采后荔枝果实中氧化和过氧化作用的变化

采后的荔枝（Litchi chinensts)果实的果皮和果汁中的抗坏血酸及果汁的谷胱甘肽含量逐渐下降,果皮的谷胱甘肽甘肽含量先增多（采后3天）接着减少,超氧化物歧化酶活性随采后时间加长而降低,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛及过氧化物酶活性显著增高,采收7天后果皮中丙二醛含量增加2倍,过氧化物酶活性增高6－7倍,超氧物歧化酶活性只为原来的44％,内源清除活性氧能力的减弱与膜脂过氧化产物的积累表明,荔枝果实的衰老与活性氧的伤害有关,过氧化物酶活性增高可作为果实衰老的一个指标。     

GA1处理采后油桃果实膜脂过氧化的影响

采后GA3处理“阿姆肯”油桃果实（Prunus Persica (L.)nectarine.cv.‘armking’),降低了果实中过氧化氢（H2O2）积累和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量,显著提高了活性氧清除酶过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量,降低了果实衰老期间的膜脂过氧化,对“阿姆肯”油桃有一定保鲜效果。     

炭疽病菌侵染对荔枝果实生理生化变化的影响

本研究测定了荔枝果实人工接种炭疽病菌后呼吸速率、乙烯释放量的变化和果皮氧化、过氧化作用以及与酚类代谢有关的几种酶活性的变化。结果表明,接种炭疽病菌的荔枝果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放量显著增高,果皮活性氧（O2）产生速率和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著降低,过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性显著增高。说明炭疽病菌的侵染可导致荔枝果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放量的增高,加速荔枝果皮氧化和过氧化进程,并诱导荔枝果皮PPO、POD、PAL活性增高,是加速采收后荔枝果实衰老、褐变、腐烂的一个重要原因。     

激动素对韭菜叶片衰老的影响与活性氧代谢的关系

本文研究了激动素对韭菜离体叶片衰老的影响与活性氧代谢的关系。结果表明,在暗诱导衰老过程中抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽含量和超氧物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈下降趋势。激动素在延缓衰老的同时,明显抑制了抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽含量和超氧物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶活性的下降以及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的积累。证明激动素延缓衰老的作用是通过调节活性氧代谢来实现的。     

采后GA3处理对番茄后熟生理的影响

试验采用两种不同浓度GA3处理采后番茄果实,研究GA3对番茄后熟生理的影响。结果表明：不同浓度GA3处理均可有效抑制番茄膜透性增加,降低膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量,降低超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,从而有效延缓番茄果实后熟衰老,且40mg／kg GA3较20mg／kg GA3处理效果好。GA3对番茄CAT活性无明显作用。     

杏果实成熟衰老过程中活性氧和几种生理指标的变化（简报）

杏果实内部H_2O_2和过氧化产物丙二醛含量、呼吸强度以及果内乙烯浓度均随成熟度增大而增高;果实硬度、蛋白质含量及过氧化物酶活性则随之减弱。在采后贮藏过程中,随着呼吸跃变的发生,果实内部H_2O_2含量和丙二醛含量出现相应峰值。     

大豆下胚轴线粒体的衰老与膜脂的过氧化作用

离体的大豆下胚轴线粒体,在人工衰老条件下,产生了结构膨胀和细胞色素氧化酶活性的下降。衰老的线粒体也发生膜脂的过氧化作用——丙二醛、脂质的氢过氧化物和荧光脂褐色素明显增加。而且,线粒体衰老时产生的膜脂过氧化产物雨二醛,可能是膜脂的磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺中的亚麻酸发生过氧化反应的结果。     

久效磷对扁藻的损伤作用Ⅰ,扁藻细胞的活性氧伤害作用

以扁藻为材料,研究久效磷对扁藻细胞的毒性效应．结果表明,随着培养液中久效磷浓度的加大,扁藻细胞内的活性氧含量增加,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的含量与膜的通透性也相应地上升;同时,扁藻细胞内清除活性氧的２种关键性酶（过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶）的活性逐渐降低,表明在久效磷的胁迫下,两种酶活性的降低打破了扁藻细胞内活性氧产生与清除间的正常平衡状态,使活性氧过量产生并积累．过量活性氧引起扁藻膜脂过氧化程度的加重和膜通透性的增加,从而对扁藻形成伤害．     

久效磷对扁藻的损伤作用 Ⅰ扁藻细胞的活性氧伤害作用

以扁藻为材料,研究久效磷对扁藻细胞的毒性效应。结果表明,随着培养液中久效磷浓度的加大,扁藻细胞内的活性氧含量增加,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的含量与膜的通透性也相应地上升;同时,扁藻细胞内清除活性氧的2种关键性酶(过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的活性逐渐降低,表明在久效磷的胁迫下,两种酶活性的降低打破了扁藻细胞内活性氧产生与清除间的正常平衡状态,使活性氧过量产生并积累。过量活性氧引起扁藻膜脂过氧化程度的加重和膜通透性的增加,从而对扁藻形成伤害。     

活体黄瓜果实成熟衰老过程中的几种生理生化指标变化(简报)

黄瓜果实衰老期间,叶绿素含量下降,膜透性增大,丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,超氧物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降,过氧化物酶（POD）活性呈双峰曲线变化,在衰老后期果实呼吸速率出现峰值。     

不同浓度氧贮藏荔枝的几种酶活性变化

在空气和高浓度氧下贮藏荔枝1至2天,果皮和果肉脂氧合酶活性增高;而在低浓度氧下则无此酶活增高。3天后酶活降低,5天后果实酶活很低。三种浓度氧下3天,果皮过氧化物酶活增至最大值,随后则略有降低。在高浓度氧和空气下,果皮多酚氧化酶活性增高,酶活性较低浓度氧的高。在高浓度氧下,黄嘌呤氧化酶活性鞍空气和低浓度氧下的高。几种酶活性增高,可能导致氧化和过氧化作用加剧和引起果皮褐变。     

谷氨酸和TDZ对荔枝果皮着色及果实品质的影响

为提前或延迟果实的成熟,改善果实品质,以荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)早熟品种‘三月红’和‘水东’为试验材料,在盛花后50 d用谷氨酸(Glu)和TDZ(Thidiazuron)进行处理,研究Glu和TDZ对果皮着色和果实品质的影响。结果表明,Glu能促进果皮转红,500~1500 mg L-1范围内随浓度增加果皮红色面积加大,果皮的花青苷含量增加。1500 mg L-1Glu处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷含量分别达到8.62 U g-1、11.53 U g-1,分别比对照高出1.33、1.25倍。同时,Glu处理能促进‘三月红’总糖的积累,但对两品种果实大小和质量的影响不大。TDZ显著迟滞果实着色,果实转红延后,果皮花青苷含量降低。5.0 mg L-1TDZ处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷仅为1.23和3.4 U g-1,显著低于对照。TDZ处理两品种果实的可溶性固形物、总糖含量均下降,但果实大小和质量均增加。因此,Glu能促进荔枝果实转色成熟,TDZ则抑制果实转色。     

Differential effects of abscisic acid and ethylene on the fruit maturation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litchi chinensis</Emphasis> Sonn.

Two litchi cultivars, a well-coloured ‘Nuomici’ and a poorly coloured ‘Feizixiao’, were used to investigate changes in endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) concentration and ethylene production during fruit maturation and to test the effects of exogenous growth regulators on litchi fruit maturation. Abscisic acid concentration in both the aril and pericarp increased with fruit maturation. Transfusion of ABA into the fruit 3 weeks before harvest accelerated, whereas transfusion of 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA) retarded sugar accumulation and pigmentation. The effect of 6-BA was assumed to link with the resultant decrease in ABA. In contrast, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities in the aril remained relatively constant during sugar accumulation. Transfusion of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) significantly decreased ACC concentration but had no effect on sugar accumulation in the aril. These results suggested that endogenous ABA, but not ethylene, was critical for the sugar accumulation. However, the roles of ABA and ethylene in pericarp pigmentation were rather complicated. Application of exogenous ABA promoted anthocyanin synthesis significantly, but had very little effect on chlorophyll degradation. Ethylene production in litchi fruit decreased with development, but a transient increase of endogenous ethylene production was detected just around the colour break in ‘Nuomici’. Enhanced ACO activity in the pericarp was detected during pigmentation. Ethrel at 400 mg l⁻¹ showed no effect on pericarp coloration, but accelerated chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin synthesis at a much higher concentration (800 mg l⁻¹). Fruit dipped in ABA solution alone yielded no effect on chlorophyll degradation, but the combined use of ABA and Ethrel at 400 mg l⁻¹ enhanced both chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin synthesis. These results indicated the possible synergistic action of ethylene and ABA during litchi fruit colouration. ABA is suggested to play a more crucial role in anthocyanin synthesis, while ethylene is more important in chlorophyll degradation. ABA can increase the sensitivity of pericarp tissue to ethylene.     

Role of Antioxidant Systems in Wheat Genotypes Tolerance to Water Stress

The role of plant antioxidant systems in stress tolerance was studied in leaves of three contrasting wheat genotypes. Drought imposed at two different stages after anthesis resulted in an increase in H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation and decrease in ascorbic acid content. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase significantly increased under water stress. Drought tolerant genotype C 306 which had highest ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity and ascorbic acid content also showed lowest H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content) under water stress in comparison to susceptible genotype HD 2329 which showed lowest antioxidant enzyme activity and ascorbic acid content and highest H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation. HD 2285 which is tolerant to high temperature during grain filling period showed intermediate behaviour. Superoxide dismutase activity, however, did not show significant differences among the genotypes under irrigated as well as water stress condition. It seems that H2O2 scavenging systems as represented by ascorbate peroxidase and catalase are more important in imparting tolerance against drought induced oxidative stress than superoxide dismutase alone. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Antioxidant metabolism in pearl millet genotypes during compatible and incompatible interaction with downy mildew pathogen

In this study, the ascorbic acid content, lipid peroxidation product, reactive oxygen generation and scavenging enzyme activities were determined in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] leaves. These parameters were analysed at two stages: (i) pre-infection [45 days after sowing (DAS)] and (ii) post-infection [7 days after infection (DAI), i.e. 57 DAS]. Lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde content) was recorded higher in compatible interaction at pre-infection stage while it was increased in incompatible interaction at post-infection stage. Resistant genotypes had higher ascorbic acid content at both the stages of analysis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in susceptible genotypes at pre-infection but after infection it was found to be higher in resistant genotypes. Ascorbate peroxidase, catalase (CAT) and lipoxygenase activities were higher in resistant genotypes at both the stages of analysis. Native PAGE isozyme banding pattern of SOD, CAT, APX and esterase showed some inducible band(s) due to disease infection.     

Differential expression of litchi XET genes in relation to fruit growth

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) catalyses the transglycosylation of xyloglucan, the major hemicellulose polymer, which has been thought to mediate the cross-linking of cellulose microfibrils in cellular walls and proposed to be involved in the control of cell wall relaxation. To understand the relationship between litchi fruit cracking and gene expression patterns, three XET genes from litchi fruit were identified and then examined for their expression profiles in pericarp and aril tissues at different development stages, using a cracking-resistant cultivar, 'Huaizhi', and a cracking-susceptible cultivar, 'Nuomici'. Three full-length cDNAs of 1267, 1095 and 1156 bp encoding XETs, named LcXET1, LcXET2 and LcXET3, respectively, were isolated from expanding fruit using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) methods. Northern blotting analysis showed that LcXET1 mRNA accumulation occurred much earlier in aril tissues at 59 days after anthesis (DAA) than in pericarp tissues at 73 DAA in 'Nuomici'. However, it appeared at almost the same time (66 DAA) in pericarp and aril tissues in 'Huaizhi', which suggested that differential accumulation of LcXET1 in pericarp and aril tissues in 'Nuomici' and 'Huaizhi' was closely associated with fruit cracking. LcXET2 mRNA accumulation could be detected in pericarp and aril tissues throughout fruit development but exhibited a differential accumulation pattern between pericarp and aril tissues. In the aril of 'Nuomici', intensive signal bands were detectable at 59-73 DAA in rapidly expanding fruits of 'Nuomici' but only weak bands could be found in the pericarp tissues. In contrast, moderate signal bands were detectable both in pericarp and aril tissues of 'Huaizhi' fruits. Furthermore, LcXET3 showed constitutive expression in both pericarp and aril tissues of developing 'Nuomici' and 'Huaizhi' litchi fruit. In addition, differential expression patterns of three XETs genes were observed in different tissues of litchi, with only LcXET1 being fruit-specific. To further address the role of LcXET in fruit cracking, alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was used to treat 'Nuomoci' to reduce fruit cracking. Enhanced LcXET1 mRNA accumulation appeared in pericarp while LcXET2 and LcXET3 mRNA accumulation enhanced in aril tissues in the NAA-treated fruits. Thus, LcXET1 is more likely to play a role in reducing litchi fruit cracking than LcXET2 and LcXET3.     

The Physiological and Molecular Responses of Exogenous Selenium to Selenium Content and Fruit Quality in Walnut

To study the effect of exogenous selenium on fruit quality in walnut (Juglans regia L.), 8-year-old walnut (Qingxiang) was taken as the research object. In the fruit expansion stage, 300 mg/L of sodium selenate, yeast selenium and sodium selenite solutions were applied on the leaf of walnut, and the selenium levels in leaves, pericarp and kernel were determined at the ripening stage. The fruit quality, mineral nutrient content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and related genes’ expression were analyzed. The results showed that the three exogenous selenium increased the selenium levels in leaves, pericarp and kernel of walnut. They also significantly increased fruit and kernel weights, and kernel linoleic acid, but markedly decreased kernel crude fat and saturated fatty acid. Selenium spraying promoted the absorption of mineral nutrients such as potassium and zinc, but inhibited the absorption of calcium, and had no significant effect on iron and magnesium in the kernel. Three exogenous selenium increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) significantly in the kernel. Except for sodium selenate treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the kernel, the other two selenium sources treatments had no significant effect on MDA and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels. They also increased the expression of JrCu/Zn-SOD, Jr2-Cys POD, JrCyt-APX and JrCAT in kernel, to different extents. These implies that, in the walnut fruit enlargement period, the foliar spraying selenium could increase the selenium content of walnut, affect the mineral nutrient absorption, improve the antioxidant capacity and related genes’ expression, and reduce the degree of peroxide, and then improve the quality of fruit. Furthermore, yeast selenium showed the comprehensive effect of the best.     

外源谷胱甘肽对自毒作用下辣椒幼苗叶片活性氧清除系统的影响

以当地辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)主栽品种'陇椒5号'和'七寸红'幼苗为试材,分析了不同浓度的外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对辣椒叶浸提液处理下辣椒幼苗叶片活性氧清除系统的影响,以探讨外源GSH对辣椒自毒作用的缓解效应及其机制.结果表明:辣椒叶浸提液处理后,两品种辣椒幼苗叶片的SOD、POD、APX 活性及AsA含量均显著下降,GR活性和GSH含量先升高后降低,MDA含量显著升高,且处理时间越长变化幅度越大.在叶浸提液自毒作用下,浓度为 30和50 mg·L-1的GSH可明显提高叶片活性氧清除系统中SOD、POD、APX和GR的活性及GSH、AsA的含量,显著降低MDA的含量.研究发现,辣椒叶浸提液能对辣椒幼苗产生自毒作用,外源GSH能诱导辣椒体内保护酶系统和抗氧化物质活性增强,有效降低细胞的膜脂过氧化水平,对辣椒的自毒作用有一定的缓解效应;'陇椒5号'和'七寸红'分别在30和50 mg·L-1 GSH时缓解效果最为明显.     

Antioxidants in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal cancer surgery

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is essential for patients with postoperative impairing gastrointestinal function who are unable to receive and absorb oral/enteral feeding for at least 7 days. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the ethiopathogenesis of cancers. In this study, total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid were studied in patients operated because of small intestine, colorectal or pancreatic cancer and subsequently receiving TPN in comparison with patients receiving standard nutrition after the operation. TAS level and GPx activity were decreased in patients with small intestine cancer but did not differ in patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer before and after surgery. In all patient groups receiving TPN, superoxide dismutase activity after the surgery was kept at the same level as before. On the fifth day after the surgery, malondialdehyde concentration in each group was restored to the value observed before surgery. On the fifth day of TPN treatment, ascorbic acid concentration was increased in every group of patients. TPN applied during the postoperative period alleviates oxidative stress resulting from surgery. In the case of small intestine cancer, the addition of vitamins and antioxidants to the nutrition mixture seems to result in depletion of antioxidant enzymes' activities.