%和24.1%,在冷季的重叠度为别为71.6%、42.0%和11.4%;藏羚羊与野牦牛、藏原羚在暖季的食物重叠度分别为52.0%和33.4%,其在冷季的食物重叠度各为50.3%和29.3%;野牦牛与藏原羚在冷暖季的食物重叠度分别为13.1%和15.9%.在可可西里地区吲域分布野牛有蹄类动物种间,藏原羚与其他有蹄类动物食物重叠较少,而藏羚羊、藏野驴、野牦牛之间则存在不同程度的食物重叠,且随季节不同而变化,反映了这些动物之间复杂的竞争和共存关系.此外,家牦牛和藏羊均与这些野生有蹄类动物存在高度的食物重叠.  相似文献   

5.
吴玥  张恩迪 《四川动物》2005,24(2):226-229
随着与分子生物学的结合,传统的粪便学不仅拓宽了在种群生态学、行为生态学及保护遗传学等研究时取样的范围,而且能提供更多的有效信息,使得传统的粪便计数方法得以在新的领域里发展。本文对传统粪便学在有蹄类动物数量研究中的应用加以总结,并结合国内外研究现状对分子粪便学在这一领域内的可靠性、局限性及应用前景做了概述。  相似文献   

6.
森林放牧是中国东北虎豹国家公园内影响最广泛且强度最大的人类干扰之一。研究放牧对有蹄类动物食物资源的影响,是估算当前状态下东北虎和东北豹主要猎物承载力的关键,可以为国家公园的管理提供有效的科学依据。本研究于2016年在中国东北虎豹国家公园东部的牧场和非牧场区域分层抽取50个林下样地设置围栏对照实验,于2017年生长季进行灌草层植被调查 (每个样地的围栏与对照各随机调查3个1m×1m的样方,共调查300个植物样方) ,并应用红外相机技术获取对照样地内有蹄类动物丰富度和活动情况,研究放牧对研究区灌草层植物及动物的影响。研究结果显示:在生长季内,森林放牧显著降低林下灌草层植物生物量 (减少约24%),牧场样地的嫩枝叶显著降低。除禾草外,牧场样地中其他类别植物的氮含量均显著高于非牧场样地 (平均超出非牧场样地25 %)。非牧场样地梅花鹿的相对丰富度指数 (RAI) 显著高于牧场样地,而狍与野猪的相对丰富度指数 (RAI) 在这两类样地之间没有显著差别。研究结果表明,东北虎豹国家公园东部森林放牧,减少了有蹄类动物灌草层食物资源,降低了有蹄类动物的多度。建议停止森林放牧,恢复有蹄类动物栖息地。  相似文献   

7.
<正>卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区(以下简称卡山保护区)位于新疆准噶尔盆地东部的昌吉州和阿勒泰地区境内,地理位置88°30′–90°00′E,44°36′–46°00′N。西起滴水泉、沙丘河,东至老鸦泉和散巴斯陶东缘,南到自流井附近,北至乌伦古河南30km处。南北长147.5 km,东西宽117.5 km,面积达18,000 km2,216国道南北方向穿过,将保护区分隔成东西两部分。保护区属干旱荒漠地区,水资源匮乏,因此水源地是野生动物活动的热点区域  相似文献   

8.
2009年8月至2013年4月期间,在陕西观音山自然保护区,利用18台红外相机收集到羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)、川西斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)、毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、林麝(Moschus berezovskii)6种有蹄类动物的照片数据,通过相对丰富度指数分析了它们的活动规律及季节性差异。结果表明:(1)6种有蹄类动物在研究区域总丰富度达到了58.71%,其中羚牛的相对丰富度是28.02%,川西斑羚13.24%,毛冠鹿10.08%,中华鬣羚4.21%,小麂2.26%,林麝0.90%。(2)6种有蹄类动物的月相对丰富度反映了其年活动格局,其中羚牛、川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚、小麂表现出一致性,即夏季活动最为频繁,秋季减弱,冬季达到活动低谷,春季逐渐回升;而林麝则在冬季活动最为频繁,夏季最弱。(3)日时间段相对丰富度反映了动物全年的日活动规律,其中川西斑羚和羚牛相似,主要以白天活动为主;毛冠鹿、小麂、林麝具有明显的晨昏活动习性;中华鬣羚活动高峰出现在02:00–06:00和20:00–22:00,以夜间活动为主。(4)分析不同季节6种有蹄类动物日活动规律,羚牛在春季出现一定的差异,活动高峰出现在16:00–20:00;川西斑羚、毛冠鹿、中华鬣羚在冬季表现出一定的差异,活动高峰相对延迟或者提前;小麂春季表现出差异,活动主要集中在00:00–10:00和18:00–20:00;林麝由于数据相对较少,在4个季节表现出不同的活动规律。(5)夜行性分析得到中华鬣羚具有较强的夜间活动能力,夜间相对丰富度达到了65.81%。这些研究结果有助于监测有蹄类动物种群的变化,为保护区有效保护管理提供了数据支持。  相似文献   

9.
红外触发相机技术近年来不但广泛应用于野生动物种类、数量和分布的调查与观测,还可用于对动物活动节律和行为的研究分析。本研究在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区采用公里网格法布设60台红外相机,于2017年9月至2018年9月累计完成14 657个相机工作日,采集到5种荒漠有蹄类动物的1 892张独立有效照片。通过计算相对多度指数,对它们的活动节律进行分析讨论。结果表明:(1)研究区域5种荒漠有蹄类动物总的相对多度达到129.08,其中岩羊(43.87)和北山羊(42.98)的相对多度较高,其次是盘羊(25.38)、蒙古野驴(15.62)和鹅喉羚(1.23);(2)5种荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律表现出一致性,即5—6月活动最为频繁,11—12月出现第二个活动高峰;(3)蒙古野驴不同季节在水源地出现的日活动节律没有明显的规律,但在22:00—24:00会出现一天的峰值;而春、夏季鹅喉羚在水源地出现的最大活动峰值是在12:00—14:00;(4)各季节北山羊和岩羊的日活动节律均呈双峰型,北山羊的第2个活动高峰时间比岩羊的更偏晚一些;盘羊在冬季和春季为双峰型,夏、秋季出现3个高峰;岩羊、盘羊和北山羊的夏季日活动节律在清晨的活动高峰提前、傍晚的活动高峰推后;(5)5种荒漠有蹄类动物中,北山羊的夜间相对多度较高。荒漠有蹄类动物的年活动节律主要随生活史周期而变化,日活动节律除了受行为习性和日照节律的影响之外,不同种类主要因其栖息环境的不同而有差异。  相似文献   

10.
11.
doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00651.x Oral health‐related quality of life and nutritional status of institutionalized elderly population aged 60 years and above in Mysore City, India Objective: To assess whether oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) is associated with nutritional status in the institutionalised elderly population of Mysore. Background: Malnutrition in the elderly has an evident impact on their general health and quality of life. Analysis of data of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and their association with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) results improves our understanding of the complex relationship between oral health and malnutrition. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among the institutionalised elderly population in Mysore city, Karnataka. Data on socio‐demographic, oral health status were gathered. OHRQoL was evaluated using GOHAI, and malnutrition risk using MNA. Results: Out of 141 elderly, 41.1% were men and 58.9% were women with mean age of 72.2 ± 7.5 years. Mean GOHAI score was 47.03 ± 9.2, with 69.5% had low perception of oral health. Mean MNA score was 9.91 ± 2.4, 15.6% were malnourished, 52.5% were at risk of malnutrition and 31.9% were adequately nourished. A strong association was found between the mean GOHAI and MNA scores. Conclusion: Oral health–related quality of life was associated with nutritional deficit, and it requires a greater integration between dentistry and nutrition in the health promotion of older adults.  相似文献   

12.
偶蹄类动物的遗传多样性研究与技术比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
曾岩  蒋志刚  韩更新 《兽类学报》2000,20(3):217-224
研究和保护遗传多样性成为野生偶蹄类动物保护生物学的重要课题。目前测定遗传多样性的技术主要有 :数量性状的遗传分析 ,蛋白电泳多样性和以DNA为遗传标记等一系列测定方法。这些方法基于不同的原理 ,其操作的难易、耗费的时间精力以及数据所能说明的问题有一定差别。因此研究偶蹄类动物遗传多样性应选择适宜的技术方法。  相似文献   

13.
The sea water temperature off the Norwegian coast was lower in 1994 than in 1992 and 1993. RNA/DNA ratios of Norwegian spring spawning herring increased with increasing larval dry weight all years, except for larvae sampled south of 62°N in 1994. The RNA/DNA ratios indicated that each year, only a small portion ( 0.7%) of the larvae were starving. RNA/DNA ratios and temperature were negatively correlated in 1992, but in other years no significant correlations were found. Residuals of In RNA v . In DNA and In W v. L s were poorly correlated in all years, but residuals of In RNA v. In DNA and In DNA v. In W were negatively correlated in all years. Principal component analysis showed that the RNA/DNA ratio and DNA (% of weight) were correlated with different axes. Abundance data for herring at the early larval and 0-group stages in 1992–1994 indicated higher mortality in 1994 compared with the other years. The data do not indicate that average larval condition was poorer in 1994 than in other years. However, the variability in larval condition was higher in 1994 than in other years, and the condition of later larval stages was relatively lower in 1994 than in other years.  相似文献   

14.
乳山湾8月份大潮汛期营养状况分析马绍赛,周诗赉,赵俊(中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,青岛266071)于惠霆(乳山市渔业海洋局,乳山264500)NutritionalconditionofRushanBayinspringtidalphaseo...  相似文献   

15.
doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00545.x Nutritional status, dietary intake and oral quality of life in elderly complete denture wearers Background and objective: The prevalence of malnutrition increases with age because of many factors. Edentulousness leads to the avoidance of many types of foods. The aim of this study was to determine whether elderly complete denture wearers have a higher risk of malnutrition than dentate controls. Material and methods: A Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and a 3‐day dietary record were compiled for a group of fully dentates (21 women and 29 men; mean age 70.1 ± 6.1) and for a group of complete denture wearers (31 women and 16 men; mean age 70.1 ± 8.1). Socio‐demographic data and scores on the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire were collected. Results: Inter‐group comparison of MNA scores showed that more subjects in the edentulous group (21.3%) risked malnutrition than in the dentate group (0%). The variability of the MNA could be explained for 22% by dental status, 7% by loneliness and 4% by the GOHAI score (regression analysis). Both groups had insufficient energy intakes and deficits in vitamins and micronutrients; moreover, edentulous subjects had lower intakes than dentate subjects. Conclusion: The use of conventional dentures increases the risk of malnutrition in the elderly.  相似文献   

16.
长江中游四大家鱼仔鱼营养状况的初步研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
通过形态观察,食性分析及消化系统组织学检测,对长江中游四大家鱼仔鱼的营养状况进行了初步评价,仔鱼具有匀称,消瘦和很消瘦三种体型,空肠率较高,草鱼,鲢,青鱼和鳙分别为45.16%-72.13%,30%-40.01%,31.25%-67.65%和87.50%,依据肝胰脏的肠和组织学特征,可以将天然仔鱼的营养水平划分为很好,较好的饥饿三种,1998年采自九江江段的样本中,遭受饥饿的草鱼,鲢,青鱼和鳙分别为40%,48.15%,46.15%和60%。  相似文献   

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18.
    
The body condition of an animal is an indicator of health status and is dependent upon many factors, some of which can vary between wild and captive settings. Despite this, there have not been many studies on how captivity affects body condition relative to wild animal populations. This study explores the body condition of captive and wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) because reptiles are frequently overlooked in studies of captive animal health and because alligators are well-represented in captivity. We collected body condition data from 209 captive alligators and 935 wild alligators throughout Florida and southeastern Georgia and compared the relationships between body condition and body length for each group. We found that captive alligators exhibited significantly higher body condition values as they aged, and that this result was driven by the difference between captive and wild males. Body condition values for captive juveniles did not differ from wild juveniles, but they differed when comparing adults. Our results suggest that factors such as diet and movement rates play major roles in determining alligator body condition and that body condition may be an important metric for monitoring captive alligator health, especially for older adult males.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this paper is to study a model of optimal foraging of herbivores (with special reference to ungulates) assuming that food distribution is arbitrary. Usually the analysis of foraging of herbivores in the framework of optimal foraging theory is based on the assumption of a patchy food distribution. We relax this assumption and we construct more realistic models. The main constraint of our model is the total amount of food which the animal may eat and the currency is the total foraging time. We represent total foraging time as a variational expression depending on food eaten and the length of the path. We prove that there exists a threshold for food acquisition. More explicitly, it exists a positive real number such that, at any point x of the path, the animal either eats till the density of food is decreased to the value or, if the density of food at x is less than , there it does not eat. We discuss the results and emphasize some biologically important relationships among model parameters and variables. Finally, we try to give a sound biological interpretation of our results.  相似文献   

20.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
We evaluated various measurements of mass, morphology, and blubber thickness as indices of fatness for Steller sea lions by correlation with the percentage of total body mass comprised by the sculp (%SCULP). We concluded LMD-index was the best index evaluated because it had a relatively high r 2 (0.58), had a linear relationship with %SCULP, and the intercept term was not different from O. We suggest the development of a LMD-index for otariids would likely reduce the unexplained variation in the index. We developed a multiple regression model ( r 2= 0.745, P < 0.001) for predicting %SCULP with LMD-index and functions of sex, age, and season as predictor variables. Steller sea lions < 5 yr of age had higher %SCULP values than those ≥ 5 yr. %SCULP declined with age for sea lions < 5 yr. Both younger and older males were fatter during the winter/spring period than during summer/ fall. Females of both age classes had similar %SCULP values throughout the year. Steller sea lions are relatively lean pinnipeds; estimates of blubber and total body lipids ranged from 5% to 17% of total body mass.  相似文献   

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