植物对大气污染的反应与城市绿化

大气污染是人类面临的最严峻问题之一,根据植物对大气污染的反应方式来选择城市绿化树种是减轻排放后大气污染物的一种重要补充工具。过去我国在植物对不同大气污染物反应特性方面的研究主要局限于：根据不同浓度的大气污染物对植物进行的熏气试验和现场观察植物叶片的宏观受害症状来粗略判断植物对不同污染物的抗性等级。因无统一的指标评价植物抗性能力,不同的方法得出同一植物对同种污染物抗性等级不同的矛盾结论。本文全面分析了近期国内外有关植物对大气污染物抗性特征方面的最新研究进展,建议利用植物在混合大气污染物作用下的宏观和微观、形态和解剖、生态和生理等方面的综合反应特性,科学地划分植物对大气污染物的抗性等级,结合植物的吸污能力,提出筛选绿化植物的合理化建议。     

化学性大气污染的植物修复与绿化树种选择(综述)

简要介绍化学性大气污染的植物修复过程与机理,阐述植物对空气污染物抗性研究的主要方法和抗性指标,以及修复大气污染绿化树种的选择依据。     

大气中几种污染物的植物监测

当大气受到污染后，植物就会不同程度地作出反应，如叶片的变色、脱落或枯死等。因此，可以利用植物对大气污染的异常反应，监测大气中有害物质的成分和含量，以了解大气的质量状况。大气污染中的主要有害物质有：臭氧、过氧酰基硝酸酯类、二氧化硫和氟化物等。 臭氧 这是一种气态的次生大气污染物，氮氧化物在阳光照射下发生复杂反应的产物。它具有很强的毒性。 当植物与其周围环境进行正常的气体交换时，臭氧经气孔进入植物叶片，诱发一系列的污染伤害。其急性典型症状为：叶片上均匀地散布着形状、大小较规则的细密点状斑，呈棕色或黄褐…     

大气污染与植物的相互关系

大气污染与植物的关系十分密切。根据近年来国内外的研究,人们把这种关系分为三个等级。Ⅰ级相互关系当大气污物的剂量(浓度×接触时间)较低时,对植物不致产生有害的影响,相反,植物能够吸收污染物起到净化空气的作用。低浓度的污染物对植物生长有促进作用的现象称为“似激素刺激作用(hormoligosis)”,其原因尚不完全清楚。有人认为可能有些植物缺乏必需的元素(如硫等),而低浓度的污染物     

在SO2、Cl2污染环境栽培抗性植物的试验研究

<正> 工业生产排放出的有害气体对大气的污染,不但影响人的健康,而且也影响工厂区的植物生长。植物种类不同,对有害气体反应也不一样。通过试验筛选一批对有害气体具有较强抗性的植物,用以绿化工矿区,不仅可保持环境美化,还可以适当减轻大气污染的危害程度。 筛选抗性植物的科学试验程序包括:现场调查,熏气室试验、现场盆栽试验和现场地栽观测。地栽观测的目的在于取得植物在低浓度、长期和高浓度、短期的大气污染条件下的抗性反应和绿化效应的试验资料。     

氯、二氧化硫的大气污染对北方常见树木叶片中可溶性糖含量的影响

大气污染使植物生活环境发生了改变,植物体也产生了相应的反应。不同种类的植物对同一污染物及同一种植物对不同的污染物都有不同的反应,受到不同程度的伤害。氯和二氧化硫的大气污染给植物体正常的生     

花卉抗污能力的试验研究

本研究旨在利用花卉对大气污染物特定的反应,从不同的受害程度的表现中,筛选抗污能力强的花卉,选择敏感性强的花卉品种作为大气污染与否的指示植物。为美化彩化城市、建立园林化工厂选择优良的花卉品种提供科学依据。     

绿色植物对环境的保护作用

绿色植物对于保护环境有着重要的作用。有许多植物对大气和水体中一定的污染物反应非常敏感,甚至在人的感觉反应之前,植物就对不同质的污染以典型的症状反应出来。这样就可以向我们及时作出大气和水体污染的预报,以便采取相应的措施。不少植物对有害物质有较强的抗性,能在污染环境中生长,有的还能吸收、吸附和滞留一部分有害物质,减少空气、水体及土壤的污染,能够净化环境。淡水藻类植物的监测与净化作用淡水藻对污染物的反应情况已被广泛用来     

木本植物对大气气态污染物吸收净化作用的研究

一、工作目的与意义 植物通过叶片上的气孔和枝条上的皮孔,可将大气污染物吸收入体内。在体内通过氧化还原过程进行中和而成无毒物质(即降解作用),或通过根系排出体外,或积累贮藏于某一器官内。植物对大气污染物的这种吸收、降解和积累、排出,实际起到了对大气污染的净化作用。一般情况下,植物吸收一定数量的大气污染物后,并不表现出异常的反应。而只是在超过其生理上的忍受限量后,才表现出可见的或不可见的症状。植物对大气污染物的这一生     

园林绿化植物对大气二氧化硫和氟化物污染的净化能力及修复功能

研究32种盆栽于佛山市污染区的城市园林绿化植物对大气二氧化硫(SO2)和氟化物的净化能力及其对大气污染的修复功能。结果显示,竹节树、傅园榕等14种植物对SO2、氟化物等污染气体不但具有较强的抗性,而且具有较高的吸收净化能力,叶片平均含硫量达17442(11754—27658mg kg^-1 DW),是清洁区(5988mg kg^-1 DW)的2．9倍;平均含氟量达3725．9(1954．9—5331.7mg kg^-1 DW),是清洁区(1703：mg kg^-1DW)的21倍。表明这些植物对大气SO2、HF复合污染具有很好的净化能力和修复功能。是值得推广的城市园林绿化树种。     

氟污染区绿化树种的选择

前言凡使用含氟矿石(如冰晶石、磷矿石等)作原料的工厂,在碾磨、加热、酸化等过程中,以及利用含氟化合物作为接触剂、助熔剂的各种工艺过程的生产中,都会散发出大量的含氟废气与粉尘污染环境,给农林业生产及人     

气生植物的生物学特性及研究展望

气生植物是指不需要土壤,生长所需的水分和营养可以全部来自空气的植物。它既不同于附生植物．也不同于具有气生根的植物。主要包括地衣、苔藓、蕨、凤梨科和兰科植物中的某些附生类群。它们没有根或者根不发达,仅起固定植株的作用。因为气生植物直接从空气中吸收水分和养分,但空气中的水分和养分毕竞是有限的,所以这些植物一般都具有很强的利用水分及养分的能力,很多植物已经成为有效地检测环境变化的“指示生物”和去除环境污染的修复植物。另外,因为这些植物具有忍受恶劣环境条件的生理基础,还可能成为适应空间环境的先锋植物,在空间植物学研究中将具有特殊的意义。     

Assessing the Capacity of Plant Species to Accumulate Particulate Matter in Beijing,China

Air pollution causes serious problems in spring in northern China; therefore, studying the ability of different plants to accumulate particulate matter (PM) at the beginning of the growing season may benefit urban planners in their attempts to control air pollution. This study evaluated deposits of PM on the leaves and in the wax layer of 35 species (11 shrubs, 24 trees) in Beijing, China. Differences in the accumulation of PM were observed between species. Cephalotaxus sinensis, Euonymus japonicus, Broussonetia papyriferar, Koelreuteria paniculata and Quercus variabilis were all efficient in capturing small particles. The plants exhibiting high amounts of total PM accumulation (on leaf surfaces and/or in the wax layer), also showed comparatively high levels of PM accumulation across all particle sizes. A comparison of shrubs and trees did not reveal obvious differences in their ability to accumulate particles based on growth form; a combination of plantings with different growth forms can efficiently reduce airborne PM concentrations near the ground. To test the relationships between leaf traits and PM accumulation, leaf samples of selected species were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Growth forms with greater amounts of pubescence and increased roughness supported PM accumulation; the adaxial leaf surfaces collected more particles than the abaxial surfaces. The results of this study may inform the selection of species for urban green areas where the goal is to capture air pollutants and mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution on human health.     

南京市14种绿化树种对空气中重金属的累积能力

分析了南京化工厂（污染区）和江苏省林科院（对照区）不同绿化树种叶片重金属元素（Pb、Cd和Cu）的含量,揭示了14种绿化树种对3种重金属污染物的累积能力。结果表明,城市绿化树种对大气重金属污染物具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依重金属和树种的不同具有明显差异;同种植物对不同重金属的累积量也有很大差别,其中对Cu的累积量最高;采样区植物叶片重金属含量明显高于对照区;对Pb累积量高的树种有：杨树、广玉兰、女贞和紫叶李; Cd累积量高的树种为杨树;Cu累积量高的树种为构树;累积3种重金属综合能力最强的树种有杨树、构树、雪松、广玉兰、悬铃木、栾树。     

Habitat preferences of the Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus in urban environments: an ambiguous effect of pollution

Capsule The occurrence of the Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus in an urbanized habitat is determined by the number of trees and pollutant emissions. Air pollution may weaken trees and increase the number of insects inhabiting them.

Aims To determine the habitat preferences of the Syrian Woodpecker in the highly urbanized environment of the city of Kraków.

Methods A set of 13 habitat and environmental parameters of 50 breeding territories and 50 random points were evaluated. A logistic regression was used to determine the probability of species occurrence, and Akaike's information criterion was used for model selection.

Results The number of trees, coverage of woody vegetation, total vegetation cover and level of pollutant emissions were significantly higher in Syrian Woodpecker breeding territories than in the random points. The model best explaining the probability of species occurrence consisted of four parameters: the number of trees, coverage of the total built-up area, total vegetation cover and pollutant emissions. The parameters best explaining a high probability of species occurrence were high number of trees and high pollutant emissions.

Conclusion Air pollution may weaken trees and potentially increase the number of insects inhabiting them, an important component of the Syrian Woodpecker's diet. However, the negative impact of air pollution on birds may impact on their condition. Urban habitats could, therefore, act as an ecological trap for this species.     

Dynamics of plant responses to combinations of air pollutants

The focus of this review is on how plants respond to combinations of multiple air pollutants. Global pollution trends, plant physiological responses and ecological perspectives in natural and agricultural systems are all discussed. In particular, we highlight the importance of studying sequential or simultaneous exposure of plants to pollutants, rather than exposure to individual pollutants in isolation, and explore how these responses may interfere with the way plants interact with their biotic community. Air pollutants can alter the normal physiology and metabolic functioning of plants. Here we describe how the phenotypic and molecular changes in response to multiple pollutants can differ compared to those elicited by single pollutants, and how different responses have been observed between plants in the field and in controlled laboratory conditions and between trees and crop plants. From an ecological perspective, we discuss how air pollution can result in greater susceptibility to biotic stressors and in direct or indirect effects on interactions with organisms that occupy higher trophic levels. Finally, we provide an overview of the potential uses of plants to mitigate air pollution, exploring the feasibility for pollution removal via the processes of bio‐accumulation and phytoremediation. We conclude by proposing some new directions for future research in the field.     

30种园林植物对短期大气污染的生理生态反应

 30种2～3年生园林植物分别盆栽于不同污染强度的工业生产区、交通繁忙区和相对清洁区,在第一生长季结束后对各试验区植物叶片气体交换特征参数进行测定,评价了大气污染对不同植物种类的可能影响效果。结果表明：工业污染区和交通繁忙区均有较高的SO2浓度,交通繁忙区NOx浓度明显高于其它试验区。根据综合污染指数,3个试验区污染强度为交通繁忙区>工业污染区>相对清洁区。生长在污染区的大多数植物的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率(E)和气孔导度（gs） 均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类不同而有较大差异。植物Pn、E与gs之间存在显著线性相关关系,表明多数植物能够感应污染胁迫和调节气孔开张度,是植物对胁迫环境的一种适应策略。但是污染胁迫下Pn、E与gs线性相关的显著程度被削弱,表现出污染胁迫下不同植物种类Pn和E的变化与gs变化的不协同性和复杂性。根据Pn下降程度可将植物分组为轻度敏感（11种）、中度敏感（11种）和高度敏感植物（8种）。      

Evaluation of Anticipated Performance Index,biochemical, and physiological parameters of Cupressus arizonica Greene and Juniperus excelsa Bieb for greenbelt development and biomonitoring of air pollution

Abstract

Plants can be used naturally to mitigate environmental pollution, such as air pollution; however, it is important to evaluate plant susceptibility to air pollution when considering green space creation in urban areas. In this study, we investigated the biochemical and physiological parameters, including pH, and ascorbic acid, relative water, total chlorophyl, proline, soluble sugar, protein, and free amino acid contents of two gymnosperm tree species, Cupressus arizonica Greene and Juniperus excelsa Bieb. Using these data, we computed the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) of the trees at five sites in Isfahan, Iran, to determine their applicability for greenbelt establishment. Our results indicated that these evergreen species are good indicators of air pollution and can be used as an early warning tool for air pollution level that is harmful to human health.     

Nitrite-dependent nitric oxide production pathway: implications for involvement of active nitrogen species in photoinhibition in vivo

Air pollution studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous free radical, is a potent photosynthetic inhibitor that reduces CO2 uptake activity in leaves. It is now recognized that NO is not only an air pollutant but also an endogenously produced metabolite, which may play a role in regulating plant cell functions. Although many studies have suggested the presence of mammalian-type NO synthase (NOS) in plants, the source of NO is still not clear. There has been a number of studies indicating that plant cells possess a nitrite-dependent NO production pathway which can be distinguished from the NOS-mediated reaction. Nitrate reductase (NR) has been recently found to be capable of producing NO through one-electron reduction of nitrite using NAD(P)H as an electron donor. This review focuses on current understanding of the mechanism for the nitrite-dependent NO production in plants. Impacts of NO produced by NR on photosynthesis are discussed in association with photo-oxidative stress in leaves.