共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 189 毫秒
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白唇鹿 (Cervus albirostris)是我国青藏高原特有种 ,在鹿类进化史上极其重要。因其药用价值很高 ,几十年来捕杀现象严重 ,数量大为减少 ,濒于灭绝 ,1 988年被列为国家一级保护动物 [13 ] 。目前白唇鹿分布在 2 9°~ 40°N,92°~ 1 0 2°E的区域内[1] 。它们主要活动于海拔 350 0~ 50 0 0 m之间的高寒半荒漠草原 ,高山草甸草原和亚高山灌丛草原 [7] 。国内对白唇鹿的研究 ,涉及到食性[7,11] 、繁殖[3~ 5] 、形态、生态地理分布[6] 等 ,而对白唇鹿非发情期行为时间分配尚无报道。 1 998年 3~ 4月我们在上海野生动物园对其进行了专题研… 相似文献
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以盐池县为主的宁夏东部草原地区,地处典型草原向荒漠草原的过渡地带,饲养着全自治区近五分之二的二毛裘皮滩羊,是区内重要的畜牧业生产基地之一。这一地区在1955—1961年间曾由不同的专业队进行过多次自然资源综合考察[6,8,10,17],主要单位有中国科学院黄河中游水土保持综合考察队,中国科学院治沙工作队,中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队以及自治区综合勘察队和宁夏农学院等。虽然积累了一些有关这一地区草原植被方面的资料,但正式发表的不多,并且在草原界线的划分上由于认识的不同,分歧较大。如划分界线时有的主要考虑地形或土壤因子[8],而对植被本身的差异注意得不够,甚至建群针茅的种类也还没有搞清楚[17];还有的把隐域植被(沙生植被)与地带性植被混同起来,并过分强调少量入侵的荒漠植物(刺叶柄棘豆)的作用。1977年以来我们连续在这一地区进行草场植被资源调查和草原生态定位研究,现就我们的认识对宁夏东部草原的属性、界线及其资源特征,提出一些看法。 相似文献
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刈牧对草原植物的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在草原科学发展的早期 ,人们认识了重要植物的生长营养需要和生活史特性 ,对草原管理基本理论的发展起到了重要作用[1 ] 。此后 ,为了更有效地管理草原和食草家畜 ,以使刈牧对草原植物的有害影响降到最低限度 ,并维持植物和家畜的持续生产 ,人们开始将植物对刈牧响应的知识与不同的过程结合起来。70年代中期 ,随着放牧最优化假设的提出 ,植物 -食草动物相互作用的模拟研究盛况空前[2 ,3] 。这种假设认为最大植物生产力产生于最优的刈牧强度 ,而不是不刈牧的植物。但这种假设在生态学家和自然资源管理学家之间产生了许多分歧[3~ 6] 。此时 ,… 相似文献
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人们哀叹草原的变化时,总爱引用《敕勒歌》里的那句“风吹草低见牛羊”来比照。其实,根本不用追述到那么久远,与五六年前相比,锡林郭勒草原已经大大地改变了面貌,尤其是它的西部地区,除了低矮稀疏的草和狂风过后留在地表的砾石,还有那一道道的把草原隔离成无数条块的铁丝网和角钢桩——近年来草原变化的最显著标志:网围栏。[编者按] 相似文献
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正我国温带草原分布广泛,是欧亚大陆温带草原植被类型的重要组成部分,具有重要的生态和经济价值[1],而其退化已成为我国草原牧业和生态可持续发展的主要瓶颈[2]。土壤微生物在土壤形成和演化过程中起着不可替代的作用,是土壤中物质转化和养分循环的驱动力。土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物胞外酶活性则是土壤生态系统结构和功能演替的特征指示物[3]。目前,对草地退化的研究大部分集中于退化现状及其驱动力,植物群落结构及其稳定性,生物量变化及其土壤肥力水平,而相关的土壤微生物特 相似文献
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~~烟草花粉母细胞细胞融合过程中微丝的免疫定位观察@杨军$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000;西华师范大学生命科学学院,四川南充637002;西华师范大学珍稀动植物研究所,四川南充637002
@彭正松$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000;西华师范大学生命科学学院,四川南充637002
@李卫$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000
@高欢欢$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000
@郑国锠$兰州大学细胞生物学研究所!兰州730000~~~~[1] ZHENG G CH(郑国錩).Cytormxis[J]. Acta Gen. Sin. (遗传学报) ,1974,1(1) ;117-124(in Ch… 相似文献
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内蒙古草原放牧恢复过程地衣生物量分布及其影响因素的研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
1 引 言在干旱半干旱草原生态系统中,地衣是植物群落中的一个重要组成部分.地衣是真菌和具有光合功能的藻类的共生体,共生光合生物通过光合作用为自身和共生真菌提供碳水化合物,共生真菌为共生光合生物提供物理保护、水和矿物元素[9] .地衣芽枝可通过截获风蚀物质而增加土壤表面粗糙度,有利于积蓄降水和养分[1] ,地衣的共生真菌菌丝可以通过分泌粘质物而改善土壤团粒结构[3 ] .另外,地衣还可有效地分解矿物元素,同时还有较强的固氮功能[9,17] ,地衣不仅影响土壤的理化性状而且对维管植物也有潜在的影响.因此,地衣在草原生态系统中可促进… 相似文献
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地中海沿岸沙丘土壤种子库的异质性 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
应用自然萌发法和物理筛选法相结合的方法,调查了地中海沿岸沙丘三种微生境土壤总种子库和永久种子库特征,用功能群的方法分析了微生境之间的土壤总种子库和永久土壤种子库的组成和结构差异,也分析了主要物种土壤种子库的微生境分布格局,分析了种子大小和土壤种子库中的种子永久性关系。发现地中海沿岸沙丘土壤种子库具有明显的空间异质性,即使在相同的微生境内,土壤种子库的分布也不是均匀的,甚至具有很大的差异;微生境对总的土壤种子库和各功能群的土壤种子库的分布格局具有显著的影响,开阔地区域具有最大的种子密度,而灌丛下和路径具有较小的种子密度;在永久土壤种子库中,豆科类植物种子在休眠种子中占有最大的比例,约为76%,而一年生和多年生禾草未发现休眠种子,豆类、伞形科类、多年生阔草、菊科类、一年生阔叶草和十字花科类等种子在土壤中的永久性比例依次下降,分别为50%、46%、41%、6%、6%和1%,微生境影响各功能群种子在土壤中的永久性。微生境显著影响大部分主要物种的土壤种子库分布;种子大小与其在土壤中的永久性为正相关,即大种子具有较高的永久性,小种子具有较低的永久性。 相似文献
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该文研究了科尔沁沙质草地在放牧和围封条件下土壤种子库密度、组成及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明:1)放牧草地植物种数22种,围封草地植物种数30种,围封使土壤种子库植物种数增加了36%;2)放牧草地土壤种子库密度为16 149±1 900有效种子数•m-2, 围封草地土壤种子库密度为20 657±3 342有效种子数•m-2,比放牧草地增加了28%。放牧和围封草地种子库组成密度均以一年生植物为主(分别占99%和98%的比例),多年生植物所占的比例很小;3)放牧草地种子库的Shannon-Wiener指数和丰富度指数分别为0.836 3和4.954 9,明显小于围封草地的0.968 2和7.226 0,表明自由放牧导致物种多样性下降;4)放牧和围封草地土壤种子库密度与地上植被密度均存在显著的相关性(p<0.001)。表明了随着土壤种子库密度的增加, 地上植被密度随之增加,放牧草地地上植被密度78%的变异可归结为土壤种子库密度的变异, 而围封草地地上植被密度58%的变异可由土壤种子库密度的变异来解释。 相似文献
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Alien seedling recruitment as a response to altitude and soil disturbance in the mountain grasslands of central Argentina 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Climate and disturbance are considered key factors in explaining plant invasion, mainly by their effect on alien seedling
recruitment. We tested whether soil disturbance by digging and altitude, as a sub-set of climate, affected the seedling recruitment
of two alien species (Cirsium vulgare and Melilotus alba) in the mountain grasslands of central Argentina. We performed a seed-addition factorial experiment with altitude as a fixed
factor co-variable (6 levels), time since sowing (6 levels) as an autoregressive co-variable, and soil disturbance by digging
(two levels) and seed addition (two levels) as fixed factors. Seeds of the studied species were sown in replicated undisturbed
and disturbed soil plots, in grassland stands located every 200 m from 1200 to 2200 m a.s.l. The number of emerging seedlings
at each plot was recorded during a period of 8 months, at intervals of 30–60 days. Seedlings of both alien species emerged
at all the studied altitudes, but only the recruitment of C. vulgare increased linearly with altitude. Moreover, the time window of seedling recruitment for this species increased with altitude.
Soil disturbance produced a significant decrease in overall seedling emergence of both species; however, an increase in emergence
was observed for C. vulgare at an altitude over 2000 m a.s.l. Natural emergence inside control plots without seed addition was only observed for Cirsium vulgare, which indicates that this species was not seed limited. Our results show that altitude and the absence of disturbance do
not restrict the recruitment of C. vulgare and M. alba in these natural mountain grasslands. Moreover, these alien species seem to be tolerant to and even favoured by conditions
occurring at higher altitudes and in absence of micro-site soil disturbances in the Córdoba mountain grasslands. 相似文献
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荒漠草原土壤种子库对草地管理方式的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以宁夏中部不同封育年限(封育1a、3a、5a和7a)、不同放牧方式(中等强度自由放牧、中等强度4区轮牧)、补播改良(2006年补播沙打旺Astragalus adsurgens和紫花苜蓿Alfalfa stiva)及未封育等管理方式下的荒漠草原为研究对象,采用空间梯度代替时间梯度法,于2012年3月下旬用样线法采集土壤样品,采用温室萌发法,统计土壤种子库物种组成和种子数,研究了不同草地管理方式下的种子库与地上植被相似性、多样性等特征。结果表明:1)宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库中共出现14种植物,分属6科14属,除牛枝子(Lespedeza potanimii)为半灌木外其余均为草本植物。多年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的65.3%,一年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的35.7%;多年生植物种子数量随封育年限增加而表现为下降趋势,封育1a和未封育草地最多;2)不同管理方式下土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数为2—6种,封育时间延长导致土壤种子库物种与地上植被相似性下降,土壤种子库和地上植被共有物种数有减少趋势,自由放牧降低了土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数,补播恢复的草地土壤种子库中未出现补播物种;3)种子库物种多样性与管理方式无明显的相关性;种子库物种多样性指数4区轮牧草地最高,封育7a草地最低,物种丰富度指数封育1a草地最高,均匀度指数自由放牧草地最高,补播草地最低。若荒漠草原仅依靠土壤种子库恢复自然植被,则不建议封育时间过久,需间以适当的干扰(放牧);补播外来种未对荒漠草原土壤种子库产生贡献,反而对乡土种产生了一定限制。 相似文献
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地中海沿岸沙丘种子大小对植物及其种子多度的影响 总被引:23,自引:1,他引:22
分析了地中海沿岸沙丘3种微生境(灌丛下、灌丛之间的开阔地、路径)以及整个沙丘生态系统的种子大小与土壤种子库中休眠种子的数量、土壤种子库中总种子的数量、地上植被中各个植物种的个体数量和幼苗数量、每种植物在小样方中的出现频率等方面之间的关系,也分析了种子尺寸(长、宽、高之和的平均值)与土壤种子的长久性、土壤种子库中休眠种子数量之间的关系;还分析了具有不同种子大小的植物在沙丘生态系统和各微生境的分布比率,验证了生活周期短的植物的种子在土壤中更长久和被干扰的微生境具有更多的休眠种子这种假说。结果发现,在地中海沿岸沙丘生态系统中,具有特别大的种子和特别小种子的植物种类都很少,不同植物种子的大小呈现近正态分布,但绝大多数植物的种子重量都不超过10 mg;微生境影响种子尺寸与种子长久性的关系,在灌丛下、开阔地区域等两个微生境以及整个的沙丘生态系统都呈现显著的正向关系(p<0 .0 5 ) ,而在路径这种关系不很明显;种子多度与植被物种出现频率呈现强烈的正相关(p<0 .0 5 ) ,没有发现种子大小与土壤种子库中休眠种子数量、种子库中总的种子数量、植被物种出现频率、植被的物种多度、幼苗植物多度等方面有显著的关系;具有中度大小种子(0 .1~10 mg)的植物在总的土壤种子库、休 相似文献
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Zhan-Huan Shang Bin Deng Lu-Ming Ding Guo-Hua Ren Guo-Sheng Xin Zhi-Yun Liu Yan-Long Wang Rui-Jun Long 《Plant and Soil》2013,364(1-2):229-244
Background and Aims
Fenced enclosures have become an important method for re-establishing degraded grassland on the Tibetan plateau, and examination of soil seed banks may provide useful insights to understanding the effects and mechanisms of fencing enclosure on the restoration.Methods
An investigation was conducted into the effects of enclosure for 3 years on the soil seed banks of degraded natural and sown grasslands at eight study sites. Species composition, soil seed bank density and the relationships with above-ground vegetation were analysed based on 4800 soil core samples and counting of seeds extracted from soil samples.Results
After 3 years of fencing enclosure, soil seed banks differed between the different communities across the study sites. Species numbers and seed density in soil seed banks decreased from natural grassland to sown grassland, with most seeds occurring in the upper 5 cm soil layer. In these alpine grasslands, relatively few species produced high numbers of seeds, although their occurrence across the eight study sites was variable. Total vegetation cover increased with enclosure due to the colonization capacity of the vegetation rather than soil seed banks.Conclusions
This study provided evidence that soil seed banks do not play an important role in the restoration of degraded alpine grassland when using fencing enclosures. Further studies conducted over longer periods are needed to address this subject. 相似文献17.
Question: Are the seed banks of an isolated subtropical oceanic island capable of naturally regenerating vegetation either with species of the historical forest community or with the existing grassland community after severe damage to the vegetation by goats? Location: Nakoudojima Island, Bonin Archipelago (Ogasawara Shoto), Japan. Methods: Soil samples were collected at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths from seven plots in forests, grasslands, artificially matted areas and bare land. Soil seed banks were assessed using the seedling emergence method followed by the hand‐sorting of ungerminated seeds. We determined the size and composition of the seed banks in upper soil layers of plots and compared the seed banks to the standing vegetation. Results: A total of 12 220 seedlings belonging to 42 species from 20 families germinated. Total mean seed density (0–5 cm depth) was low in all plots within forest, grassland, and heavily degraded vegetation types (34.7 ± 8.6 to 693.5 ± 123.6, 58.6 ± 7.8 to 107.1 ± 10.0, and 1.1 ± 0.5 to 7.2 ± 2.3 seeds/m2, respectively). Forbs and graminoids dominated the seed banks of grassland and forest plots including Cyperus brevifolius, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, Oxalis corniculata and Solanum nigrum, and these alien species comprised 90% of the density of the seed bank. There was little correlation between seed banks and standing vegetation of the island (Sørensen similarity coefficient values 0.26 to 0.45). Conclusions: If natural regeneration occurs from the seed bank of the island, future vegetation will not move toward the original forest community, because the seed bank is dominated by non‐native herbaceous grassland species. Though isolated, a few forest remnants with low species richness could be an important source for the natural re‐establishment of forest on the island; however, seed availability may be limited by either poor dispersal or pollination so that woody species will probably recover very slowly on this goat‐impacted island. 相似文献
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荒漠草地土壤微生物生物量和微生物熵对沙漠化的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用空间序列代替时间演替的方法,分析宁夏中北部盐池县荒漠草地不同沙漠化阶段(荒漠草地、固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地)土壤微生物生物量(SMB)和微生物熵(qMB)的变化特征及其影响因子.结果表明: 从荒漠草地到流动沙地,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷分别降低46.1%、80.8%和30.0%.随着荒漠草地沙漠化程度的加剧,土壤微生物熵碳(qMBC)、土壤微生物熵氮(qMBN)、土壤微生物熵磷(qMBP)均表现为荒漠草地>固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地,而土壤-微生物化学计量不平衡性(C∶Nimb、C∶Pimb、N∶Pimb)基本呈增加趋势.土壤微生物生物量氮与C∶Nimb呈显著正相关,与N∶Pimb呈显著负相关;土壤微生物生物量磷与C∶Pimb呈显著正相关.冗余分析(RDA)显示,土壤生态化学计量(C∶N、C∶P)对微生物熵碳的负效应最明显.荒漠草地沙漠化显著影响土壤微生物生物量和微生物熵. 相似文献
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Effectiveness of sand-fixing measures on desert land restoration in Kerqin Sandy Land,northern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yulin Li Jianyuan Cui Tonghui Zhang Toshiya Okuro Sam Drake 《Ecological Engineering》2009,35(1):118-127
In the semi-arid Kerqin Sandy Land of north China, land desertification and frequent sand storms in the spring strongly affect the growth of grassland vegetation and crops, and give rise to large reductions in yield as a result of wind erosion and sand dune movement. To bring desertification under control and reduce its influence on grassland and farmlands, many measures have been developed and implemented for stabilizing mobile sand dunes and restoring desertified grasslands. This study was conducted from 1996 to 2003 to evaluate the effectiveness of desert land restoration after implementation of sand-fixing measures. The results showed that construction of straw checkerboards and planting of shrub seedlings significantly enhances topsoil development on the dune surface, increasing silt and clay content and facilitating accumulation of soil carbon and total N, as well as accelerating an increase in plant diversity, vegetation cover and plant density. These findings suggest that using straw checkerboards and planting shrubs are successful methods for mobile sand dune stabilization and desertified grassland restoration in semiarid regions. The mechanism creating these changes is a reduction in wind erosion and improvement of the soil environment for plants. In addition, our results showed that construction of straw checkerboards was slightly more effective in vegetation and soil restoration in comparison with planting shrub seedlings, especially at the primary stage. 相似文献
20.
Abstract. We studied the germinable soil seed bank of tall‐tussock grasslands along an altitudinal gradient in the mountains of central Argentina. We selected 10 sampling plots at three altitudinal levels (1200 m, 1600 m and 2200 m). We assessed the composition of the established vegetation and took ten compound soil samples (0 ‐ 5 cm depth) at each plot in autumn and spring. The soil samples were sieved, chilled, and incubated in a glasshouse to assess the composition of the seed bank. The similarity between the composition of the seed bank flora and that of the established vegetation was low throughout the gradient. Most species did not change their seed bank strategy along the gradient. Seed bank richness and density increased with altitude. Most species had a persistent seed bank at all altitudinal levels, and the proportion of such species increased with altitude. These results suggest that a cold climate directly and/or indirectly favours the formation of seed banks and seed persistence in the soil. 相似文献