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1.
作者研究了我国野生二棱大麦(H. spontaneum)、栽培二棱大麦(H. distichon)、野生六棱大麦(H. agriocrithon)、野生瓶形大麦(H. lagunculiforme)、栽培六棱大麦(H. vulgare)和各种变种及过渡类型的染色体数目、核型和Giemsa N—带,结果表明,大麦种间核型差异甚微,带型则有一定区别,对大麦的进化途径进行了讨论。  相似文献   

2.
徐廷文 《遗传》1975,2(2):129-137
1964-1965两年,我们先后在甘孜、道孚两地发现了野生二棱、六棱、中间型大麦三种。1966-1968年,将三种野生大麦分别与栽培六棱裸粒大麦杂交,结果是:二棱、碎穗、有移三种性状都是显性,与其相对性状在F,呈3:1的比例;F:穗型、碎性、祥状都有不同程度的中间类型出现。三种野生型中,只有二棱型是完全纯合的;六棱型有纯合的,也有杂合的;中间型完全是杂合的。由此证明,只有野生二棱大麦才是真正的野生种。因此认为:大麦的六棱、坚穗、裸粒系由二棱、碎穗、有释进化而来,栽培大麦的始祖是Hordes. spoatnneu.o从廿孜野生二棱大麦的发现及对其遗传、生态的分析,可以认为栽培大麦起源于我国西南高原地区。  相似文献   

3.
应用微卫星标记研究西藏野生大麦的遗传多样性   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
以西藏不同地区的106份野生大麦为材料,其中包括50份野生二棱大麦(HS),27份野生瓶形大麦(HL)和29份野生六棱大麦(HA),用Liu等(1996)发表的SSR连锁图的每个连锁群的两个臂的不同位置上选取3~5个共30个SSR标记,研究了西藏3类野生大麦的遗传多样性。结果表明,这3类野生大麦在遗传组成及等位变异频率分布上存在着明显的遗传分化。在总样本中,共检测到229个等位变异,平均每个SSR位点检测到7.6个等位变异,其中70个为这3类野生大麦间共同的等位变异,等位变异数在这3类野生大麦间有明显的差异,亚种问的遗传多样性明显高于亚种内的遗传多样性。其遗传多样性大小顺序为HS〉HL〉HA。聚类分析表明,野生二棱大麦、野生六棱大麦分别聚在不同的两类,而野生瓶形大麦中各有约50%的材料分别聚在这两类。根据本研究及前人研究结果,我们认为中国栽培大麦是从野生二棱大麦经野生瓶形大麦向野生六棱大麦进化的。该结果支持了栽培大麦起源的“野生二棱大麦单系起源论”的观点。  相似文献   

4.
西藏近缘野生大麦主要营养品质鉴定评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对1022份西藏近缘野生大麦种质资源的主要营养品质性状进行了测定,了解了其籽粒的蛋白质、赖氨酸、总淀粉的含量状况,筛选出一批高蛋白质、高赖氨酸的优质资源,为我国大麦优质育种提供物质基础。  相似文献   

5.
研究云南地方大麦功能成分含量的遗传变异有助于大麦保健功能开发及功能型品种的改良。分析了236份云南大麦地方品种籽粒中抗性淀粉、总黄酮、生物碱及γ-氨基丁酸含量的差异。结果表明,不同大麦品种及棱型、籽粒颜色、皮裸类型之间4种功能成分的变幅和变异系数均较大,表现出明显的基因型差异,抗性淀粉和总黄酮含量在多棱与二棱、紫粒与黄粒类型之间的差异均达到极显著(P<0.01)水平;生物碱含量在多棱与二棱类型之间达极显著差异;γ-氨基丁酸含量为皮与裸类型之间差异极显著。236份地方大麦品种按快速聚类法可聚为10大类群,以第4和第8 类群较好;第1与第7类群间距最大,而第1与第10类群的类间距最小;从中筛选出16份性状优良的材料。  相似文献   

6.
基于AFLP标记的中国西藏近缘野生大麦遗传多样性分析   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
张镝  丁毅 《遗传》2007,29(6):725-730
选取7对引物组合, 构建了36份西藏近缘野生大麦和4份栽培大麦的AFLP指纹图谱, 共获得清晰可辨的条带227条, 其中多态性带194条, 占85.46%, 从DNA分子水平显示出所试材料遗传多样性较为丰富。计算得各样品间的遗传距离(欧氏距离)介于2.646~10.488之间, 应用离差平方和法对供试材料的AFLP数据结果进行聚类, 建立了40份大麦材料的AFLP树状图, 聚类结果将40份材料分为5类, 进一步揭示出供试材料间遗传背景的相似性和复杂性。结合Nei’s遗传一致性分析结果, 发现近缘六棱野生大麦较之近缘二棱野生与栽培大麦的亲缘关系更近, 支持栽培大麦是从野生二棱大麦起源, 而野生六棱大麦是进化过程中的过渡类型的大麦系统发生观点。  相似文献   

7.
六棱大麦种质表型遗传多样性评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探究六棱大麦种质资源的遗传多样性,提高六棱大麦育种组合选配的针对性和育种效率。以来自国内外的89份六棱大麦种质为材料,考察了3个不同环境下参试材料的株高、穗下节间长、穗长、主穗粒数、单株穗数、千粒重、单株粒重、单株生物重等8个性状,综合参试材料3个不同环境的表现,通过变异系数及遗传多样性指数分析参试材料的遗传多样性,通过主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对参试六棱大麦种质进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)六棱大麦的穗长、单株粒重2个性状变异较丰富,株型性状与穗粒数变异系数较小,六棱大麦育种的增益效应主要体现在穗长和粒重的适度增加;(2)六棱皮大麦与六棱裸大麦仅在千粒重性状上差异显著,六棱皮大麦各性状多样性指数普遍高于六棱裸大麦;(3)参试六棱大麦种质分为5类,其中第4类基本均为中国地方种质,分布广泛,但遗传距离较近;其他4类为国内外选育的种质,各具特性;(4)利用主成分二维排序分析筛选到以高产为基础,分别兼具矮秆、长穗且分蘖能力强、大粒及高生物重的4类优异种质;基于主成分构建了六棱大麦种质资源的综合评价方程。  相似文献   

8.
中国温带糯玉米自交系遗传及品质性状分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用SSR标记研究了40份中国温带常用糯玉米自交系的遗传变异,用32对扩增带型稳定的引物,从供试材料中检测出152个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2~9个,平均4.75个,平均多态信息量0.632;遗传多样性和聚类分析把40份供试糯玉米自交系分为4个类群;对40份糯玉米自交系籽粒的蛋白质、可溶性糖、还原糖、淀粉和赖氨酸含量进行测定,结果表明,糯玉米籽粒营养成分中蛋白质与淀粉之间存在消长关系,可溶性糖与还原糖含量之间存在显著正相关,且随着蛋白质含量的增加,与营养品质密切有关的赖氨酸含量随之增加.  相似文献   

9.
大麦麦芽总黄铜类化合物含量的测定分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用比色法和标准曲线法测定了国内外63份大麦品种子粒总黄酮和发芽后总黄酮的含量变化,结果表明:不同品种大麦中总黄酮含量(mg/100g)有差异,发芽子粒(59.7±1.10)高于未发芽子粒(51.4±0.87);未发芽品种中:裸大麦(56.3±0.97)高于皮大麦(50.0±0.79),多棱大麦(54.4±0.91)高于二棱大麦(51.1±0.81);发芽品种中:裸大麦(63.2±1.64)高于皮大麦(58.7±0.89),二棱大麦(60.0 4±1.00)高于多棱大麦(57.9±1.60),其中发芽大麦青海黄(79.7±0.98)、澳选2号(83.5±0.36)、甘啤3号总黄酮平均含量高,变异系数分别12.98%、11.98%、4.76%.本试验结果为进一步选育富含黄酮类化合物的大麦品种提供了资源和方法.  相似文献   

10.
青藏高原近缘野生大麦5S rRNA基因染色体原位杂交定位   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
采用原位杂交技术,以5S rRNA基因为探针,对产于青藏高原的4份近缘野生大麦和栽培大麦,即:二棱野生大麦Hordeum vulgare L.ssp.spontaneum(Koch)Hsue,六棱野生大麦H.vulgare L.ssp.agriocrithon(Aberg) Hsue,六棱瓶形野生大麦H.vulgare L.ssp.agriocrithon var.lagunculiform(Bakht) Hsue,栽培大麦H.vulgare.L.进行了研究,将杂交结果进行观察与统计,并建立起5S rRNA基因定位的模式图。结果表明5S rRNA基因在染色体上的位点呈现动态变化,由二棱野生大麦、六棱瓶形野生大麦到六棱野生大麦、栽培大麦、位点数目有递增的趋势,而且位置也发生了某些改变。探讨了5S rRNA基因进化  相似文献   

11.
利用A-PAGE(acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)法对采自以色列的野生大麦的一个野生自然群体的15个系和来自世界不同国家的14份栽培大麦品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明:在所有的29份供试材料中,共发现52条相对迁移率不同的谱带.52条谱带的出现频率为3.44%~93.1%,多样性指数为0.066~0.368;以中国春醇溶蛋白为标准,ω区大麦醇溶蛋白的谱带数最多,其次是β区;野生大麦Shannon多样性指数依次为β区>ω区>α区>γ区,而栽培大麦Shannon多样性指数依次为ω区β>区>γ区>a区;野生大麦自然群体和栽培大麦品种间的遗传相似系数变幅相当,且聚类分析结果显示,野生大麦自然群体和来自全球不同区域栽培大麦品种间的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性同样丰富.以上结果说明,野生大麦中保存了较栽培大麦更为丰富的基因资源,今后栽培大麦的品质改良应该重视野生大麦资源的合理利用.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Cereals are the most important group of plants for human nutrition and animal feed. Partially due to the commercial value of crop plants, there has been an ever-increasing interest in using modern biotechnological methods for the improvement of the characteristics of cereals during the past decade. The rapid progress in molecular biology, plant cell culture techniques, and gene transfer technology has resulted in successful transformations of all the major cereals—maize, rice, wheat, and barley. This brings the biotechnological methods closer to the routine also in barley breeding. In this article, the current status of barley genetic engineering, including the patent situation, is reviewed. The needs, aims, and possible applications of genetic engineering in barley breeding are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
Field experiments were done to evaluate the extent to which cover crops can be used to help farmers comply with current legislation on nitrate leaching from arable land in nitrate vulnerable zones. Nitrate leaching was measured in sandy loam and chalky loam soils under a range of early sown (mid-August) cover crops at two sites in SE England, and in the subsequent winter following their incorporation. Cover crop species tested were forage rape, rye, white mustard, a rye/white mustard mixture, Phacelia and ryegrass. Additional treatments were weeds plus cereal volunteers, a bare fallow and a conventional winter barley crop sown one month later than the cover crops and grown to maturity. Cover crop and bare fallow treatments were followed by spring barley. This was followed by winter barley, as was the conventional winter barley crop. In the winter immediately after establishment, early sown cover crops decreased nitrate leaching by 29–91% compared to bare fallow. They were most effective in a wet winter on the sandy loam where nitrate leaching under bare fallow was greatest. There was little difference between cover crop species with respect to their capacity to decrease nitrate leaching, but losses were consistently smaller under forage rape. The growth of weeds plus cereal volunteers significantly decreased nitrate leaching on the sandy loam compared with a bare fallow, but was less effective on the chalky loam. Nitrate leaching under the later sown winter barley was often greater than under cover crops, but under dry conditions leaching losses were similar. In the longer-term, in most cases, the inclusion of cover crops in predominantly cereal-based cropping systems did not significantly decrease cumulative nitrate leaching compared with two successive winter cereals. In summary, early sown cover crops are most likely to be effective when grown on freely drained sandy soils where the risk of nitrate leaching is greatest. They are less likely to be effective on poorer drained, medium-heavy textured soils in the driest parts of SE England. In these areas the regeneration of weeds and cereal volunteers together with some additional broadcast seed may be sufficient to avoid excessive nitrate losses. In the short-term, mineralization of N derived from the relatively small cover crops grown once every 3–4years in cereal-based cropping systems is unlikely to contribute greatly to nitrate leaching in later years and adjustments to fertilizer N recommendations will not usually be necessary.  相似文献   

14.
Chromosomal proteins have been isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare) and corn (Zea mays) nuclei by extraction with 5% perchloric acid. In each plant, one protein was shown to belong to the HMG proteins. Their molecular weights are very close to that of HMG 14 from chicken erythrocytes, as shown by electrophoretic mobility in SDS polyacrylamide gels. In acetic acid-urea-Triton polyacrylamide gels they migrate between HMG 1,2 and HMG 14, from chicken erythrocytes. Their amino acid compositions are typical of HMG proteins, with equivalent high values of acidic and basic residues. Extraction of HMG's from purified barley chromatin fractions with 0.35 M NaCl considerably reduces histone H2 contamination and increases the yield of HMG up to 0.7% of the total histones. In this technique a second protein was extracted which is soluble in 2% Trichloroacetic acid and shows electrophoretic mobility analogous to those of HMG 14 and 17 from chicken erythrocytes. Whether or not these proteins are counterparts of the animal HMG's 1–2 or HMG's 14–17 is discussed.  相似文献   

15.
为了解不同来源大麦对条纹病的抗性及遗传多样性,本研究采用“三明治法”通过人工接种大麦条纹病菌对91份大麦材料进行抗性评价,并通过31对SSR标记对91份大麦材料进行遗传多样性和群体结构分析。结果表明,人工接种大麦条纹病菌后共鉴定出4份免疫、6份高抗、33份抗病、43份感病和5份高感大麦材料;31对SSR标记共检测出等位基因238个,平均每对标记可检测到7.677个等位基因,等位基因数的变幅为2~19;主基因频率变化范围为0.236~0.951,平均值为0.394;基因多样性指数的变幅为0.094~0.871,平均值为0.667;多态性信息含量变幅为0.091~0.860,平均值为0.613;遗传相似系数变异范围为0.103~1.000,平均值为0.522;在遗传相似系数为0.783水平上可将参试材料聚为3个大类群,各大类分别包含86份、2份和3份材料;群体遗传结构分析表明,供试大麦材料分为3个亚群,每个亚群分别包含47份、33份和11份材料,且在91份材料中,Q>0.6的材料占总数的97.80%。本研究经抗病鉴定及分子标记结果综合分析,可为挑选抗病亲本辅助抗大麦条纹病优良品种的选育提供参考。  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) cultivation started between 9500 and 8400 years ago, and was a major part of ancient agriculture in the Near East. The brittle rachis is a critical trait in the domestication process. METHODS: A DNA sequence closely linked to the brittle rachis complex was amplified and resequenced in a collection of cultivated barleys, wild barleys (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) and weedy brittle rachis varieties (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare var. agriocrithon). The sequence was used to construct a phylogenetic tree. KEY RESULTS: The phylogeny separated the W- (btr1-carrying) from the E- (btr2-carrying) cultivars. The wild barleys had a high sequence diversity and were distributed throughout the W- and E-clades. Some of the Tibetan var. agriocrithon lines were closely related to the E-type and others to the W-type cultivated barleys, but an Israeli var. agriocrithon line has a complex origin. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with a diphyletic origin of barley. The W- and E-type cultivars are assumed to have evolved from previously diverged wild barley via independent mutations at Btr1 and Btr2.  相似文献   

17.
This paper describes the isolation of the cDNA encoding a protein previously shown to be indicative of the disease-resistance phenotype mediated by the Yd2 gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Amino acid sequences of four peptides obtained after isolation of the protein on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels were completely homologous to sequences occurring within subunit E of barley vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase. Nucleotide sequence data of cloned cDNAs from both Yd2 and non-Yd2 barley varieties showed an amino acid change arising from a single-base-pair polymorphism. This was predicted to result in the shift in isoelectric point used previously to differentiate the protein in Yd2 and non-Yd2 barleys. Earlier work had indicated very close linkage between the gene from which this cDNA is derived, which we have named Ylp, and Yd2, the barley yellow dwarf virus resistance gene. We report here the development of PCR-based assays which discriminate between the two alleles of Ylp and thereby act as valuable predictors of Yd2 for barley breeders and others looking to study this important gene in cereal crops. The validity of each assay was tested with an extensive survey of over 100 barley varieties currently under cultivation in Australia or of importance to Australian barley breeding programmes. Complete agreement was observed between the allele of Ylp detected by the assay and the known Yd2 status of the barleys. A dominant PCR marker for the Yd2-associated allele of Ylp was subsequently developed using an allele-specific primer pair. This fast and economical assay will have broad application in the marker-assisted selection of Yd2-containing lines.  相似文献   

18.
A short-term laboratory study was conductedto investigate the effect of barley strawin controlling several common phytoplanktonand cyanobacterial species. Following aone-month incubation of barley straw incoarsely filtered fresh Potomac River andbrackish Patuxent River waters, the growthof six autotrophic taxa was followed inculture. Barley straw slurry reduced theyield of three taxa (Ankistrodesmusfalcatus, Chlorella capsulata, Isochrysis sp.) in comparison withcultures not receiving the slurry. Although no significant changes in growthwere detected with three other taxa (Cyclotella sp., Prorocentrumminimum, freshwater Pseudanabaenasp.), some patterns indicated potentialimpacts of the barley straw. First, ahigher addition of straw to Cyclotella sp. resulted in a lower biomassaccumulation than in cultures receivinglower levels. Second, the bloom-formingdinoflagellate Prorcentrum minimumwas apparently stimulated at low barleystraw levels, perhaps suggesting conditionsassociated with the straw(metals-chelation, bacterial-producednutrients) might stimulate dinoflagellategrowth. Third, species shifts wereobserved in two of the cultures, withbarley straw favoring shifts from Isochrysis to a Cyclotella sp. –Thalassiosira sp. mixture and shiftsfrom Pseudanabaena to a Pseudanabaena – Scenedesmus mixture. These results provide new records for thesusceptibility of freshwater and brackishphytoplankton taxa to barley strawexposure, including species-specificresponses and shifts in species dominancein mixed assemblages.  相似文献   

19.
N-Feruloylglycyl-l-phenylalanine was obtained from barley globulins by partial hydrolysis with 4 N HCl. It was isolated by means of preparative and ‘multiple elimination’ TLC (METC) and further identified by TLC comparison with a synthetic sample. Additional proof for its identity was obtained by UV, fluorescence and IR spectroscopy and by the action of carboxypeptidase A. The possible role of N-feruloylglycine as a starter in protein biosynthesis in the barley seed is discussed.  相似文献   

20.
冬大麦花后穗部氮素积累的特征分析及动态模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以扬饲麦3、扬饲麦1和扬农啤2号等3个大麦品种为供试材料,构建了冬大麦花后穗部氮素积累的动态模型,即Richards方程W=A/(1+be^-kt)^m,定量分析表明,方程的积累速率参数k和形状参数m相对稳定,分别取值0.240481和0.364499.终极积累量A与大麦花前穗部氮含量N呈幂函数关系.A=0.0034e^127.79N;初值参数b与大麦花前穗部氮含量N呈指数函数关系.b=le-24N^-14,978.运用苏啤3号的实测结果对模型进行了检验.结果表明,大麦花后穗部氮积累的模拟值和实测值的绝对误差都在7mg/株以内,误差最小为0.066mg/株,最大的为6.321mg/株;平均差平方和的根值(Root mean square error,RMSE)在5mg/株之内,最大为4.768mg/株,最小为2.058mg/株.模拟值与实测值间显示出较好的一致性.  相似文献   

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