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Animal welfare regulations in the United States require that nonhuman primate environmental enhancement plans be made in accordance with currently accepted professional standards; however, little information is available for quantifying common practice. Here we report the results of a 2003 survey that was sent to individuals overseeing enrichment programs at a variety of primate research institutions. The surveys requested information on program administration and management, implementation standards, procedures, and constraints pertaining to major categories of environmental enrichment, as well as intervention plans for animals exhibiting behavioral pathologies. Data were obtained on the management of 35,863 primates in 22 facilities. Behavioral scientists performed program oversight at the majority of facilities. Most programs reported recent changes, most commonly due to external site visits, and least commonly resulting from internal review. Most facilities' institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) included of individuals with behavioral expertise, and about two-thirds reported that enrichment issues could influence research protocol design. While most primates were reported to be housed socially (73%), social housing for indoor-housed primates appears to have changed little over the past 10 years. Research protocol issues and social incompatibility were commonly cited constraints. Implementation of feeding, manipulanda, and structural enrichment was relatively unconstrained, and contributions to these aspects of behavioral management generally included individuals in a wide variety of positions within a facility. In contrast, enrichment devices were used on a less widespread basis within facilities, and positive reinforcement programs that involved dedicated trainers were rare. We suggest that altering the role of the IACUC would be a productive avenue for increasing the implementation of social housing, and that an emphasis on prevention rather than intervention against behavioral pathology is warranted. The data from this survey may be useful for anticipating future program evaluations, establishing more effective internal evaluations, and assessing program progress and resource allocation.  相似文献   

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Aims: We compared the efficiency of universal pre‐enrichment broth (UPB), modified Escherichia coli broth containing novobiocin (mEC + n), modified Tryptic Soy Broth (mTSB) and mTSB with novobiocin (mTSB + n) for the enrichment of non‐O157 Shiga‐toxin‐producing E. coli (STEC). Methods and Results: Freeze‐injured and control non‐O157 STEC (O91, O103, O111, O119, O121, O145 and O165) strains were used to artificially contaminate beef and radish sprout samples, which were then cultivated in each of the four enrichment media. After incubation, STEC strains were detected by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and plating assays. Enrichment in mEC + n was least effective for facilitating the detection of uninjured STEC strains in radish sprouts, while mTSB + n was least effective for enriching freeze‐injured non‐O157 STEC strains from beef samples for detection by LAMP assay. UPB and mTSB were superior to mEC + n and mTSB + n for the enrichment of non‐O157 STEC from food samples. Conclusions: The enrichment of non‐O157 STEC was negatively affected by the addition of novobiocin to enrichment broths. Significance and Impact of the study: Novobiocin should not be added to media used for the enrichment of non‐O157 STEC in food when cell injury is anticipated.  相似文献   

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Recent studies have reported hundreds of genes linked to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, many of these candidate genes may be not identified in different studies when analyses were replicated. Moreover, results could be controversial. Here, we proposed a computational workflow to curate and evaluate AD related genes. The method integrates large scale literature knowledge data and gene expression data that were acquired from postmortem human brain regions (AD case/control: 31/32 and 22/8). Pathway Enrichment, Sub-Network Enrichment, and Gene-Gene Interaction analysis were conducted to study the pathogenic profile of the candidate genes, with 4 metrics proposed and validated for each gene. By using our approach, a scalable AD genetic database was developed, including AD related genes, pathways, diseases and info of supporting references. The AD case/control classification supported the effectiveness of the 4 proposed metrics, which successfully identified 21 well-studied AD genes (i.g. TGFB1, CTNNB1, APP, IL1B, PSEN1, PTGS2, IL6, VEGFA, SOD1, AKT1, CDK5, TNF, GSK3B, TP53, CCL2, BDNF, NGF, IGF1, SIRT1, AGER and TLR) and highlighted one recently reported AD gene (i.g. ITGB1). The computational biology approach and the AD database developed in this study provide a valuable resource which may facilitate the understanding of the AD genetic profile.  相似文献   

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To test whether swimming skills can be improved by exposure to structurally complex environments, juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were reared in either physically enriched or plain tanks for 2 months and were then screened to test their ability to swim along a channel while avoiding obstructions. The results show that even a relatively short exposure period to enrichment improves O. mykiss swimming agility.  相似文献   

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In this study, an on‐plate‐selective enrichment method is developed for fast and efficient glycopeptide investigation. Gold nanoparticles were first spotted and sintered on a stainless‐steel plate, then modified with 4‐mercaptophenylboronic acid to provide porous substrate with large specific surface and dual functions. These spots were used to selectively capture glycopeptides from peptide mixtures and the captured target peptides could be analyzed by MALDI‐MS simply by deposition of 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid matrix. Horseradish peroxidase was employed as a standard glycoprotein to investigate the enrichment efficiency. In this way, the enrichment, washing and detection steps can all be fulfilled on a single MALDI target plate. The relatively small sample amount needed, low detection limit and rapid selective enrichment have made this on‐plate strategy promising for online enrichment of glycopeptides, which could be applied in high‐throughput proteome research.  相似文献   

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