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1.
以黄土高原丘陵区文冠果天然种群为研究对象,通过样地调查,分析了不同生境文冠果种群的有性和无性繁殖方式及其在种群更新中的地位.结果表明:不同坡向文冠果种群均能进行有性繁殖和无性繁殖,在阳坡、半阴坡生境,文冠果以有性繁殖为主,实生苗数量和占据空间的能力均大于萌生苗,有性繁殖在这2个生境中对种群的更新贡献较大;在半阳坡生境,文冠果以无性繁殖为主,萌生苗数量和占据空间的能力均大于实生苗,无性繁殖对种群更新的贡献较大.在相同生境条件下,文冠果幼苗生长状况均表现为萌生苗>实生苗.同一起源的文冠果幼苗生长状况均表现为阳坡>半阳坡>半阴坡.2种繁殖的瓶颈期在实生苗的种子-幼苗阶段和萌生苗的幼树-成株阶段.黄土丘陵区文冠果种群在新生境定居下来的过程中,首先以实生苗入侵,当水分、光照、养分条件较好时,文冠果又以无性繁殖方式迅速占领空间,繁衍后代.  相似文献   

2.
克隆乔木黄牛奶树枝条的功能特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
 黄牛奶树(Symplocos laurina)是一种乔木克隆植物,其枝担负着支撑叶进行光合作用和克隆苗繁殖两种功能。由于枝功能的特异性在形态上表现出独特的特征:上部的枝生长比较旺盛,主要进行光合作用负责整个植株的碳水化合物供应与积累;下部的枝在形态上有所变化,基部细长而端部较基部明显增粗,并下垂呈“V”状,在生长过程中增长明显而无明显增粗现象,主要进行克隆繁殖。黄牛奶树的枝在由营养功能转变为繁殖功能的过程中年萌发次数显著增加; 枝分化成克隆苗后在截取光能方面采取了不同的策略:克隆苗作为一个新的生命体,主要通过增加叶量占据更大的水平空间来增大总叶面积以截取更多阳光,不同于营养枝通过增加单叶面积占据更大的垂直空间来增大总叶面积以截取更多阳光的方式,但在不同的生境下对照枝与压枝克隆苗达到的总叶面积却无显著差异;从各构件的生物量特征看, 对照枝的生物量主要分配在叶和叶柄等光合构件上,而枝分化成克隆苗后生物量主要分配在茎上。即黄牛奶树的枝随着着地后功能的变化,在形态等各方面都有相应的变化,这可能是由于功能变化后内源激素发生变化的结果,但这有待于进一步研究。  相似文献   

3.
通过原产地调查,引种试验,扦插及种子萌发等实验,研究了太行花的繁殖及扩散方式。结果表明,太行花有两条生殖途径:一条是有性生殖;另一条是无性生殖。在原产地因生境条件特殊,有性生殖能力弱,主要靠无性生殖扩大种群。在北京人工栽培条件下,两种生殖方式都能正常进行。  相似文献   

4.
为什么自然条件下沙地柏种群以无性更新为主   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
 基于调查、实验和文献资料,作者探讨了沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)种群的繁殖特征和更新特征。1)根原基是沙地柏进行营养繁殖的结构基础,由根原基发育而成的不定根能够吸收充足的土壤资源供给萌生苗需要,因此定居的萌生苗能够独立维持。2)沙地柏同时具有营养繁殖和有性繁殖,因而沙地柏种群可通过无性更新和有性更新实现维持。3)种子质量极差、萌发率低和实生苗存活率低是制约沙地柏种群有性更新的3个“瓶颈”。4)沙地柏的营养繁殖力强、萌生苗存活率高、繁殖体的产生途径多样,这使自然条件下沙地柏种群以无性更新为主。  相似文献   

5.
刺榆(Hemiptelea davidii)林是科尔沁沙地独特的森林类型,以往尚无文献记载.通过对林缘和林下种子散布及幼苗分布特征的样线断面取样、果实形态及脱落特性的调查,分析了刺榆林地更新与扩展的生物学和生态学机理.结果表明,刺榆林的种子多数沉降在林下和林缘附近,林缘3 m以外显著减少.在郁闭度较大的林分内,刺榆种群主要以根蘖苗补充更新.实生苗不受地形的限制,林地主要是以实生苗扩展空间.提出果实形态及脱落特性是刺榆在科尔沁沙地局域能形成优势种林,而在其他地理分布区仅为伴生种的生物学根源.  相似文献   

6.
草地植物种群繁殖对策研究   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8  
植物的繁殖包括有性繁殖和无性繁殖两大类型,克隆繁殖是一种较为特殊的营养繁殖方式。本文综述了草地种子植物的生殖分配及生殖投资,克隆生长以及放牧对草地植物种群繁殖的影响。植物种群生物量、能量和养分生殖分配是植物种群生殖分配的重要内容,不同植物在结实期营养元素及能量的配置上有着显著的区别,这可能是植物在长期进化过程中形成的生殖对策,是适应环境的结果。在种群水平上,中等强度以上的放牧干扰有利于植物的克隆生长,但有性生殖减弱。草原植物发达的营养繁殖或克隆生长方式是对放牧的适应性对策。  相似文献   

7.
苔藓植物生殖生态学研究   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
王中生  安树青  方炎明 《生态学报》2003,23(11):2444-2452
近年来苔藓植物生殖生态学研究主要集中于繁育系统、生殖代价与对策,以及不同生殖方式对种群遗传变异的影响等方面。生殖结构的原始性及其对水分的独特需求,以及雌雄异株比例较高等导致苔藓植物中有性生殖比例偏低;雌配子体很少完成整个有性生殖过程,其“真实的生殖代价”主要指雌性性表达(雌配子发生)的能耗,并且显著低于雄性性表达;基于对资源有效分配的生殖对策而导致雌性偏向及部分孢子体败育。无性生殖有利于不同生境条件下有效种群的发展与维持,其多样化的繁殖方式导致复杂的种群动态。苔藓植物具有较高的种群遗传多样性,生殖方式与种群遗传变异无直接因果关系,孢子与无性繁殖体不同的散布能力对于种群间遗传分化具有一定的影响。  相似文献   

8.
水稻“多胚苗”的形态学观察   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
“无融合多胚苗”水稻C1001B和它的杂种C1001B×C1001A 的未成熟颖果1500 粒;田间和人工萌发的单苗、双苗和三苗实生苗共2702 株进行了形态解剖观察,结果如下:1.C1001B和它的杂交颖果中只含一个胚;2. 由单个胚萌发的双苗和三苗幼苗是多苗实生苗。双苗实生苗的侧苗1 和三苗实生苗的侧苗1 是由主苗基部胚芽鞘的腋芽所形成,侧苗2由侧苗1 基生叶的腋部发育而来。因此,多苗实生苗系同一个胚发育的主苗及其腋芽系统所组成;3. 颖果中胚的位置和朝向的变化和侧苗生长的两种类型,导致主苗与侧苗位置上的不同。至于已报道的水稻“多胚苗”形成的无融合生殖类型和推测尚有待提出胚胎学的论据。  相似文献   

9.
以青藏高原东部高寒草甸6种优势禾本科植物为研究对象,分析了不同生境和降温对幼苗形态特征、生物量分配和存活率的影响,为研究高寒草甸优势植物在不同生境下生长策略提供一定的基础。结果表明:在模拟覆盖地环境条件下,6个物种的幼苗将更多的资源分配给地上部分来增加对光资源的竞争,而在模拟裸露地环境条件下,幼苗有较大的生物量和生长速率,长势较好;幼苗生长初期的两次降温对其后的幼苗生长起着显著的作用,降温处理过的幼苗将更多的资源分配给根部;模拟覆盖地条件下的幼苗存活率显著高于模拟裸露地条件的幼苗存活率,但降温对幼苗存活率无显著影响。因此,本研究中所用的6种禾本科植物对环境条件的变化均表现出明显的形态可塑性特征,其存活率对异常降温的不显著变化可能是对青藏高原长期以来多变环境的适应性选择。  相似文献   

10.
裂叶沙参和泡沙参种群有性生殖和无性繁殖的比较   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
通过对裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobophylla Hong)和泡沙参(A.potaninii Korsh.)种群有性生殖和无性繁殖特性的对比,揭示濒危植物裂叶沙参的种群内部致濒机制。结果表明:裂叶沙参种群幼苗抢占草本层上层空间能力弱于泡沙参种群;裂叶沙参种群是以相对长的生殖期和高产籽量来适应环境;裂叶沙参种群开花结实量虽高于泡沙参种群,但其中成熟种子少,种子质量差,致使其种群由种子到一年生幼苗的转化率极低,并且幼苗生活力弱,是导致其种群濒危的重要内部原因。裂叶沙参种群除有性生殖外还兼有较弱的无性繁殖,是对其有性生殖的一个重要补充。  相似文献   

11.
1 The clonal cactus Opuntia rastrera shows predominantly sexual reproduction in grasslands (GH) and clonal propagation in nopaleras (NH). We assessed the effects of light, herbivory, water availability and the habitat an offspring came from on the survival and growth of sexual or clonal offspring (i.e. seedlings and cladodes), through 3- and 4-year common garden and short-term greenhouse experiments.
2 Shading by nurse plants increased seedling survival in the field by an order of magnitude, and a small additional advantage due to predator protection by grasses was observed. Strong herbivory transforms a facultative nurse–protégé relationship for seedlings into an obligatory one.
3 In the greenhouse seedlings grew better under shade, but in the field the production of the first cladode was delayed in seedlings in the more shaded GH. Competition for soil resources may be more intense under a dense grass tussock than under a open shrub, thus affecting the nurse–protégé relationship. Seedling survival under nurse plants was similar in GH and NH, but higher plant cover suggests that a larger number of seedlings will establish in GH in the long term.
4 Cladode survival was higher in NH. Cladodes were more successful than seedlings at establishing in intercanopy areas, possibly due to physiological differences as well as their ability to survive partial predation. Cladode survival in intercanopy areas may explain the enhanced clonal propagation in the more open NH scrubland, together with their susceptibility to the flooding which affects GH.
5 The high seedling and cladode survival in the greenhouse experiments contrasted with that observed in the field, indicating that survival is determined by the interaction between herbivores, plants and abiotic conditions rather than the physiological aptitude of the plants.  相似文献   

12.
Carex rugulosa Kük. forms large meadows in moist zones along estuarine riversides. These meadows are usually maintained by rhizomatous ramet production (clonal growth), and the appearance of seedlings is uncommon. We studied the conditions required for seedling establishment. In areas in which clonal ramets were dense (906–1050/m2), and the relative light intensity at ground level was low (0.8–3.8%), seed germination was entirely suppressed. In contrast, many seedlings (288–513/m2) were observed in areas in which clonal ramets had been considerably reduced (13–269/m2) by continuous inundation in the previous year. In these areas, the relative light intensity had increased (20.5–79.3%). It was inferred that seeds resisted the prolonged inundation that killed the ramets, and that germination was induced under these open conditions. These results suggest that the main functions of sexual reproduction in C. rugulosa are recovery after severe damage to vegetation using seeds from the seed bank and the dispersal of seeds to areas without dense vegetation. Most seedlings died when the marshy meadow was temporarily inundated by heavy rain. However, transplanted seedlings survived better at artificially elevated sites that were not submerged. This shows that inundation during the seedling stage impedes seedling survival. Therefore, seeds can contribute to recovery after ramet decline or colonization to open area when (i) the rainfall is not heavy to cause seedling submergence or (ii) seeds are dispersed to higher area which is not inundated.  相似文献   

13.
异质光照条件下克隆整合对入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊化感作用的影响 植物入侵已成为全球生态系统最严重的威胁之一。当具有克隆生长能力的入侵植物入侵或定殖到新的生境时,它们相互连接的分株可能受到异质光照的影响。在异质光照条件下,克隆整合对入侵植物化感作用的影响尚不清楚。为研究异质光照条件下克隆整合对入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata) 化感作用的影响,采用两个连续分株的克隆片段进行了盆栽试验。较老的分株暴露在全光下,而年轻的分株则受到20%的全光照。同时,每个克隆片段的年轻分株与目标植株(一个番茄苗)在盆栽中相邻生长。南美蟛蜞菊的两个连续分株之间的匍匐茎设置切断和不切断两种处理。另外,两株番茄幼苗 (一株作为目标植株)在盆栽中相邻生长作为对照。研究结果表明,当与目标植物相邻生长的南美蟛蜞菊分株之间的匍匐茎保持完整时,目标植株的生物量积累、叶片叶绿素和氮含量、叶绿素荧光参数和净光合速率及其根长和活性相较于匍匐茎切断处理显著降低。异质光照条件下连续两个分株之间碳水化合物的运输或共享可以增强20%全光处理下年轻分株的化感作用。克隆整合在异质光照条件下对具有克隆生长能力的入侵植物的入侵或定殖具有重要意义。  相似文献   

14.
Cirsium rivulare is a perennial plant that forms patches consisting of ramets resulting from sexual reproduction by seeds and asexual propagation by rhizome fragmentation. We examined the relationship between the size of patches and genetic differentiation of ramets within and between patches. Ramet genotypes were identified using microsatellites. From among 216 ramets examined in the studied population, 123 had a unique genotype, while 93 were clonal, i.e., their genotype was present in at least two ramets. The frequency of ramets with clonal genotypes was 43% and the frequency of unique genotypes was 57%. Ramets with identical genotypes were dominant in small patches. Large patches consisted of ramets with both unique and clonal genotypes, usually with the predominance of the latter. A molecular variance analysis showed the highest level of variance between ramets and the lowest between patches. Additionally, 21.02% of the total variance was recorded between ramets and within patches. The size of patches was correlated with the number of clonal ramets and the number of unique ramets, but it was not correlated with the clonality index. This population of C. rivulare is currently in a phase of decline from 30 years of vegetation transformation, and there appears to have been an increase in sexual propagation based growth over clonal propagation based growth. Hence, a predominance of ramets with unique genotypes was observed. This can happen as a result of disintegration of large patches and formation of gaps between them. These gaps become convenient places for seed germination and the subsequent development of seedlings.  相似文献   

15.
In a greenhouse experiment, seedling survival of two oak species (Quercus rugosa and Q. laurina) was greatly affected by the excision of cotyledons 1 mo after germination, with a greater impact on Q. laurina. The effect of seed size was also significant for both species, with a positive correlation between seed mass and survival and growth. The effect of cotyledon excision on seedling growth persisted throughout the first growing season in Q. rugosa and was not analyzed for Q. laurina due to the low number of seedlings that survived cotyledon excision. Seed size significantly affected seedling height, diameter, leaf area, and biomass at 6 mo. Seed size and cotyledon retention affected the ability of Q. rugosa to recover from herbivory, as both factors had a significant effect on relative growth rates after aerial biomass removal. The results show that seedlings originating from large seeds can better endure loss of cotyledons and aerial biomass and thus are better equipped to confront stress early in their lives.  相似文献   

16.
Harald Auge  Roland Brandl 《Oecologia》1997,110(2):205-211
The clonal shrub, Mahonia aquifolium, is an aggressive invader of some forests in central Germany. We analysed the importance of seedling recruitment for the local dynamics of these invasive populations. In contrast to many other clonal plants, repeated seedling recruitment takes place in M. aquifolium, contributing to the colonization of available space within populations. Thus, sexual reproduction is not only important for dispersal to new sites but also for the local invasion␣process. In situations with grass competition (Calamagrostis epigejos) the number of successful recruits is reduced, and clonal growth is the predominant mode of reproduction. Since seedling recruitment results in an increasing number of genets as well as ramets, the investigated populations are still below their carrying capacities. Seedling densities are higher beneath the canopy of adults than outside adult patches, and increase with increasing cover of adult ramets. The spatially clumped pattern of seedling emergence results in density-dependent mortality especially in the most crowded seedling clusters. However, adult neighbourhood imposes a much higher mortality. Therefore, we expect that the importance of seedling recruitment for the dynamics of local M. aquifolium populations will decline as the invasion process continues. Received: 15 January 1996 / Accepted: 28 September 1996  相似文献   

17.
Understory herbs are an important and species-rich component of tropical forests, but little is known about factors limiting recruitment of these herbs. In a Peruvian flood plain forest, we studied seedling recruitment of the widespread clonal herb Heliconia metallica . We analyzed natural recruitment and experimentally added seeds, excluded predators and removed the understory vegetation at occupied and unoccupied sites to test whether seed limitation, predation, disturbance, and the presence of mature conspecific plants influence seedling recruitment. The number of naturally recruited seedlings was higher at flooded sites and close to flowering H. metallica ramets. Predation caused considerable seed loss shortly after sowing. Seed survival strongly increased with the openness of a site, but was not affected by the presence of mature conspecifics. Seed addition increased the number of seedlings at both occupied and unoccupied sites. Two years after sowing, the number of established seedlings and their size increased with light availability at a site. In experimentally disturbed plots, light availability, seedling establishment, and survival were higher. The effect of disturbance on seedling survival was stronger at occupied sites, probably due to strong light competition from mature H. metallica plants. Herbivore damage on leaves of seedlings was lower at occupied sites, but seedlings grew faster at unoccupied sites. We conclude that seedling recruitment of H. metallica depends on natural disturbance and is limited by both seed availability and the presence of mature conspecific plants.  相似文献   

18.
We examined costs of sexual reproduction and clonal propagation, and their consequences for resource allocation in the clonal stoloniferous herb, Potentilla anserina, a typical pioneer species in disturbed areas. We used heavy-metal treatment in soil to create unfavourable growing conditions, because costs of reproduction are more likely to be expressed when resources are limited. We also studied whether heavy metals affect the plasticity of clonal growth form that enables the plants to avoid poor growing conditions. Ramets collected from field were grown in a greenhouse under the heavy-metal treatment consisting of a control and two levels of heavy-metals added in soil. Clonal propagation was costly in terms of total biomass of flowering ramets. Also the costs of sexual reproduction were detected in flowering ramets. Contrary to our predictions, the costs of flower production were visible in the control but not in the heavy-metal contaminated plants. Only the flowering ramets were able to produce longer stolons under heavy-metal stress, but the stolon biomass was not affected by heavy metals. Results indicate that clonal propagation and sexual reproduction may be costly for P. anserina. However, the costs are modified by heavy-metal contamination.Co-ordinating editor: J. Tuomi  相似文献   

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