砂仁生产对西双版纳自然保护区的影响

调查研究表明 ,西双版纳砂仁种植主要在沟谷季节性雨林林下 ,它造成局部雨林垂直结构层次简单化 ,使中层乔木部分树种和几乎全部下层乔木、灌木和草本植物种类流失 .种植砂仁只能在试验区内一般地段进行 ,严格保护核心区 .在试验区确定保护植物相对集中的敏感地段和村民共同管理 ,在核心区最适宜发展砂仁的沟谷地段重点巡护有利于提高保护区的管理水平 .砂仁高产与环境保护关系密切 ,有利于提高当地村民参与自然保护的自觉性 .     

砂仁种植对热带沟谷雨林群落影响的研究

通过原始雨林与砂仁种植群落的比较 ,分析了在西双版纳地区沟谷雨林林下种植砂仁对沟谷雨林群落种类组成、结构、外貌和动态 ,以及幼树个体生长的影响 .沟谷雨林林下种植砂仁对雨林的生物多样性有较大的破坏 ,造成种植群落 70～ 90 %的物种流失 ,约 98%个体消失 .其中草本和灌木植物种类和个体基本全部消失 ,乔木植物种类损失 60～ 70 % ,个体损失 50～ 80 % .种植砂仁使群落垂直结构变得简单 ,分层明显 .种植后的群落仍保持雨林的外貌 ,但已不再是雨林群落 ,变成稳定性较差的次生林群落 .     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区砂仁的分布现状和适宜地选择

通过实地调查和 6家重点农户砂仁地一年定期观察资料表明 ,砂仁集中分布在沟谷季节性雨林林下 ,在半常绿季雨林和季风常绿阔叶林下也有分布 .为发展山区民族经济和减小对热带山地森林的干扰 ,以海拔高度和单位面积产量作为砂仁种植适宜地选择标准 ,提出最适宜区是海拔 80 0～ 1 1 0 0m ,0 .0 667hm2 产干果 1 5kg以上 ;不适宜区是海拔1 30 0m以上 ,0 .0 667hm2 产干果 1 .9kg以下地区 ;此外 ,0 .0 667hm2 产干果 2～ 1 4.9kg的其它地区是适宜区 .最适宜区的国有林部分应加强管理 .     

热带林下人工种植阳春砂仁的生长与果实产量动态

调查了西双版纳不同海拔热带沟谷雨林和次生林下的阳春砂仁生长和果实产量动态．结果表明,西双版纳热带林下阳春砂仁自身年龄增长、林下光照不足和旱季水分胁迫影响阳春砂仁果实产量。随种植期增加,阳春砂仁果实产量和成熟植株密度降低．当林下光照水平在全日照的35％以下时,阳春砂仁果实产量随林下日照水平变化呈线性增加(P<0．05)。沟谷下方阳春砂仁果实产量显著高于上方(P<0.05)。海拔600～1000m,由于阳春砂仁的主花期从干热季3～4月推迟到雨季5月,果实产量显著增加,沟谷雨林和次生林下阳春砂仁果实产量差异不显著。因此,在海拔800～1000m沟谷中轮歇地次生林下有计划种植阳春砂仁,代替在沟谷雨林下种植阳春砂仁,既能解决沟谷雨林下光照和当地旱季水分不足对阳春砂仁果实产量的影响,又有利于热带沟谷雨林的保护。     

西双版纳勐宋山区热带山地雨林的群落学研究

首次报道了云南西双版纳勐宋的热带山地雨林群落 ,该群落植物区系组成特殊 ,森林上层乔木组成中以古老的单室茱萸科 (Mastixiaceae)和紫树科 (Nyssaceae)植物为优势 ,亦富有木兰科 (Magnoliaceae)的长蕊木兰、云南拟单性木兰 ,红花木莲等系统发育上较原始的植物以及一些典型东南亚热带山地雨林群落的代表植物。通过对该热带山地雨林群落组成与结构的调查研究 ,认为该热带山地雨林可区分为沟谷和山坡 2个类型。沟谷群落类型以八蕊单室茱萸和大萼楠为乔木层优势种 ,可定义为八蕊单室茱萸—大萼楠林。山坡群落类型以云南拟单性木兰和云南裸花为优势 ,可定义为云南拟单性木兰—云南裸花林。     

西双版纳热带湿性季节雨林和次生林林下砂仁种植的比较研究

为保护热带雨林,改变现有砂仁栽培模式,探讨改雨林下种砂仁为次生林下种砂仁的可行性．比较研究了热带雨林和次生林下砂仁的生长状况和产量．砂仁种植对雨林生物量和生产力影响显著,对次生林的影响不显著．2种林下砂仁4类植株的密度和生物量的大小顺序均为壮株、衰老株、苗和笋．雨林和次生林下砂仁笋和苗的总数分别为衰老株数量的3．95和1．66倍,远多于衰老株数量,表明砂仁能够维持种群稳定．雨林下砂仁苗多为长势较弱的老苗,绝大多数最终不能生长成壮株．2种林下砂仁壮株密度和生物量差异不显著。但次生林下砂仁衰老株、苗和笋的密度和生物量显著高于雨林,表明次生林下砂仁更新比雨林下快．次生林下砂仁产量为78．068kg·hm^-2,略高于雨林．值得注意的是。砂仁产量很低,茎生物量比很高(0．6以上),果实生物量比极低(0．01),增产潜力较大．次生林的生物量低于雨林,透光率高于雨林。土壤水分含量与雨林接近,有利于砂仁的生长发育。可以在次生林下种植砂仁。     

热带林下人工种植阳春砂仁的生长与果实产量动态

调查了西双版纳不同海拔热带沟谷雨林和次生林下的阳春砂仁生长和果实产量动态.结果表明,西双版纳热带林下阳春砂仁自身年龄增长、林下光照不足和旱季水分胁迫影响阳春砂仁果实产量.随种植期增加,阳春砂仁果实产量和成熟植株密度降低.当林下光照水平在全日照的35%以下时,阳春砂仁果实产量随林下日照水平变化呈线性增加(P<0.05).沟谷下方阳春砂仁果实产量显著高于上方(P<0.05).海拔600～1000m,由于阳春砂仁的主花期从干热季3～4月推迟到雨季5月,果实产量显著增加.沟谷雨林和次生林下阳春砂仁果实产量差异不显著.因此,在海拔800～1000m沟谷中轮歇地次生林下有计划种植阳春砂仁,代替在沟谷雨林下种植阳春砂仁,既能解决沟谷雨林下光照和当地旱季水分不足对阳春砂仁果实产量的影响,又有利于热带沟谷雨林的保护.     

滇南勐宋热带山地雨林的物种多样性与生态学特征

 研究了鲜为人知的滇南勐宋地区的原始山地雨林植被, 根据分布生境、群落结构和种类组成特征,可将该山地雨林区分为沟谷和山坡两个类型, 分别定义为八蕊单室茱萸(Mastixia euonymoides)-大萼楠(Phoebe megacalyx)林和云南拟单性木兰(Parachmeria yunnanensis)-云南裸花(Gymnanthes remota)林。该山地雨林的外貌仍以单叶、革质、全缘、中叶为主的常绿中、小高位芽植物组成为特征,层间木质藤本植物仍较丰富,草本高位芽植物和附生植物丰富,但板根和茎花现象少见,属于热带山地垂直带上低山雨林或山地雨林植被类型。与该地区的典型热带季节雨林和赤道热带雨林相比, 勐宋的山地雨林群落中的大、中高位芽植物和藤本高位芽植物比例相对减少, 小、矮高位芽植物和草本高位芽植物比例相对增加,单叶、革质、非全缘叶和小叶比例相对增加,板根现象少见。与中国热带北缘-南亚热带地区（季风）常绿阔叶林比较, 勐宋的山地雨林有较多的附生植物和草本高位芽植物,相对较少的小高位芽植物和矮高位芽植物,小叶比例亦较少,非全缘叶和革质叶比例相对较低。故勐宋山地雨林是滇南热带北缘山地的一种较湿润生境的植被类型, 与所谓的季风常绿阔叶林不同。在物种多样性上,勐宋热带山地雨林在单位面积植物种数上并不比该地区的热带季节雨林低, 物种多样性指数与低丘季节雨林相当,比沟谷季节雨林低, 明显高于季风常绿阔叶林。     

甘肃民勤西沙窝唐古特白刺群落的生态特性

对甘肃民勤西沙窝唐古特白刺 (NitrariatangotorumBobr.)群落的物种组成、种间关系、垂直结构、周期性和物种多样性的研究结果表明 :该唐古特白刺群落由 34种植物组成 ,隶属 11科 31属 ,属的分布类型以地中海、西亚至中亚成分为主 ;灌木层平均高 0 .43m ,包括高位芽和地上芽 2种生活型层片 ,根系多分布至 1.5m以下的土层中 ,根幅 >2m× 2m ;草本层平均高 0 .0 9m ,包括地面芽、地下芽和一年生植物 3个生活型层片 ,根系多分布于 0～ 1.5m以内的土层中 ,层片丰富 ,层片结构简单 ;群落周期性变化明显。微型叶植物占总种数的 5 0 .0 0 %,小型叶占2 3.5 3%,鳞型叶占 14.71%,中型叶占 11.76 %,无大型叶和巨型叶 ;种间关系单纯 ,种群呈聚集型分布格局 ;演替处于进展与逆行演替的阈上 ,非常脆弱和不稳定 ,必须科学地保护。     

砂仁种植对热带雨林植物多样性的影响探讨

通过对各种不同状况的林下种植砂仁的热带雨林片断与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较研究 ,探讨了砂仁种植对热带雨林植物多样性各个方面的影响。砂仁种植必须大量清除小树、林下幼树、灌木层植物 ,致使种植了砂仁的热带雨林片断的乔木下层及几乎整个的幼树、灌木层遭严重破坏 ,物种和个体大量流失 ,群落结构变得非常不稳定。由于热带雨林的更新主要依赖于其林下层的幼苗库 ,林下层的幼树、苗库被清除或破坏 ,热带雨林就难以自我更新 ,故林下种植砂仁的更大的潜在危害是使得热带雨林不能自我更新。种植了砂仁的热带雨林片断 ,物种和个体数的减少或流失 ,主要是直接的人为清除的结果 ,清除强度大 ,种类和个体减少就多。热带雨林下砂仁种植后 ,那些在原乔木层中占多数的只有 1～ 2个个体的脆弱种类 (种群 )将首先消失     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.