污泥堆肥混合基质对香彩雀生长开花的影响及植物适应性评价

采用盆栽试验,研究了以城市污泥堆肥为主要原料的基质对观花植物香彩雀(Angelonia salicariifolia Humb.)生长和开花特性的影响,并采用熵权系数与TOPSIS集成评价法综合评价了不同基质对香彩雀的生长适应性。结果表明,经过60 d高温好氧堆制的污泥堆肥,以不同体积比与泥炭、河沙混配成的栽培基质容重和EC值比研究区的林地赤红壤低,pH值和养分含量更高。污泥堆肥混合基质栽培的香彩雀营养生长和生殖生长均优于土壤栽培,其中株高比后者增加29%~61%,分枝数增加27%~67%,鲜重增加17%~88%,干重增加4%~50%,开花时间提前2~16 d,花朵数增加49%~220%,花期延长8~22 d,花朵畸形率降低1%~5%,对氮、磷、钾的吸收能力显著提高。试验中各种污泥堆肥混合基质均适合香彩雀生长,熵权系数与TOPSIS集成评价结果显示,在所研究的污泥堆肥基质中,污泥堆肥:泥炭:河沙体积比为5∶3∶2的基质植物适应性最强,纯污泥堆肥植物适应性相对较差,但优于土壤。将污泥堆肥作为基质主要成分用于花卉生产,既可提高花卉质量,降低成本,又能消耗大量污泥,是城市污泥资源化处置和利用的重要方向。     

生长调节剂和基质对东南山茶扦插生根的影响

比较东南山茶Camellia edithae枝条在NAA、IBA以及ABT-1号生根粉等生长调节剂处理下的扦插生根情况。结果表明,东南山茶插条以质量浓度500 mg·L-1 NAA处理20 min处理生根率达93.33%,黄泥土和河沙按3∶1混合作基质较为合适。     

不同微生物菌剂对基质酶活性和番茄产量及品质的影响

以鸡粪配方基质(腐熟鸡粪:腐熟玉米秸秆:河沙体积为3:4:3)和牛粪配方基质(腐熟牛粪:腐熟玉米秸秆:河沙体积为3:4:3)为试材,研究了基质中分别添加地福来、酵素菌、EM菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和农用微生物菌剂对基质酶活性和番茄产量及品质的影响.结果表明: 两种配方基质添加微生物菌剂40和60 d时根际基质的脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著提高,番茄植株生长量、果实产量及维生素C含量显著高于对照.鸡粪和牛粪配方基质均以添加地福来效果最好,番茄单株产量分别较各自对照增加14.7%和40.0%,果实维生素C含量分别提高22.2%和39.7%.在不添加微生物菌剂的情况下,鸡粪配方基质栽培的番茄单株产量和果实维生素C含量高于牛粪配方基质;分别添加地福来后,两种基质栽培的番茄单株产量和果实维生素C含量无显著差异.     

不同基质对多穗石柯扦插生根的影响

为了筛选适宜的多穗石柯(Lithocarpus polystachyus)扦插基质，以半木质化枝条为插穗，选取5种原料(园土、黄心土、泥炭土、河沙、椰糠)设置8个基质配方，并对各基质容重、总孔隙度、pH、电导率进行测定，探讨不同基质对多穗石柯扦插成活率、生根数量及根系长度的影响。结果表明，不同配方基质的理化性质不同，多穗石柯扦插成活率、根系数量和根系长度具有显著性差异；成活率、根系数量和根系长度与基质的理化性质存在显著相关，总孔隙度大的基质不利于多穗石柯扦插成活和根系生长，pH和电导率较低的基质中多穗石柯扦插成活率较高；基质园土:黄心土:河沙(1:1:1)最适宜多穗石柯扦插繁殖，扦插成活率最高，为86.75%，其次是基质黄心土:河沙(2:1)。     

无土栽培技术简介（二）

(二)无土栽培基质的选用在无土栽培中,基质是一种用于固定作物,提供根系营养的基础物质。要根据不同的栽培方式采用不同的基质,如设备与技术条件较差时,可采用槽栽或盆栽,选用砂子或蛭石作基质;如用袋培,可选用锯末或草炭加砂子的混合基质;在滴灌设备好的条件下,可采用岩棉作基质。此外还要考虑基质资源广泛充足,价格便宜,尽可能使无土栽培发挥最大的经济效益。     

不同基质配比对毛桃营养生长的影响

以毛桃幼苗为试材,研究不同基质配比对其无土栽培生长的影响。结果表明,毛桃幼苗栽植于蛭石与珍珠岩按1:1混合的基质中,植株株高、茎粗、生物量均最高,而在粘土与沙土混合基质中生长最差。本试验结果可供开展桃树无土栽培参考。     

紫花含笑的扦插繁殖

1.插床准备 插床应设在排水良好,浇水方便的圃地。扦插基质以就地取材为主,以降低扦插成本。河沙、冲积土、黄心土、谷壳灰、珍珠岩、蛭石等都可作扦插材料。从试验结果看,单一基质的扦插效果不如混合基质的效果好,因此,应选用几种基质按比例充分混合,然后均匀的铺设于插床上,厚度7—10厘     

光照强度及栽培基质对秋海棠新品种‘宁明银’生长的影响

秋海棠是世界著名的观赏植物,不同种类和品种对栽培基质、光照、温度和湿度等生长环境条件的要求不同。‘宁明银’秋海棠是最近培育出的新品种,具有很高的观赏价值和市场潜力,但其栽培适宜条件还不清楚。为了摸索该品种的最佳栽培基质和光照条件,该研究利用四种光强(遮光45%、60%、75%、90%)和四种无土栽培基质(泥炭∶珍珠岩=1∶1;泥炭∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1;腐叶土∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1;玉米秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1)在上海辰山植物园栽培大棚中开展盆栽试验,比较分析‘宁明银’秋海棠的生长表现。结果表明:在遮光45%条件下,腐叶土、珍珠岩、松树皮同等比例混合的栽培基质中,‘宁明银’秋海棠的叶片数、最大叶面积、地上部分鲜重与干重、地下部分干重均表现出最大值,且该条件下植株的相对含水量和根冠比最小,相对叶绿素含量也最高。因此,盆栽‘宁明银’秋海棠的最佳无土栽培条件为腐叶土、珍珠岩、松树皮等比例混合栽培基质和45%遮光,利用此条件可指导‘宁明银’秋海棠的商品化盆栽生产。     

野生樱桃李扦插繁殖研究初报

以野生樱桃李的新梢为试材,采用不同的扦插基质、不同浓度的吲哚丁酸(IBA)、萘乙酸(NAA)和生根粉(ABR)对野生樱桃李插条进行扦插生根试验.试验结果表明,野生樱桃李在蛭石与河沙中的生根效果好于锯末中的生根,蛭石与河沙中插条的生根率接近,生根率分别达到了40.0%、39.6%,因此都可作为野生樱桃李扦插的适宜基质.适宜浓度NAA、IBA可以促进野生樱桃李的生根,浓度过低,达不到促进效果,浓度过高,则可能抑制了插条的生根,相比而言,效果NAA较好,其适宜处理浓度为200 mg/L.但各种激素处理后,无论生根率高低,对根的生长具有促进作用.     

不同农林废弃物混合基质对崖柏扦插育苗的影响

为研究不同农林废弃物混合基质对崖柏扦插育苗的影响,筛选可替代草炭、成本低廉的环保型育苗基质,配制草炭+蛭石+珍珠岩(T₁)、食用菌菌渣+蛭石+珍珠岩(T₂)、炭化稻壳+蛭石+珍珠岩(T₃)、食用菌菌渣+炉渣+锯末(T₄)和炭化稻壳+食用菌菌渣+炉渣(T₅)5种混合基质,采用随机区组试验设计,综合评价不同混合基质的优劣。结果表明：T₃容重最低,其次是T₂,二者与其他混合基质差异显著;T₂的非毛管孔隙度显著大于T₁,毛管孔隙度低于T₁,总孔隙度低于T₃;T₂的全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、基质含水量和pH最高,且与其他混合基质的大多数化学指标差异显著。不同混合基质的插穗生根率和生长发育指标的隶属函数值表现为T₂>T₃>T₁>T₅     

消毒、伴生和微生物菌对连作基质性质及黄瓜生长发育的影响

以连续种植2茬的连作基质为对象,采用室内盆栽试验,设置连作基质太阳能消毒、热水消毒、多菌灵消毒、大蒜伴生栽培和施入微生物菌处理以及新基质对照,在种植黄瓜后观测基质理化性质、养分含量、酚类物质含量、相关酶活性的变化以及黄瓜结果期生长发育、光合作用和果实产量的变化,探究不同处理对连作基质栽培黄瓜生长发育影响的机制,以期在生产上为废旧基质重复利用提供新的思路和方法。结果表明:在连作基质栽培黄瓜后,太阳能消毒和热水消毒处理均能显著提高连作基质的pH,同时降低电导率;施入微生物菌处理的基质EC值、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和总酚含量均显著低于连作基质,而其基质磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于连作基质。热水消毒还显著降低连作基质的总酚含量和复合态酚含量。黄瓜生长至结果期,太阳能消毒、热水消毒、多菌灵消毒、大蒜伴生栽培和施入微生物菌均显著增强黄瓜的根系活力和株高;其中热水消毒和施入微生物菌处理的产量增加最为显著,分别比连作基质栽培提高了16.56%和18.40%。可见,连作基质进行热水消毒处理和施入微生物菌处理均能降低基质盐分积累,减少总酚含量,进而显著提高黄瓜的根系活力和光合作用,从而增加产量。     

Response of sweet pepper to phenols accumulated in greenhouse substrate

Prolonged cucumber cultivation in the same substrates leads to accumulation of phytotoxic phenolic compounds. Introduction of sweet pepper as an aftercrop eliminates substrate phytotoxicity. The aim of the study was to examine whether in sweet pepper detoxication of substrate phenols occurs by means of the glucosylation process. The examined materials were substrates differing in phytotoxicity level, and sweet pepper plants grown on these substrates. Substrate phytotoxicity was obtained by means of either repeated cucumber cultivation or by phenolic acid addition. During the vegetative growth phase of sweet pepper, the phytotoxicity and phenolic compound levels in the substrate, and the glucosylated phenol contents in above-ground plant parts were determined. Results showed that sweet pepper responds to an increased presence of phenols in the substrate by an intensified glucosylation.     

不同种植年限有机土基质的变化及其对温室黄瓜生长的影响

研究了不同种植年限有机土基质的理化性质变化及其对黄瓜生长的影响.结果表明：随着种植年限的增加,有机土栽培基质的理化性质变差,表现为容重增大、总孔隙度减小、土壤酸碱度降低、有效养分含量下降;有机土微生物区系中细菌、放线菌数量下降,真菌数量增多.随有机土种植年限的增加,黄瓜的生长受到一定影响,表现为株高、叶面积减小,光合功能衰退,黄瓜产量和品质下降,有必要对连续种植3年的有机土基质进行地力恢复.
     

亚精胺和丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜生长的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为材料,在育苗基质中添加亚精胺(Spd)和丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),研究外源Spd和AMF对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合作用、果实产量和品质以及根际微生物和酶活性的影响.结果表明:育苗基质中同时添加Spd和AMF,可促进黄瓜幼苗生长,提高根系活力和果实产量,改善品质,并促进养分吸收;Spd和AMF提高黄瓜幼苗净光合速率、实际光化学效率、表观量子效率、羧化效率和光呼吸速率,增加基质中细菌和放线菌数量,而降低真菌数量,并提高蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性.说明育苗基质中同时添加Spd和AMF,可提高黄瓜植株光能利用效率,促使黄瓜幼苗根际微生物区系从低肥力的"真菌型"向高肥力的"细菌型"转化,加速有机磷和有机态氮的分解与转化,为黄瓜生长发育提供比较充足的N、P等养分,从而促进黄瓜植株生长,提高产量并改善品质.Spd可提高AMF侵染率,两者对黄瓜幼苗生长具有明显的叠加效应,说明在接种AMF的基质中添加Spd,是一种可增强AMF侵染率的有效方法.     

亚精胺对黄瓜幼苗灰霉病的诱抗作用

采用根际基质注射结合叶面喷洒不同浓度亚精胺（Spd）的方法,测定了灰霉病菌侵染下黄瓜幼苗植株病情指数、防御酶活性和抗病相关物质含量等生理生化指标,以明确Spd对黄瓜幼苗抗灰霉病的诱导作用.结果表明：Spd处理黄瓜灰霉病病情指数比对照最高降低25.4%;苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性最高分别比对照提高48.4%、635.9%和38.9%;总酚、类黄酮和木质素含量也明显增加.表明Spd可诱导黄瓜幼苗对灰霉病的抗性,且最佳处理浓度为150 mg·L^-1.     

Lipoxygenase from cucumber fruit: Localization and properties

The subcellular localization of lipoxygenase (LOX) from cucumber fruit has been studied. Two methods have been employed to obtain organelles; (1) maceration of the tissue, followed by separation on a linear sucrose gradient and (2) release from protoplasts by osmotic shock, followed by a discontinuous Ficoll gradient. It was possible to obtain high LOX activity in the intact protoplasts from both peel and flesh tissue. However, fewer intact vacuoles were obtained following osmotic rupture than from macerated tissue. Both methods produced more particulate LOX activity from the peel than from flesh tissue, and both showed that this activity was associated with the vacuoles. The cucumber LOX enzyme was similar to the potato and tomato enzymes, both in pH characteristics and substrate specificity.     

Ascorbate oxidase based amperometric biosensor for organophosphorous pesticide monitoring.

An amperometric principle based biosensor containing tissues of cucumber, rich in ascorbic acid oxidase, was used for the detection of organophosphorous (OP) pesticide ethyl paraoxon, which inhibits the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase. The optimal concentration of ascorbic acid used as substrate was found to be 5.67 mM. The biosensor response was found to reach steady state within 2 min. A measurable inhibition (> 10%) was obtained with 10 min incubation of the enzyme electrode with different concentrations of the pesticide. There was a linear relationship between the percentage of inhibition of the enzyme substrate reaction and the pesticide (ethyl paraoxon) concentration in the range 1-10 ppm with a regression value 0.9942.     

Influence of nutritional substrates on the development of Diaphania hyalinata L. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The aim of this research was to evaluate the biological behaviour of melonworm at different natural and artificial diets. Squash cultivar jacaré, cucumber, summer squash and an artificial diets developed by Hensley & Hammond for the sugarcane borer were tried. The research was carried out in the Laboratório de Entomologia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, in climatized room at 25 +/- 1 masculineC, relative humidity of 70 +/- 10% and 14h photofase. The caterpillars fed on each substrate during the whole life cycle. Differences in duration of the larval period, larvae and pupae survival, adult longevity and number of eggs were registered between the substrates. The results show that the best diet for rearing is the artificial one. Between the natural diets the cucumber showed the best results.     

Water stress enhances beta-amylase activity in cucumber cotyledons

Cotyledons detached from 4-d-old cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were subjected to water stress (air-drying or PEG-treatment) to examine the effects of the stress on carbohydrate metabolism. Amylolytic activity in the cotyledon was increased about 6-fold by water stress within 1 d. The substrate specificity and the action pattern indicated that beta-amylase is responsible for the activity. Activities of azocaseinase, malate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate isomerase were not affected by water stress, indicating that the effect of the stress on beta-amylase is rather specific. Cycloheximide-treatment strongly reduced the enhancement of beta-amylase activity. The hypocotyl of cucumber seedlings also exhibited an increase in the enzyme activity when subjected to water stress. The major free sugars in cucumber cotyledons were glucose, fructose, maltose, and sucrose; sucrose being the most abundant. Sucrose content in excised, unstressed cotyledons increased markedly during the incubation. Changes in other free sugars were small compared with that of sucrose. Starch also accumulated in unstressed cotyledons. In stressed cotyledons more sucrose and less starch accumulated than in unstressed ones. Such results were discussed in relation to the enhancement of beta-amylase activity.     

Volatile C6-Aldehyde Formation via Hydroperoxides from C18-Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Etiolated Alfalfa and Cucumber Seedlings

1. Etiolated seedlings of alfalfa and cucumber evolved n-hexanal from linoleic acid and cis-3-hexenal and trans-2-hexenal from linolenic acid when they were homogenized.

2. The activities for n-hexanal formation from linoleic acid, lipoxygenase and hydro-peroxide lyase were maximum in dry seeds and 1~2 day-old etiolated seedlings of alfalfa, and in 6~7 day-old etiolated seedlings of cucumber.

3. n-Hexanal was produced from linoleic acid and 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid by the crude extracts of etiolated alfalfa and cucumber seedlings. cis-3-Hexenal and trans-2-hexenal were produced from linolenic acid and 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid by the crude extracts of etiolated alfalfa and cucumber seedlings. But these extracts, particulariy cucumber one, showed a high isomerizing activity from cis-3-hexenal to trans-2-hexenal.

4. When the C₈-aldehydes were produced from linoleic acid and linolenic acid by the crude extracts, formation of hydroperoxides of these C₁₈-fatty acids was observed.

5. When 9-hydroperoxylinoleic acid was used as a substrate, trans-2-nonenal was produced by the cucumber homogenate but not by the alfalfa homogenate.

6. As the enzymes concerned with C₆-aldehyde formation, lipoxygenase was partially purified from alfalfa and cucumber seedlings and hydroperoxide lyase, from cucumber seedlings. Lipoxygenase was found in a soluble fraction, but hydroperoxide lyase was in a membrane bound form. Alfalfa lipoxygenase catalyzed formation of 9- and 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (35: 65) from linoleic acid and cucumber one, mainly 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid formation. Alfalfa hydroperoxide lyase catalyzed n-hexanal formation from 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid, but cucumber one catalyzed formation of n-hexanal and trans-2-nonenal from 13- and 9-hydroperoxylinoleic acid, respectively.

7. From the above results, the biosynthetic pathway for C₆-aldehyde formation in etiolated alfalfa and cucumber seedlings is established that C₆-aldehydes (n-hexanal, cis-3-hexenal and trans-2-hexenal) are produced from linoleic acid and linolenic acid via their 13-hydroperoxides by lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase.