通过组织培养筛选小麦抗赤霉病突变体的研究

选用中抗赤霉病的春小麦品种和品系的花药进行离体培养,以小麦赤霉病29号菌株产生的致病培养滤液为选择剂,结合物理诱变处理,进行抗病鉴定,用赤霉病菌分生孢子直接接种在愈伤组织和再生植株筛选抗病突变体。在83块愈伤中有53块抗病。在11株的再生植株中有9株均比未经培养滤液处理的对照提高了抗病性,从中选出4株抗病性接近或超过“苏麦3号”品种。     

用组织培养法筛选水稻抗白叶枯病突变体——Ⅰ.水稻愈伤组织抗白叶枯病病原菌的选择及其再生植株的抗病性鉴定

选用感病品种南粳34去壳籽粒的愈伤组织,按种白叶枯病病原菌菌株Ks 8-4,共同培养,以期筛选抗菌愈伤组织。在365块接菌愈伤组织中,有63块局部生长,从中得到抗菌新愈伤组织63块,并分化出再生植株。鉴定再生植株当代R_1 45株,有44株抗病,1株感病。部分株系得到了R_2、R_3代植株,多代鉴定表明,其抗病性是稳定的和可遗传的。     

利用辣椒疫霉培养滤液体外筛选胡椒抗瘟病无性系研究

在胡椒（Piper nigrum Linn．)茎尖丛生增殖技术的基础上,以印尼大叶种“Lampong Type”无菌实生苗作外植体源,利用辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)培养滤液对胡椒茎尖及其增殖形成的丛生芽进行体外选择。辣椒疫霉培养滤液的不同灭菌方法对辣椒疫霉培养滤液的毒性影响显著,过滤灭菌方式可以保持辣椒疫霉培养滤液的毒性,而高温高压灭菌方式则不能。随着辣椒疫霉培养滤液浓度的增加,茎尖和丛生芽的存活率和增殖率都在下降。在存活的茎尖或丛生芽培养中,一部分可正常增殖,其余的形成愈伤组织,或者保持生长停滞的休眠状态。在选择性培养基上继代培养2次后进行生根和移栽,利用离体叶片针刺接种法对温室条件下生长的移栽植株进行抗瘟病测定。以3次抗病检测均无明显症状的植株作为抗病株。随着辣椒疫霉培养滤液浓度的增加,得到的再生植株数量降低,但其中抗病株的比例提高。利用过滤灭菌方式加入选择性培养基的处理中,25％、50％和75％的辣椒疫霉培养滤液分别获得1株、4株和3株抗病株,分别占各处理再生植株总数的1．54％、20．00％和42．86％,共获得8株,占该组处理再生植株总数的8．70％。     

辣椒疫毒致病毒素

辣椒疫霉（PhytophthoracapsiciLeonian）在培养液中振荡培养时可分泌毒素,这种毒素能引起辣椒叶片形成水渍状褐腐斑,类似病原菌侵染后形成的症状。Plich’s和V8C培养液适于P.capsici的生长和产毒;生长适宜温度和pH范围分别为20～30℃与pH6～7,在25～30℃、pH5～8的条件下培养滤液毒性最强;培养15天产毒达到最高值。滤液先后经85％硫酸铰沉淀、DE52、CM32和SephadexG－75柱层析将毒素纯化。经鉴定该纯毒素为39．8kD酸性糖蛋白,并对80℃以上高温或蛋白酶敏感,而β-D-葡萄糖苷酶处理不影响其毒性,蛋白亚基为毒素的活性中心。毒素处理寄主叶片引致病理性坏死,这一作用与辣椒品种抗病性有关。     

离体筛选小麦抗赤霉病和根腐病突变体 I．小麦兼抗赤霉病和根腐病愈伤组织的筛选及其抗病性的鉴定

本文选用冬小麦和春小麦品种及其杂种后代的幼穗进行离体培养， 以赤霉病菌及根腐病菌的培养 滤液为选择剂，按不同的筛选方法筛选兼抗赤霉病和根腐病的突变体，用赤霉病菌和根腐病菌分生抱子 直接接种在经筛选的愈伤组织上，进行抗病性鉴定。试验结果表明：不同筛选方法对筛选兼坑赤霉病和 根腐病的愈伤组织的效果有明显差异，二步筛选法比混合筛选法效果好。供鉴定的120块愈伤组织中， 有村块愈伤组织具有兼抗赤霉病菌和根腐菌侵染的能力。     

辣椒疫霉致病毒素

辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici Leonian)在培养液中振荡培养时可分泌毒素,这种毒素能引起辣椒叶片形成水渍状褐腐斑,类似病原菌侵染后形成的症状。Hich’s和V₈培养液适于P capsici的生长和产毒;生长适宜温度和pH范围分别为20～30℃与pH6～7,在25～30℃、pH5～8的条件下培养滤液毒性最强;培养15天产毒达到最高值。滤液先后经85％硫酸铵沉淀、DE52、CM32和SephadexG-75柱层析将毒索纯化。经鉴定该纯毒索为39．8kD酸性糖蛋白。并对80℃以上高温或蛋白酶敏感,而β-D-葡萄糖苷酶处理不影响其毒性,蛋白亚基为毒紊的活性中心。毒素处理寄主叶片引致病理性坏死,这一作用与辣椒品种抗病性有关。     

植物抗病的信号转导途径

植物在遭受不同病原菌入侵时会表现出不同的反应,若病原菌具有逃避寄主的识别并破坏寄主防御系统的能力则表现感病;若植物能及时识别病原菌并激活自身的防御体系,将表现出抗病性,而特异性的抗病性常常伴有过敏反应的产生。那么植物对病原菌的最初识别,识别后的信号转导以及抗病性过程究竟是怎样的呢？本文将对这一问题进行概述。     

内生真菌感染对宿主羊草抗病性的影响

以感染内生真菌的天然禾草羊草为实验材料,通过体外纯培养条件下的内生真菌、感染内生真菌的离体叶片和在体叶片对3种病原菌的抑菌实验,以探讨内生真菌对宿主植物羊草在抗病性方面的贡献。结果表明:体外纯培养条件下,分离自羊草的内生真菌Epichlobromicola对新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和枝孢霉(Cladosporium sp.)这3种病原菌都具有抑制作用,抑菌率分别达56.22%,46.93%和45.15%,且内生真菌培养滤液可以有效抑制这3种病原菌的孢子萌发,平均萌发率分别为30.4%,15.7%和16.4%;宿主植物叶片在离体条件下,内生真菌感染可以有效降低羊草叶片受C.lunata和C.sp.侵染后的病斑数或病斑长度,但对B.sorokiniana不起作用,甚至提高了叶片的病斑数及病斑长度,而离体叶片提取液对不同病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;在体条件下,内生真菌均可以通过降低叶片病斑数来增强羊草植株对这3种病原菌的抗性。由此看来,内生真菌E.bromicola对宿主植物羊草在抗病原菌侵染方面有一定的增益作用。     

辣椒炭疽病菌毒素

辣椒炭疽病菌(辣椒刺盘孢Colletotrichum capsici)在25—28℃的Czapek-Dox培养液中振荡培养时分泌出毒素,这种毒素能引起辣椒叶片形成坏死斑,类似于病原菌侵染形成的症状。辣椒叶煎汁培养液和Czapek-Dox培养液适于C.capsici的生长和产毒,生长适宜温度和范围分别为25℃和pH6—7,在25—28℃,pH6—7的条件下培养滤液毒性最强;光线和通气条件可促进C.capsici的生长和产毒;培养14天的培养滤液毒性最强。培养滤液经丙酮沉淀及离子交换树脂柱和Sephadex G-50柱层析将毒素纯化。实验结果表明该毒素为多聚糖类物质。生物检测结果表明:培养滤液和C.capsici毒素溶液能抑制辣椒、绿豆、豌豆、豇豆种子胚根生长;并能使辣椒幼苗发生萎蔫,这一作用与辣椒品种抗性有关。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌原生质体制备及再生体系的研究

为明确致病疫霉的致病机理需要建立高效的病原菌原生质体制备和再生体系。通过对马铃薯晚疫病菌制备和再生过程的研究,采用两种裂解酶Driselase和Cellulase R-10,以不同菌龄、裂解酶、裂解酶的浓度和裂解酶的反应时间为研究条件,得到原生质体制备的最佳条件为:以培养18 d的菌丝体为材料,用10 mg/m L Driselase处理菌丝60 min后,原生质体产量达9.5×104个/g;以0.1 mol/L氯化钙和0.4 mol/L甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂,以黑麦V8固体再生培养基得到的原生质体再生率最高达3.1%。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.