甘丙肽及其受体在嗅成鞘细胞中的表达及对细胞增殖的影响

本实验从新生大鼠嗅球中分离出嗅成鞘细胞,进行体外培养。运用RT-PCR方法检测甘丙肽及其受体在体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞中的表达;运用MTT法检测甘丙肽及其受体激动剂、拮抗剂对嗅成鞘细胞增殖的影响。结果显示:嗅成鞘细胞表达甘丙肽(GAL)及其受体GalR2,而不表达其他两种受体GalR1和GalR3;甘西肽及两种受体激动剂GAL1-11和GAL2-11能够明显地抑制体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞的增殖,这一效应可被非特异性甘丙肽受体拮抗剂M35所阻断。     

甘丙肽对PC12细胞和B104细胞增殖的不同影响

本实验运用PCI2细胞和B104细胞对甘丙肽（GAL）在神经增殖上的作用进行了研究。运用RT-PCR方法检测GAL及其受体在PCI2细胞和B104细胞中的表达：运用MTT法检测GAL及其受体激动剂、拮抗剂对两种细胞增殖的影响。结果显示：PCI2细胞表达所有三种GAL受体（GalRs）．而不表达GAL;B104细胞表达GAL及两种受体GaIR2和GalR3,而不表达GalRl;GAL及其受体激动剂GAL1-11和GAL2-11能够明显地抑制PC12细胞增殖、却会明显促进B104细胞的增殖。这些效应皆可被非特异性GAL受体拮抗剂M35所阻断。结果说明,GAL可以通过其受体影响细胞的增殖．并且不同受体可能介导不同的作用。     

甘丙肽对嗅成鞘细胞三种神经营养因子mRNA表达的影响

实验从新生大鼠嗅球中分离出嗅成鞘细胞,进行体外培养。运用半定量RT—PCR方法检测甘丙肽对体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞中三种神经营养因子（LIF、CNTF和GDNF）mRNA表达的影响。实验以甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶（G3PDH）作为内参照。结果显示：体外培养的嗅成鞘细胞表达此三种神经营养因子的mRNA;当甘丙肽作用于细胞3d后,嗅成鞘细胞中LIF和GDNF表达量明显降低,而CNTF的表达量则没有发生明显变化。     

甘丙肽及其受体2在抑郁症动物模型脑内的表达研究

运用慢性非预见性应激刺激建立抑郁症动物模型,用开野实验（open—field）检测大鼠建模前后行为学变化,HPLC—EC法测定血清皮质醇变化,由此对模型进行初步评价。运用原位杂交、RT—PCR方法检测大鼠海马脑区和中缝背核甘丙肽及其受体2的表达。结果显示．慢性应激后模型组大鼠活动性明显降低,血清皮质醇含量显著升高,海马脑区和中缝背核甘丙肽及其受体2的表达显著上调。在慢性应激大鼠抑郁症模型中,甘丙肽及其受体2在部分脑区的高表达提示甘丙肽很有可能参与了应激过程中神经元功能的调节。     

小鼠甘丙肽1型受体在HEK293A细胞中的表达和内化

目的:克隆小鼠甘丙肽1型受体( mGalR1)基因,构建其真核表达载体,并观察该基因在HEK293A细胞中的表达和内化.方法:应用RT - PCR方法,以小鼠下丘脑RNA为模板,扩增获得甘丙肽Ⅰ型受体(mGalR1)基因并定向克隆到pEGFP - N1真核表达载体;mGalR1 - pEGFP表达载体瞬时转染HEK293A细胞,利用激光共聚焦显微技术观察mGalR1在给予甘丙肽(10-7mol/L)0、5、10、15min刺激时的内化情况.结果:克隆得到正确的mGalR1基因全长序列,其cDNA为1047bp,共编码348个氨基酸;共聚焦显微镜结果表明mGalR1主要在膜上表达,经甘丙肽刺激5～15min后受体下膜进入胞浆.结论:成功构建真核表达载体mGalR1 - pEGFP并在HEK293A中表达;在甘丙肽刺激下小鼠甘丙肽1型受体存在内化现象.     

嗅球成鞘细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的:探讨一种获取高纯度嗅球成鞘细胞(olfactory ensheathing cells,OECs)的方法.方法:从新生SD大鼠(3d)嗅球中迅速分离嗅神经层和嗅颗粒层,采用酶消化法分离细胞,差速贴壁法纯化细胞,接种于多聚赖氨酸包被的培养板内培养2d,采用NGFRp75和S100蛋白双标免疫组化、以Hoechst33342复染鉴定OECs的纯度.结果:OECs的纯度为(95.64±2.76)%.结论:本法是一种相对简便易行且经济、稳定、有效的OECs分离方法.     

生物肽SP对NK-92MI细胞迁移及趋化因子受体表达的影响

探讨生物肽P物质(substance P,SP)对NK92-MI细胞迁移力和细胞表面趋化因子受体表达的影响,能更好地解释SP调控NK细胞迁移的作用机制,为NK细胞的功能研究及潜在的免疫疗法提供补充依据。Transwell法检测SP对NK92-MI细胞迁移能力的影响及SP对趋化因子CCL21和CXCL12对NK92-MI细胞趋化作用的影响;Real-time PCR检测SP对CCR7和CXCR4 mRNA表达水平的影响;流式细胞术检测SP对CCR7和CXCR4膜表达水平的影响。结果显示:①SP促进NK92-MI细胞的迁移,是在低浓度范围(10~(-12)～10~(-10)mol/L)随SP浓度增加,促进作用逐渐增强,高浓度范围(10~(-8)～10~(-6) mol/L)随SP浓度增加,促进作用又有所减弱,SP浓度在10~(-10) mol/L时,趋化指数达峰值;SP增强趋化因子CCL21和CXCL12对NK92-MI细胞的趋化作用,这种增强作用在10~(-10) mol/L浓度最显著。②SP在10~(-12)～10~(-6) mol/L浓度范围内均能明显促进CCR7 mRNA的表达,且CCR7 mRNA表达水平随着SP浓度增加而增高;SP在10~(-10 )～10~(-6 ) mol/L浓度范围内能明显促进CXCR4 mRNA的表达。③CCR7的膜表达水平随着SP浓度的增加具有逐渐增高的趋势,在10~(-8) mol/L和10~(-6) mol/L浓度组,CCR7的表达有明显增加;而CXCR4的膜表达则随SP浓度的增加,具有先增高后回降的趋势,在10~(-10) mol/L和10~(-8) mol/L浓度组,CXCR4的表达有明显增加。SP能直接促进NK92-MI细胞的迁移,说明SP对NK细胞具有直接趋化作用;SP通过上调趋化因子受体CCR7和CXCR4的表达水平,协同趋化因子,间接发挥对NK-92MI细胞的趋化作用。     

池蝶蚌CyPA的应激表达及对Hela细胞生长的影响

研究分析了池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)亲环蛋白A(Cyclophilin A, CyPA)诱导的应激反应和对Hela细胞生长的影响。采用嗜水气单胞杆菌诱导刺激池蝶蚌, 并利用Real-time PCR技术对其肝脏、性腺和血淋巴中CyPA基因mRNA的表达量进行分析, 应激实验表明, 在嗜水气单胞杆菌刺激后血淋巴、肝脏和性腺中的CyPA在诱导4h出现一个表达峰, 8h后开始下降, 说明池蝶蚌HsCyPA基因参与免疫防御应答反应; 利用pET-32a(+)表达载体, 根据HsCyPA基因cDNA的序列, 构建了含有完整开放阅读框(ORF)的表达载体并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行原核表达, 优化诱导条件后, 通过亲和层析获得了含量较高的上清可溶性蛋白; 采用MTT法, 将原核表达的重组CyPA蛋白稀释到相应(50、100、200、400和800 ng/mL)浓度, 刺激Hela细胞系后发现, 重组池蝶蚌CyPA蛋白能促进Hela细胞生长, 刺激浓度为100 ng/mL时, 达到最大增殖率18.5%。结果初步表明, 池蝶蚌CyPA是一个既参与免疫应激又对细胞的生长发育具有影响的功能广泛的蛋白质。       

Galanin(甘丙肽)及其受体在成年小鼠脑内神经新生部位的表达及对神经干细胞分化的作用

Galanin(甘丙肽)是一种在中枢神经系统中广泛分布的神经肽,功能涉及摄食、睡眠和觉醒、疼痛、认知和生殖等各方面.我们在成年小鼠脑的神经细胞新生部位如SVZ,DG和RMS发现有galanin及其受体的mRNA表达,同时在SVZ来源的神经干细胞中也检测到有galanin及其受体的表达.细胞实验中,在分化后特定时间段GALKO小鼠来源的神经干细胞产生神经突的细胞比例及神经突的长度明显小于正常小鼠来源的神经干细胞.而加入galanin或受体激动剂GAL2-11后.该神经干细胞则在产生神经突的细胞比例及神经突的长度都明显上升.受体拮抗剂M35的添加可减弱galanin或GAL2-11所产生的作用.这些结果表明galanin及其受体与神经干细胞的分化及神经突的生长有着密切的联系,并可能参与了神经系统的发育.     

Galanin（甘丙肽）及其受体在成年小鼠脑内神舭部位的表达及对神经干细胞分化的作用

Galallin（甘丙肽）是一种在中枢神经系统中广泛分布的神经肽,功能涉及摄食、睡眠和觉醒、疼痛、认知和生殖等各方面。我们在成年小鼠脑的神经细胞新生部位如SVZ,DG和RMS发现有galanin及其受体的mRNA表达,同时在SVZ来源的神经干细胞中也检测到有galanin及其受体的表达。细胞实验中．在分化后特定时间段GALKO小鼠来源的神经干细胞产生神经突的细胞比例及神经突的长度明显小于正常小鼠来源的神经干细胞．而加入galanin或受体激动剂GAL2—11后．该神经干细胞则在产生神经突的细胞比例及神经突的长度都明显上升。受体拮抗剂M35的添加可减弱galanin或GAL2-11所产生的作用。这些结果表明galanin及其受体与神经干细胞的分化及神经突的生长有着密切的联系．并可能参与了神经系统的发育。     

The migration of olfactory ensheathing cells during development and regeneration

The primary olfactory nervous system is unique in that it continuously renews itself and regenerates after injury. These properties are attributed to the presence of olfactory glia, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). Evidence is now emerging that individual OEC populations exist with distinct anatomical localisations and physiological properties, but their differential roles have not been determined. Unlike other glia, OECs can migrate from the periphery into the central nervous system, and organised OEC migration can enhance axonal extension after injury. Despite this, the mechanisms regulating OEC migration are largely unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the roles of OECs in development and adulthood. We review the latest research describing the differences between individual OEC subpopulations and discuss potential regulatory mechanisms for OEC guidance and migration. Using advanced time lapse techniques, we have obtained novel insights into how OECs behave in a complex multicellular environment which we discuss here with particular focus on cell-cell interactions. Significantly, transplantation of OECs constitutes a promising novel therapy for nerve injuries, but results are highly variable and the method needs improvement. We here review the roles of transplanted OECs in neural repair of damaged neuronal tracts distinct from the primary olfactory nervous system.     

Temperature-dependent calcium-induced calcium release via InsP3 receptors in mouse olfactory ensheathing glial cells

Cooling can induce Ca(2+) signaling via activation of temperature-sensitive ion channels such as TRPM8, TRPA1 and ryanodine receptor channels. Here we have studied the mechanism of cooling-evoked Ca(2+) signaling in mouse olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized type of glial cells in the olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulb. Reducing the temperature from above 30°C to 28°C and below triggered Ca(2+) transients that persisted in the absence of external Ca(2+), but were suppressed after Ca(2+) store depletion by cyclopiazonic acid. Cooling-evoked Ca(2+) transients were present in mice deficient of TRPM8 and TRPA1, and were not inhibited by ryanodine receptor antagonists. Inhibition of InsP(3) receptors with 2-APB and caffeine entirely blocked cooling-evoked Ca(2+) transients. Moderate Ca(2+) increases, as evoked by flash photolysis of NP-EGTA (caged Ca(2+)) and cyclopiazonic acid, triggered InsP(3) receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release at 22°C, but not at 31°C. The results suggest that InsP(3) receptors mediate Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release in OECs, and that this Ca(2+) release is temperature-sensitive and can be suppressed at temperatures above 28°C.     

Morphological and functional plasticity of olfactory ensheathing cells

In the primary olfactory pathway, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) extend processes to envelop bundles of olfactory axons as they course towards their termination in the olfactory bulb. The expression of growth-promoting adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules by OECs, and their spatially close association with olfactory axons are consistent with OECs being involved in promoting and guiding olfactory axon growth. Because of this, OECs have been employed as a possible tool for inducing axonal regeneration in the injured adult CNS, resulting in significant functional recovery in some animal models and promising outcomes from early clinical applications. However, fundamental aspects of OEC biology remain unclear. This brief review discusses some of the experimental data that have resulted in conflicting views with regard to the identity of OECs. We present here recent findings which support the notion of OECs as a single but malleable phenotype which demonstrate extensive morphological and functional plasticity depending on the environmental stimuli. The review includes a discussion of the normal functional role of OECs in the developing primary olfactory pathway as well as their interaction with regenerating axons and reactive astrocytes in the novel environment of the injured CNS. The use of OECs to induce repair in the injured nervous system reflects the functional plasticity of these cells. Finally, we will explore the possibility that recent microarray data could point to OECs assuming an innate immune function or playing a role in modulating neuroinflammation.     

Repair of neural pathways by olfactory ensheathing cells

Damage to nerve fibre pathways results in a devastating loss of function, due to the disconnection of nerve fibres from their targets. However, some recovery does occur and this has been correlated with the formation of new (albeit abnormal) connections. The view that an untapped growth potential resides in the adult CNS has led to various attempts to stimulate the repair of disconnectional injuries. A key factor in the failure of axonal regeneration in the CNS after injury is the loss of the aligned glial pathways that nerve fibres require for their elongation. Transplantation of cultured adult olfactory ensheathing cells into lesions is being investigated as a procedure to re-establish glial pathways permissive for the regeneration of severed axons.     

自组装IKVAV多肽纳米纤维支架凝胶及其对嗅鞘细胞的作用

旨在观察自组装IKVAV多肽纳米纤维支架凝胶对鼠嗅鞘细胞(OECs)的作用。通过调整IKVAV溶液pH值并加入培养液触发多肽自组装为支架凝胶, 用原子力显微镜检测IKVAV分子可以自组装成编织状纳米纤维(直径为3~5 nm)。采用原代分离培养方法获得OECs单细胞悬液后, 使用差速贴壁法两次纯化OECs且在第12天通过免疫染色计数OECs纯度为85%。将IKVAV多肽纳米纤维支架凝胶与OECs复合培养, 倒置显微镜下观察OECs生长良好, Calcein-AM/PI活、死细胞染色表明活细胞数达95%。CCK-8法间接细胞计数证实IKVAV多肽可促进OECs的黏附, 对OECs增殖没有影响。由此可见IKVAV多肽可以自组装成纳米纤维支架凝胶且对OECs有良好的生物相容性及黏附作用, 可作为神经组织工程支架材料。     

Purification and in vitro characterization of adult canine olfactory ensheathing cells

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are known to promote neural repair under experimental conditions. The experimental focus has so far been almost entirely on rodent OECs (rOECs), and hence whether human OECs (humOECs) display similar properties is unclear. Studies on larger mammals as an "intermediate" model may be helpful for translating the experimental evidence gathered so far into novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we purified adult canine OECs (caOECs) from the olfactory bulb and analyzed their in vitro properties with respect to antigen expression, proliferation, and differentiation. Secondary caOECs shared the expression of marker molecules and the reactivity toward growth factors, with rOECs and humOECs. CaOECs were positively immunostained for the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, GFAP, and O4 and proliferated in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 and heregulin-1beta. No decline in proliferation was noted at higher passages (>8). The effects of forskolin, which neither increased proliferation nor stimulated the expression of O4, were clearly different from those on rOECs. Moreover, caOECs displayed their typical spindle-shaped morphology only upon growth factor/forskolin addition, whereas mitotically quiescent caOECs had a flattened morphology. Thus, caOECs can readily be purified from adult canine olfactory bulb and expanded by using established OEC mitogens. The behavior of caOECs toward forskolin suggests that caOECs and humOECs share a number of properties amd implies the presence of common intracellular signalling pathways. CaOECs therefore represent a suitable model system relevant for humOECs in neural repair studies.     

逆转录病毒介导的人NT—3在嗅神经鞘细胞中的表达及活性检测

本文构建了pRev-TRE-NT-3的逆转录病毒表达载体,通过Ecopack293细胞将其与pRevTet-On分别进行包装,制备了重组缺陷型的hNT-3和Tet-on逆转录病毒,用这两种病毒感染原代培养大鼠神经嗅神经鞘细胞（olfctory ensheathing cells,OECs),并经强力霉素（Dox）诱导,获得Dox浓度依赖性hNT-3表达的OECs,最后经过Western-Blot检测hNT-3的表达以及通过DRG与NT－3转染后OECs联合培养来对表达的hNT-3活性进行鉴定,结果：（1）hNT-3－pcDNA的多克隆位点,用EcoRI和HindⅢ酶切,PCR扩增,再用Sall和Hind Ⅲ切下全长编码的hNT-3cDNA,定向连接到pRev-TRE上,pRev-TRE全长为6．5kb,NT-3全长为0.78kb,pRev-TRE-NT-3重组体经过鉴定,确认插入子的方向和完整性,结果与预期相符。（2）hNT-3修饰的OECs培养上清经Western-blot检测,与hNT-3抗体结合的蛋白条带分子量约为28kd,hNT-3修饰过的OECs上清表达量明显高于未转染组OECs的表达量,且hNT-3表达量与Dox浓度有依赖性。（3）与hNT-3修饰的OECs联合培养背根神经节（dorsal root ganglion,DRG),有许多DRG细胞向外迁移,这些细胞折光性强,突起较长而纤细,并形成复杂的网络。而未修饰的OECs组, 只有少量的细胞迁移生长,细胞迁移和突起生长都很局限,空白对照组的DRG没有向外迁移的细胞和向外延伸的突起;且对照组的突起生长长度明显比NT－3修饰的实验组短（P＜0．01）。这些结果表明,Tet-On调控NT－3表达在OECs转染成功,为进一步体内移植修复损伤提供了理想的材料。     

RhoA-ROCK-Myosin pathway regulates morphological plasticity of cultured olfactory ensheathing cells

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glial cells in the olfactory system with morphological and functional plasticity. Cultured OECs have the flattened and process-bearing shape. Reversible changes have been found between these two morphological phenotypes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of their morphological plasticity remains elusive. Using RhoA FRET biosensor, we found that the active RhoA signal mainly distributed in the lamellipodia and/or filopodia of OECs. Local disruption of these active RhoA distributions led to the morphological change from the flattened into process-bearing shape and promoted process outgrowth. Furthermore, RhoA pathway inhibitors, Toxin-B, C3, Y-27632 or over-expression of DN-RhoA blocked serum-induced morphological change of OECs from the process-bearing into flattened shape, whereas the activation of RhoA pathway by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promoted the morphological change from the process-bearing into flattened shape. Finally, ROCK–Myosin–F-actin as a downstream of RhoA pathway was involved in morphological plasticity of OECs. Taken together, these results suggest that RhoA–ROCK–Myosin pathway mediates the morphological plasticity of cultured OECs in response to extracellular cues.