绿僵菌及其与dsRNA混合使用对褐飞虱的防治效果

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stl是我国重要的迁飞性水稻害虫,本文研究了金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae及其与dsRNA混合使用对褐飞虱的防治效果。绿僵菌悬浮液1.6×108孢子/m L至8×106孢子/m L对褐飞虱2龄、4龄和成虫进行喷药,发现1.6×107孢子/m L对各个虫态虫龄均有良好致死效果,并且成虫和4龄若虫均好于2龄若虫。在交配行为上来看,绿僵菌处理过的褐飞虱成虫活跃度非常低,从配对开始一直到交配结束的各个阶段都受到明显影响,处理组3 h的交配率只有3.70%,而对照组的交配率为24.44%。还把褐飞虱几丁质合成酶基因A的dsRNA与绿僵菌混合使用防治褐飞虱2龄和4龄若虫,结果表明0.5μg/μL ds CHSA与绿僵菌混合使用的防治效果最好,2龄若虫的死亡率为89.63%,4龄若虫的死亡率达到93.94%。而0.2μg/μL ds CHSA与绿僵菌的混合,对2龄和4龄若虫的致死率为65.56%-76.52%。研究结果为褐飞虱的生物防治提供了新的思路。     

褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的提取及成分分析

利用Y型嗅觉仪测定不同试验条件下褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)对同类昆虫遭遇草间小黑蛛Erigonidium graminicolum Sundvall捕食时挥发性物质的行为反应,并利用固相微萃取、气相色谱与质谱技术分离鉴定挥发性物质。目的明确褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的最佳提取条件,并分析该挥发性物质的成分。结果表明,用乙酸乙酯、甲醇和正己烷分别提取"褐飞虱2³龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现乙酸乙酯提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为。用不同褐飞虱虫量(100、300、600头/500 mL瓶)、不同提取时间(1、3、6 h)和不同溶剂温度(15、25、35℃)分别提取"褐飞虱23龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现乙酸乙酯提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为。用不同褐飞虱虫量(100、300、600头/500 mL瓶)、不同提取时间(1、3、6 h)和不同溶剂温度(15、25、35℃)分别提取"褐飞虱2³龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现3003龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质,发现300⁶00头、3600头、3⁶ h和25℃下的提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为,明确了褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的最佳提取条件。利用固相微萃取法分别萃取"褐飞虱26 h和25℃下的提取物能引起褐飞虱极显著的逃避行为,明确了褐飞虱遇险释放挥发性物质的最佳提取条件。利用固相微萃取法分别萃取"褐飞虱2³龄若虫"释放的挥发性物质和"褐飞虱23龄若虫"释放的挥发性物质和"褐飞虱2³龄若虫+草间小黑蛛成蛛"共存体释放的挥发性物质。气相色谱分析表明,保留时间16 min、21.5 min时,"褐飞虱"与"褐飞虱+草间小黑蛛"共存体释放的挥发物均出现新峰;保留时间10.94 min时,仅"褐飞虱+草间小黑蛛"共存体释放的挥发物出现新峰。推测保留时间10.94 min时出现的峰为褐飞虱被草间小黑蛛捕食时释放的示警挥发物。质谱分析进一步表明,这种挥发物具有与(E)-2-己烯醛相类似的化学结构,但其实际结构还需深入研究。     

水稻OsLecRK1基因介导的抗褐飞虱功能分析

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St(a)l是对水稻最具破坏性的害虫之一,OsLecRK1是水稻Bph3基因簇中对褐飞虱抗性贡献最大的基因.本文对RHTd(含Bph3)等材料进行了褐飞虱抗性评价,克隆并构建了OsLecRK1过量表达突变体水稻,利用该突变体分析了OsLecRK1基因对褐飞虱若虫存活率、若虫发育历期等生物学参数的影响.结果 表明,含Bph3基因水稻RHTd对褐飞虱的抗性明显地强于含Bph1基因水稻Mudgo和bph2基因水稻ASD7,RHTd水稻的褐飞虱受害指数仅为Mudgo和ASD7水稻的53.5％和24.1％.过量表达OsLecRK1基因能显著地增加水稻对褐飞虱的驱避性和抗生性,褐飞虱雌成虫偏好于在野生型水稻上产卵;突变体水稻上的褐飞虱若虫存活率显著地降低,仅为野生型水稻上若虫存活率的75.2％ ～81.8％,且若虫发育历期显著地延长,羽化率和初羽化雌成虫体重均显著地降低;此外,褐飞虱在突变体水稻上取食分泌的蜜露量只有野生型上的40.3％ ～ 60.9％,褐飞虱单雌产卵量只为野生型51％ ～61.2％,卵孵化率只有野生型的52.2％～56.7％,均显著地减少.结果 表明,含Bph3基因水稻RHTd对褐飞虱的抗性明显地高于分别含Bph1、bph2的水稻Mudgo和ASD7;水稻Bph3基因座的OsLecRK1单个基因过量表达即可显著增加水稻对褐飞虱的抗性,OsLecRK1协同影响褐飞虱的多个生物学参数降低褐飞虱的适合度.     

石菖蒲提取物及混配剂对水稻褐飞虱的控制研究

为了确定石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus Soland)提取物对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St1的活性及使用浓度,研究了石菖蒲提取物对褐飞虱的触杀毒力,30%石菖蒲乳油及30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油对褐飞虱的室内盆栽试验及大田试验防治效果。结果表明,石菖蒲提取物对褐飞虱3龄若虫及长翅型雌成虫处理48h后的LD50分别为0.64和0.95μg/头。室内盆栽试验表明:30%石菖蒲乳油30倍、30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油50倍施药3d后对褐飞虱3龄若虫的校正死亡率分别为85.56%和96.67%。30%石菖蒲乳油20倍、30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油300倍,施药7d后,对褐飞虱的田间防治效果分别为78.46%和79.76%。     

三种外源激素类物质对白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)翅型分化的影响

以白背飞虱为研究对象,首次使用保幼激素类似物ZR-515、早熟素和具有蜕皮激素活性的新型化合物RH-2485表面处理飞虱3龄或4龄若虫,来研究探讨激素对飞虱翅型分化的影响。结果表明：ZR-515可诱导短翅型分化,当用10ng／μl的ZR-515处理3龄若虫时,短翅率达到45．6％;而用1μg/μl及100ng／μl的ZR-515对4龄期若虫进行处理时,短翅率则分别达到50％和50．26％。早熟素具有明显的长翅化效应,随着处理浓度的增高,被处理的白背飞虱若虫形成的长翅型成虫数也逐渐增加,且早熟素在3龄期处理对白背飞虱长翅诱导作用强于在4龄期进行的处理,如在3龄期处理时,10μg／μl和100ng／μl的处理组长翅犁成虫比率分别高达100％和86．67％。而RH-2485对翅型分化无明显影响。     

用HPLC测定稻褐飞虱体内的保幼激素

用反相高效液相色谱法检测了稻褐飞虱3-5龄若虫和雌成虫体内的保幼激素滴度。3-5龄若虫体内检出JH2含量为1．83×10^-3μg／mg、JH3含量为7．55×10^-5μg／mg,短翅型雌成虫中检出JH3含量为1.48×10^-4μg／mg。本方法测定的全过程标准回收率JH1、JH2、JH3分别是80%、93．7%、85％。     

营养对褐飞虱生长和繁殖信号通路的影响

【目的】昆虫感知外界营养状态,在体内营养信号通过许多信号通路进行传递,进而调控昆虫的生长和繁殖。本研究旨在为营养调控褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens生长和繁殖的分子机制作出初步探索。【方法】在不同营养条件［100%浓度饲料(全纯人工饲料D-97, 对照)、50%浓度人工饲料和25%浓度人工饲料］下饲喂褐飞虱3龄第2天若虫至成虫,统计体重、发育历期、存活率和每卵巢成熟卵量;利用荧光定量PCR检测羽化后第2天褐飞虱成虫不同组织(卵巢、脂肪体和其他组织)中IIS, TOR以及AMPK信号通路相关基因(InR1, InR2, AKT, FoxO, TOR, S6K, 4EBP, AMPKα,AMPKβ和AMPKγ)的表达量;利用Western blot方法检测羽化后第6天褐飞虱成虫卵巢和其他组织中Akt, FoxO和AMPK蛋白磷酸化水平;同时检测羽化后第6天褐飞虱成虫不同组织中的ROS水平以及不同龄期褐飞虱体内保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)和蜕皮激素(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E)滴度。【结果】与饲喂100%浓度人工饲料的对照相比,用低浓度人工饲料饲喂褐飞虱至成虫导致5龄第2天至成虫体重显著降低,从3龄第2天若虫至成虫发育历期缩短,死亡率提高,每卵巢成熟卵量显著降低。取食低浓度人工饲料后,羽化后第2天成虫IIS, TOR以及AMPK信号通路相关基因InR2, TOR, 4EBP, AMPKα在卵巢、脂肪体和其他组织中, AKT, S6K和AMPKγ在脂肪体和其他组织中,以及InR1, FoxO和AMPKβ在其他组织中表达量较对照均显著下降,但卵巢中InR1, AKT, FoxO和AMPKγ的表达量相对稳定;羽化后第6天成虫卵巢和其他组织中AKT, FoxO以及AMPK的磷酸化水平显著增加。随着人工饲料饲喂浓度的降低,羽化后第6天褐飞虱成虫不同组织中的ROS水平显著增加。不同营养条件下褐飞虱4龄第2天若虫体内JH滴度无显著差异,低营养条件下5龄第2天若虫体内JH滴度较对照显著降低,而在羽化后第2天成虫体内JH滴度则较对照显著增加;低营养条件导致褐飞虱若虫以及成虫体内20E滴度均显著增加。【结论】褐飞虱在面临营养缺失的情况下,营养信号传导通路(IIS, TOR以及APMK通路)的关键基因表达均下降,而ROS水平显著上升,通过调节AKT, FoxO以及AMPK的磷酸化水平,进而影响JH以及20E的生物合成。     

不同浓度氯化钙浸种处理对水稻防御酶活性和抗褐飞虱的影响

[目的]研究不同浓度氯化钙(calcium chloride,CaCl2)浸种处理对水稻防御酶活性和抗褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的影响.[方法]分别用10,20,30,40和50 mmol/L CaCl2溶液浸泡水稻种子48 h,以蒸馏水浸种为对照,待水稻长至分蘖期时,检测褐飞虱3龄若虫取食胁迫下各浓度...     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫褐飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应

在稻田中,氯虫苯甲酰胺是以鳞翅目幼虫为主要防治对象的新型杀虫剂,而褐飞虱 是该药剂的重要非靶标害虫.本文采用稻茎浸渍法测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对其非靶标害虫褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的毒力.结果表明:氯虫苯甲酰胺对褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC50分别为26.85和35.53 mg·L-1;以氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死浓度LC10和LC25分别处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,对当代褐飞虱雌虫寿命无显著影响,但LC25剂量处理后,当代褐飞虱雌虫产卵量显著降低45.6粒.亚致死剂量处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,显著影响F1代褐飞虱的产卵量和雌虫寿命,雌虫产卵量分别减少43.5和72.9粒,雌虫寿命分别缩短1.35和2.87 d;两个剂量处理后F1代的各虫态发育历期均有所延长;施药后各项种群参数也发生了变化,种群内禀增长率rm分别降低12.8％和23.5％,净增殖率R0分别降低37.4％和68.7％,而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长.表明氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对褐飞虱种群增长具有一定的抑制作用.     

转Bt基因及其亲本水稻上褐飞虱对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯的反应

以转Bt基因抗虫水稻T1C-19(含cry1C基因)和T2A-1(含cry2A基因)及其亲本水稻MH63为材料,用20和40 mg·L^-1的三唑磷以及1、3和6 mg·L^-1的溴氰菊酯喷雾分别处理稻株上的3龄褐飞虱若虫,研究了两种农药对转Bt基因抗虫水稻上褐飞虱再猖獗的影响.结果表明： 三唑磷处理对褐飞虱的若虫历期无显著性影响,溴氰菊酯则能显著降低若虫历期,但随着两种药剂处理浓度的升高,若虫的存活率降低、成虫的产卵量增加.在同一浓度农药药剂处理下,3个水稻品种上的褐飞虱若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、初羽雌成虫体质量、产卵量和卵孵化率等生态学参数均没有显著差异.表明褐飞虱在两种转Bt水稻上对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯诱导再猖獗的反应能力与其亲本水稻MH63没有差异.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.