子午沙鼠子鼠肾脏肾单位的发育

目的探讨子午沙鼠子鼠肾单位发育过程中的形态变化。方法采用光镜技术结合显微测量技术,对子午沙鼠子鼠肾小体和肾小管进行形态观察和测量。结果与1日龄相比,7日龄子午沙鼠子鼠肾髓质与皮质的厚度比增加显著(P0.01);7日龄后各日龄间无显著差异(P0.05),32日龄时达4.88;肾小体的发育经过了逗号小体、S小体、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期肾小体4个阶段,7日龄肾小体的数目增多(P0.05),7~32日龄肾小体的数目基本稳定(P0.05);与1日龄相比,7日龄子午沙鼠肾小体和肾小球直径显著增加(P0.01),7、14、21日龄间无显著差异(P0.05),与21日龄相比,32日龄显著增加(P0.01);14日龄前,子午沙鼠子鼠各种肾小管直径逐步增加(P0.05),14~32日龄显著增加(P0.01)。结论 1日龄就有少量的Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期肾小体。7日龄肾小体数目达高峰。肾小体和肾小球直径7日龄达高峰,7~21日龄基本稳定,32日龄再次增加,可能与子午沙鼠子鼠肾小球滤过原尿功能增强以适应干旱的环境有关。14~32日龄肾小管直径增加显著,肾小体与肾小管功能进一步完善。皮质中长袢型髓旁肾单位和中间肾单位比短袢型浅表肾单位多;肾皮质肾小管断面中近曲小管数量较远曲小管的多;子午沙鼠子鼠肾髓质与皮质的厚度比较大,髓袢较长,具有较强的浓缩尿液的能力以适应其干旱的生存环境。     

蓝太阳鱼第一次性周期性腺发育的组织学

蓝太阳鱼(Lepomis cyanellus)是广东省于1997年从北美引进的小型淡水鱼类,本文采用组织切片技术对蓝太阳鱼的性腺发育进行了研究。蓝太阳鱼的性腺发育程序可以分为5个时期。在1月龄,卵巢和精巢处于第Ⅰ期;2~3月龄时,卵巢和精巢发育到第Ⅱ期;4月龄时发育到第Ⅲ期;5~6月龄时发育到第Ⅳ期;7~8月龄时达到性成熟第Ⅴ期。过冬时,卵巢退化到第Ⅱ~Ⅲ期,而精巢仍停留在第Ⅴ期。成熟卵巢的成熟系数为2.80%~8.10%,成熟精巢的成熟系数为1.45%~3.45%。精巢和卵巢发育都为不完全同步型,且精巢发育比卵巢稍快。蓝太阳鱼的繁殖期在广州地区为3~11月,为多次产卵类型。本文从生殖和生长的关系上对蓝太阳鱼生长缓慢的原因进行了初步探讨,并将蓝太阳鱼作为一种鱼类实验动物的可行性进行了分析。     

瓜实蝇卵巢的发育阶段及分级

瓜实蝇是热带和亚热带地区最重要的经济害虫之一。本研究拟对卵巢发育进行分级,以判断田间捕获的瓜实蝇是否达到性成熟。室内饲养瓜实蝇成虫,对开始羽化至羽化后80 d的不同日龄成虫卵巢进行解剖,并记录了卵巢长度、卵巢宽度、卵巢指数（卵巢长度＆#215;卵巢宽度）和所含卵粒数。将瓜实蝇卵巢发育过程分为4期6个级别,分别为卵黄发生前期（Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级）、卵黄发生期（Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级）、抱卵期（Ⅴ级）、经产期（Ⅵ级）。随着卵巢的发育,Ⅰ～Ⅴ级卵巢长度和宽度迅速增长,卵巢发育成熟开始产卵以后,Ⅵ级卵巢长度和宽度逐渐减小。Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级卵巢长度与宽度大致相等,以后各期卵巢长度均大于宽度。Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级可见清晰的卵室,卵母细胞迅速增长,卵黄逐渐沉积。Ⅴ级可见清晰的卵粒,整个卵巢呈圆柱状。Ⅵ级开始排出卵子,所含卵粒数显著少于Ⅴ级;虽然此级卵巢长度大于Ⅳ级,但卵巢宽度、卵巢指数与Ⅳ级基本一致;Ⅵ级卵巢可见黄体,可结合黄体判定卵巢所处发育级别。本研究对评估粘虫板捕获的瓜实蝇雌虫生理日龄结构有潜在应用价值。     

意大利蝗卵发育过程中血蓝蛋白基因表达分析

【目的】意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus是新疆草原的主要优势危害种,以卵在土壤中越冬。呼吸代谢可反映蝗卵的生理状态,呼吸蛋白对于呼吸系统不完善的蝗卵尤为重要。本研究旨在明确意大利蝗卵发育过程中血蓝蛋白基因的表达情况。【方法】采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测不同发育阶段的蝗卵以及1龄蝗蝻的血蓝蛋白2个亚基基因Hc1和Hc2的表达量。【结果】根据解剖形态观察,将意大利蝗越冬卵的整个发育过程分为10个阶段,包括9个卵发育阶段(C-Ⅰ-C-Ⅹ)和1龄蝗蝻阶段(C-Ⅹ)。Hc1和Hc2在越冬蝗卵各发育阶段以及1龄蝗蝻中均有表达。其中,在蝗卵早期发育阶段(C-Ⅰ, C-Ⅱ和C-Ⅲ),Hc1表达量逐渐增加,C-Ⅲ阶段表达量显著高于C-Ⅰ和C-Ⅱ阶段;滞育阶段(C-Ⅳ, C-Ⅴ和C-Ⅵ),胚胎发育停滞,Hc1表达量较C-Ⅲ,C-Ⅶ和C-Ⅷ阶段低;滞育后发育阶段(C-Ⅶ和C-Ⅷ),蝗卵解除滞育,快速发育,Hc1表达量较早期发育阶段和滞育阶段高,其中,C-Ⅷ阶段Hc1表达量最高(212.3156±10.5470),显著高于其他所有阶段;1龄蝗蝻(C-Ⅹ)的Hc1表达量最低,为0.4017±0.1010。Hc2表达量在C-Ⅴ阶段最高(679.7511±54.5719),显著高于其他所有阶段;除C-Ⅴ阶段外,其他各阶段之间Hc2表达量差异均不显著。Hc1在蝗卵滞育后阶段高表达,而Hc2在蝗卵滞育阶段高表达。【结论】血蓝蛋白亚基基因Hc1和Hc2在整个意大利蝗卵发育过程均有表达,且具有阶段特异性。Hc1与Hc2协同作用为蝗卵发育供氧,其中,Hc1主要负责蝗卵滞育后发育期间的氧气运载,而Hc2主要维持滞育期间的氧气运载,且载氧效率较低。研究结果可为进一步探讨意大利蝗卵的抗逆机制提供科学依据。     

鸡肾发生的组织学观察

采用组织学方法和电镜技术,对9个不同发育时期的鸡(Callus domestiaus)胚胎进行了观察.通过对鸡胚胎肾组织发生过程的观察,探讨鸡胚中肾的发生与退化,后肾的发生、分化规律和特点.结果表明,孵育到第16期在中肾前端附近出现一些中肾小泡.孵育到第18期形成中肾小管.孵育到第26期,中肾小管的盲端内陷,原始的肾小囊和肾血管球形成,中肾小管显著伸长并迂回曲折.孵育到第33～37期,体前后部中肾组织均已形成完整的肾单位.第37～46期体前部至后部的中肾组织依次退化.孵育到第26期从泄殖腔附近发出的输尿管芽向生后肾组织侵入生长,生后.肾组织产生许多生后肾小泡.第33期出现肾小囊和肾小管,肾小管伸长并发生折叠,出现集合小管、近端小管和远端小管的形态分化.第37～46期肾小体逐渐发育成熟,肾小管继续分化出现细段.鸡的中肾具有排泄功能.鸡后肾的发生与分化存在明显的时间差异.肾单位的分化中,同一胚龄肾组织内可存在不同发育阶段的肾小体,集合小管分化较早,诱导近端小管和远端小管分化,细段分化较迟.     

长吻鮠的卵巢发育和周年变化及繁殖习性研究

本文报道了长吻卵巢发育与周年变化特点和繁殖习性。依外形和组织学特征,性成熟前至性成熟鱼卵巢的发育可分为卵原细胞期、单层滤泡期、卵黄泡期,卵黄充满期、成熟期和退化期６个时期,Ⅰ期性腺只存在于１龄内个体,Ⅱ期性腺持续２年左右,性成熟前发育至Ⅲ期,经Ⅳ、Ⅴ期发育至成熟并首次参与繁殖,最小性成熟个体３龄。性成熟后个体卵巢的发育只有后５个时期。繁殖期４—６月,产后卵巢很快退回到Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期卵巢越冬。一次产卵类型。卵壳膜源于滤泡细胞。卵粒的退化吸收分５步完成。     

太湖新银鱼卵巢发育不同阶段个体生化组成和能量密度研究

对丹江口水库太湖新银鱼雌鱼性腺发育不同阶段个体的生化组成和能量密度变化进行研究, 以分析性腺发育的物质和能量来源。卵巢8-11月间基本处于Ⅱ期, 之后迅速发育; 1-3月主要为Ⅳ期或Ⅴ期, 4月开始以Ⅵ期个体为主。卵巢发育的Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期, 太湖新银鱼全鱼中的生化组成和能量密度随卵巢发育而显著增高。当发育至Ⅳ期时, 全鱼和去性腺鱼体中的干物质、粗脂肪、粗灰分相对含量和能量密度仍明显增加, 而粗蛋白相对含量在全鱼当中有所减少。由Ⅳ期发育到Ⅴ期时, 全鱼中的各生化组成无明显变化, 能量密度显著增加; 去性腺鱼体中的粗蛋白相对含量显著增加, 粗脂肪显著减少, 其他生化组成和能量密度无明显变化。产后Ⅵ期, 全鱼中的粗脂肪、粗灰分相对含量和能量密度显著下降, 干物质和粗蛋白相对含量则显著上升。性腺发育成熟前(Ⅳ期前), 去性腺鱼体中的总能量和粗蛋白绝对含量明显增加, 而性腺中能量和粗蛋白绝对含量增加不明显, 粗脂肪含量的增加明显。由Ⅳ期发育到Ⅴ期时, 全鱼中的总能量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪绝对含量均略有增加, 主要是由于性腺中能量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的增加, 而去性腺鱼体中能量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪绝对含量均明显减少。产后Ⅵ期全鱼中的总能量、粗蛋白和粗脂肪绝对含量均急剧降低。上述结果初步表明太湖新银鱼卵巢发育成熟前在鱼体中储存物质和能量, 在卵巢发育成熟时这些储存的物质和能量可能向卵巢转移, 成为卵巢发育成熟的主要物质和能量来源。       

原癌基因FOS蛋白、雌二醇及其受体在中国林蛙不同时期精巢中的表达

用免疫细胞化学方法检测了原癌基因FOS蛋白、17β-雌二醇(E2)和雌激素受体(ER)在中国林蛙生精周期中不同时期精巢内的表达定位。结果显示:在中国林蛙生精周期的Ⅰ—Ⅴ期,E2和ER在精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞、精子、支持细胞和间质细胞内均有表达。在不同时期的精巢中,E2和ER在生精细胞的定位具有一致性:在Ⅱ—Ⅲ期,精子细胞的E2和ER阳性表达最强;在Ⅲ期,精子中E2和ER阳性反应强度显著高于Ⅳ—Ⅴ期(P<0.01)。在生精周期的Ⅰ—Ⅴ期,支持细胞中,E2和ER表达强度经历由强减弱再增强的变化过程。在生精周期的Ⅲ期,间质细胞中E2和ER阳性反应强度高于其他各期。除精子外的生精细胞,支持细胞和间质细胞内均有FOS阳性反应,其表达强度呈现阶段性变化。     

狗头枣果皮GH9基因家族鉴定及不同发育期的表达与纤维素含量分析

为了明确糖苷水解酶9 (glycoside hydrolase 9,GH9)基因家族在枣果皮发育过程中的作用,该研究以狗头枣果实为材料,对其幼果期(StageⅠ)、青果期(StageⅡ)、膨大期(StageⅢ)、白熟期(StageⅣ)、半红期(StageⅤ)、全红期(StageⅥ)6个不同发育阶段的果皮纤维素含量、细胞组织结构、GH9基因家族的生物信息学以及基因表达进行分析。结果表明：(1)在枣果实发育过程中,果皮纤维素含量在StageⅠ～StageⅢ略有增加,于StageⅢ达到最高(217.33 mg/g),随后快速显著下降并于StageⅥ降至最低(98.51 mg/g),较StageⅢ下降了54.7%。(2)在枣果皮发育过程中果皮细胞在未着色时期紧密排列,在着色后明显皱缩且排列松散;番红-固绿染色后,从StageⅠ到StageⅣ枣果皮角质层细胞和表皮细胞的细胞壁颜色由蓝绿色逐渐变为浅蓝进而转为粉色,胞内几乎没有颜色,说明狗头枣果皮细胞壁的纤维素含量从StageⅠ到StageⅣ逐渐减少。(3)枣果实转录组测序发现,与StageⅠ相比,StageⅡ～StageⅥ分别检测到1 090、2...     

云杉小黑天牛幼虫种群众数龄期的测定

在自然条件下,对云杉小黑天牛幼虫发育进度作系统调查,然后通过常量的数学分析方法,确定幼虫的龄数和龄期。测定结果,云杉小黑天牛幼虫共5龄,各龄幼虫众数龄期分别为:Ⅰ龄10.59天,Ⅱ龄10.36天,Ⅲ龄7.70天,Ⅳ龄11.00天,Ⅴ龄293.87天(含越冬时间)。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.