哈尔滨市不同类型人工林土壤重金属含量

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地9种人工林(兴安落叶松林、樟子松林、黑皮油松林、黄波罗林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、白桦林、蒙古栎林和针阔混交人工林)为对象,分析林地土壤不同层次(0～10 cm和10-30 cm)A8、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 6种重金属含量,并以哈尔滨市土壤背景值为标准,采用综合污染指数法评价各林型土壤重金属污染状况.结果表明:不同类型人工林同一土层重金属含量差异显著;除了As和Ni,同一人工林土壤重金属含量均随土壤深度增加呈下降趋势.各类型人工林同一土层重金属含量以Zn最高(62.29～126.35mg·kg-1),Cd最低(0.06～0.47 mg·kg-1).6种重金属含量由高到低顺序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cu(Ni)＞Ni(Cu)＞As＞Cd,累积程度为:Cd＞Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Ni＞As.林地土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn间(除水曲柳林)及其与土壤有机质、N、P、K(除水曲柳林和蒙古栎林)显著相关,且以上4种重金属含量高于背景值,为人为输入;Ni和As含量与本地背景值相当,为自然因素,不同林型土壤内梅罗综合污染指数依次为:水曲柳林＞黄波罗林＞针阔混交林＞胡桃楸林＞樟子松林＞黑皮油松林＞兴安落叶松林＞白桦林＞蒙古栎林.     

临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为了解临安市雷竹林土壤重金属污染特征,采集并测定了160个土壤样品的Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Co、Mn等重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数对雷竹林土壤重金属污染程度进行分析,并应用Hankanson潜在生态风险指数法对雷竹林土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:雷竹林土壤重金属Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Co、Mn的平均含量分别为0.16、7.41、34.36、87.98、103.98、0.26、59.12、29.56、11.44、350.26mg·kg-1,Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu平均值超过浙江省土壤背景值,分别是对应背景值的2.89、1.70、1.12、1.12倍.经单因子污染指数评价,不同重金属元素的平均污染程度大小依次为Pb＞Cd＞Cu=Zn＞Hg＞As＞Ni＞Co＞Cr＞Mn,其中Pb有中度污染,Cd、Cu和Zn有轻度污染.经内梅罗综合污染指数评价,160个样点都受到不同程度的重金属污染,轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染水平所占比率分别为55.6％、29.4％和15.0％.各重金属单因子潜在生态风险指数平均值评价结果显示,只有Cd污染达到中等生态风险,其他重金属均为轻微生态风险,而局部采样点Cd和Hg单因子潜在生态风险指数最大值分别达到256.82和187.33,存在很强生态风险.重金属综合因子潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,临安市雷竹林土壤整体上存在轻微生态风险.     

江苏省典型区农田土壤及小麦中重金属含量与评价

为了研究江苏省典型区地震带农田土壤和小麦中重金属的污染,在具有代表性的农田采集收获期小麦及耕层土壤,分析和评价了土壤和小麦中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Zn的含量及污染程度。结果表明,土壤样品中Cd、Zn、Pb的含量均超过江苏省土壤背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni和As分别有25.64%、97.44%、92.31%和92.31%的土壤样品中超过江苏省土壤背景值,Hg的含量均在背景值以下;与国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)中Ⅱ级标准相比,Cd的含量均超出标准限值,其它7种重金属元素含量均在标准限值以下。土壤中重金属相关分析表明,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As具有相同的来源的可能性较大,而Hg与Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As的来源均不相同。以NY 861—2004为评价标准,小麦籽粒Pb、Cr、Hg、Ni、As样品超标率分别为100%、58.97%、33.33%、10.26%、2.56%,Cu、Zn和Cd没有样品超标,由此可见小麦籽粒中Pb的污染最为严重。采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态评价指数法以国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)和江苏省土壤背景值为参比值,对农田土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示,从单项污染指数来看只有Cd达到重度污染水平,其它元素均在安全范围以内,从综合污染指数来看土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平,从潜在生态评价指数法来看,研究区域表现为很强的生态危害,并以Cd为主要污染因子。     

新疆焉耆盆地辣椒地土壤重金属污染及生态风险预警

从新疆加工辣椒主产地(焉耆盆地)采集105个辣椒地典型土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量。采用污染负荷指数(Pollution load index,PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(Potential ecological risk index,RI)和生态风险预警指数(Ecological risk warning index,I_(ER))对辣椒地土壤重金属污染及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)焉耆盆地辣椒地土壤Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的1.65、1.40、1.32、3.21、6.42倍。辣椒地土壤Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,Cd、Cr和Ni轻度污染,As、Mn和Cu无污染。(2)土壤PLI平均值为1.40,呈现轻度污染。各重金属元素单项生态风险指数从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。土壤RI平均值为18.40,属于轻微生态风险态势,IER平均值为-4.78,属于无警态势;博湖县辣椒地污染水平、潜在生态风险程度与生态风险预警等级最高,焉耆县污染水平、潜在生态风险程度与生态风险预警等级最低。(3)辣椒地土壤As、Cd、Pb与Zn主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学作用的控制。Cd是焉耆盆地辣椒地生态风险等级最高的重金属元素,研究区农业生产过程中要防范Cd的污染风险。     

重庆溶溪锰矿区土壤重金属污染评价及植物吸收特征

对重庆溶溪锰矿尾渣堆积区土壤、优势植物以及周边农田土壤的重金属含量(Mn、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb)进行测定分析,并以重庆市土壤背景值为评价标准,应用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明:该锰矿尾渣堆积区土壤中Mn、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为48382.5、3.91、79.97、131.23和80.68 mg/kg,受到Mn、Cd的严重污染,Mn为强或很强生态危害,Cd为极强生态危害,而Cu、Zn、Pb为轻微生态危害,各尾矿渣堆积区的综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)均远大于720,为极强生态危害。对优势植物重金属含量的分析显示,绝大部分植物地上部Mn、Cd含量都超出正常范围的上限值,而Cu、Zn和Pb含量基本都在正常范围内;根据植物对重金属的吸收特征,将植物分为三类:将重金属主要累积于地上部分的富集型,如垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)和酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium Linn.),适用于重金属复合污染土壤的植物修复;将重金属主要累积于根部的根部囤积型,如芒(Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.)和乌蕨(Stenoloma chusanum Ching);重金属含量较低的规避型,如黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)、长波叶山蚂蝗(Desmodium sequax Wall.)及钻形紫苑(Aster subulatus Michx.);后两种类型的植物可种植在重金属污染严重且使用价值相对较低的矿山废弃地上,同时规避型植物对于研究植物的重金属排斥机理具有重要价值。溶溪锰矿区周边农田土壤主要受到Cd的严重污染,Cd为很强或极强生态危害。     

长沙城市森林土壤7种重金属含量特征及其潜在生态风险

采用调查分析方法,研究长沙城市森林土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、As、Cd、Hg7种重金属含量,并以长沙市土壤背景值和湖南省土壤背景值为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价不同城市化梯度森林土壤重金属潜在生态风险.结果表明:7种重金属的平均含量均随着城市化程度提高而增加,Pb增幅最大,As增幅最小.同一城市化梯度森林土壤均以Zn平均含量最高,Cd最低,但均未超过土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)Ⅱ级标准值.在城市中心区,桂花树林、樟树+桂花树混交林土壤Zn、Cu、Pb、As、Hg平均含量普遍较高,而樟树+马尾松混交林、桂花树+杜英混交林土壤Cu、Ni、As、Cd、Hg平均含量普遍较低,Pb、Zn空间分布差异明显,Cd、Ni、As空间分布比较均匀,Cu、Ni、Pb、As、Cd、Hg之间(除Cd与As、Ni之间外)均存在显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)的相关性,与土壤有机质之间也呈显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)的相关性,Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、As、Cd、Hg主要是人为输入;中心区森林土壤重金属的潜在生态危害已达到中等生态危害程度,边缘区接近中等生态危害程度,郊区为轻微生态危害程度,Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、As均为轻微生态危害程度,Cd、Hg已达到中等生态危害程度以上.     

贵州织金县贯城河上游煤矿区富硒高镉土壤重金属的分布特征及生态风险评价

通过对贵州省织金县贯城河上游煤矿区煤(矸石)、周边土壤Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Se含量进行测定,分析了煤(矸石)、土壤重金属及Se的含量特征,探讨了土壤重金属元素的来源,运用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数、地积累指数和潜在生态风险指数4种方法评价了土壤重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险。结果表明:(1)煤(矸石)中Cr、Se、Pb含量均高于世界煤的平均含量,Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd含量均高于世界和中国煤的平均含量。(2)除Pb外,土壤样品中Cd、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As、Se含量较高,其平均含量均高于贵州省土壤背景值,尤其以Se、Cd和Cu突出。(3)研究区土壤具有富硒高镉、局部酸化的特点,土壤Cd、Se、Cr、Ni和Zn的来源具有一定共性,这与长期的采煤活动有关。(4)研究区土壤重金属的单因子污染指数排序为:CdCuNiZnCrAsPb,土壤重金属综合污染处于重度污染水平;土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb的环境风险等级属于轻微级别,Cd的环境风险程度总体上处于很强级别;4种方法的评价结果基本一致,Cd的单因子污染指数最大、地积累指数最高、污染情况和潜在生态危害程度最严重,对潜在生态风险指数贡献最大。     

天山土壤微量(类)重金属的来源解析及潜在生态危害评估

从天山山地3个区段(巴里坤-伊吾、乌鲁木齐-阿克苏、昭苏-特克斯)采集土壤样品,测定了其中(类)重金属Pb、Ni、Cd、Co、Hg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Cr和As的含量.运用经典统计学与多元统计方法分析了这些(类)重金属的来源;同时采用污染指数法与潜在生态风险指数法,并结合天山及新疆土壤背景值、国家土壤质量标准开展了区域土壤微量(类)重金属生态风险的评价.结果表明： 所测10种(类)重金属的平均含量均高于天山或新疆土壤背景值.从变异系数来看,均为中等变异.总体上看,天山山地土壤中10种(类)重金属的含量均较低;主成分分析显示,10种元素可以辨识出 2 个主成分,主成分1(PC1,包括Cd、Pb、Hg、Mn和Zn)为人为源因子,主成分2(PC2,包括Cu、Ni、Cr、Co和As)为自然源因子.Mn 和As在PC1和PC2上均有较大载荷,主要受人为源和自然地质背景的共同控制;污染评价表明, 重金属Hg、Cd在天山中部的乌鲁木齐-阿克苏区段、As在天山西部的昭苏-特克斯区段的单因子污染指数(P_i)属于警戒等级,其他均属于安全等级和清洁水平.从综合污染(P_z)指数来看,天山中部乌鲁木齐 阿克苏区段土壤中10种(类)重金属元素的综合污染程度均属于轻度污染,其他两个区段均属于清洁水平;生态风险评估表明,重金属Hg、Cd在天山中部乌鲁木齐 阿克苏区段,As在天山西部昭苏 特克斯区段的潜在生态风险系数(E_i^r)和生态危害指数(RI)相对较高.     

东苕溪沉积物重金属生态风险评价和源解析

由于重金属毒性大, 且易在食物链中富集, 沉积物中的重金属会对水体生态环境造成严重污染, 因此对东苕溪23个采样点表层沉积物中主要的重金属As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn和Ni含量及分布特征进行研究, 分析各种重金属来源, 并对重金属污染状况进行生态风险评价。结果表明: 东苕溪沉积物重金属平均浓度Mn>Pb> Zn> Cr> As> Cu> Ni> Co> Cd, As、Cd、Co、Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn的平均浓度均高于它们的环境背景值。多元统计分析结果表明沉积物中Cd、Co、Cr、Mn和Ni可能来源于自然环境, Cu、Pb 和Zn可能来源于生活污水和工业废水的排放, Pb还源于交通工具尾气和柴油机械排放的废弃物, As主要来源于农业活动, 例如化肥和农药的使用。地积累指数法和潜在生态危害评价法的结果表明, 东苕溪沉积物中的重金属整体上呈现中等的潜在生态危害, 东苕溪沉积物中的主要污染物为As和Cd, 由于东苕溪流域散布着大量的农田和一些工业园区, 农田中使用的肥料农药和工业活动中排放的废弃物是造成As和Cd含量高的原因。     

兰州市某交通干道土壤重金属分布特征及其对绿化植物的影响

为研究交通运输造成的重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险,选取兰州市某交通干道,利用原子吸收分光光度计检测了金属元素的含量,并利用单因子指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了土壤污染程度和潜在生态风险,进而分析了土壤重金属污染对绿化植物叶绿素和Ca含量的影响。结果表明: 城市交通导致土壤重金属Cr、Mn、Zn、Cu和Ni的含量均显著增高,且Cr、Pb和Cu达到了中度污染,潜在生态风险排序为Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Ni＞Zn＞Mn;槐树、月季、紫叶李和冬青卫矛对交通源重金属Pb、Mn、Zn、Ni等表现出不同程度的积聚作用;落叶植物槐树、月季和紫叶李叶片中叶绿素含量表现为路侧采样点＞对照点,而常绿植物冬青卫矛和侧柏的叶绿素含量为对照点＞路侧采样点,所有绿化植物叶片中Ca含量表现为路侧采样点＞对照点,高的叶绿素和Ca含量可能有利于绿化植物在土壤重金属污染环境中生存。交通运输导致研究区域土壤中重金属Cr、Mn、Zn、Cu和Ni等的积累;槐树、月季、紫叶李和冬青卫矛等对Pb、Mn、Zn和Ni具有不同程度的积聚作用,可推荐为相应重金属污染土壤绿化植物。     

生物化学课程“四化”形成性考核体系的构建与实践

课程考核是评价课程教与学效果的重要方式,在人才培养过程中发挥了指挥棒的作用。本文针对目前我国高等院校课程考核普遍存在的主要问题,以生物类专业基础课程“生物化学”为载体,通过文献研究、调查反馈和实践检验等方法,探索构建并实践“四化”形成性考核体系。其中考核主体的扩大化在主体范畴和考核载体两层面进行构建,考核过程的动态化在过程节点和反馈时效两个层面进行构建,考核内容的生态化在面向个体和群体两个维度进行构建,考核方式的多元化在考核形式、考核方法和计分方式三个层面进行构建。经过我校6个专业的6轮优化实践,对学生的学习和教师的教学均产生显著促进作用。     

Harmonization: Developing Consistent Guidelines for Applying Mode of Action and Dosimetry Information to Cancer and Noncancer Risk Assessment

The 1983 book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, recommended developing consistent inference guidelines for cancer risk assessment. Over the last 15 years, extensive guidance have been provided for hazard assessment for cancer and other endpoints. However, as noted in several recent reports, much less progress has occurred in developing consistent guidelines for quantitative dose response assessment methodologies. This paper proposes an approach for dose response assessment guided by consideration of mode of action (pharmacodynamics) and tissue dosimetry (pharmacokinetics). As articulated here, this systematic process involves eight steps in which available information is integrated, leading first to quantitative analyses of dose response behaviors in the test species followed by quantitative analyses of relevant human exposures. The process should be equally appropriate for both cancer and noncancer endpoints. The eight steps describe the necessary procedures for incorporating mechanistic data and provide multiple options based upon the mode of action by which the chemical causes the toxicity. Given the range of issues involved in developing such a procedure, we have simply sketched the process, focusing on major approaches for using toxicological data and on major options; many details remain to be filled in. However, consistent with the revised carcinogen risk assessment guidance (USEPA, 1996c), we propose a process that would ultimately utilize biologically based or chemical specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models as the backbone of these analyses. In the nearer term, these approaches will be combined with analysis of data using more empirical models including options intended for use in the absence of detailed information. A major emphasis in developing any harmonized process is distinguishing policy decisions from those decisions that are affected by the quality and quantity of toxicological data. Identification of data limitations also identifies areas where further study should reduce uncertainty in the final risk evaluations. A flexible dose response assessment procedure is needed to insure that sound toxicological study results are appropriately used to influence risk management decision-making and to encourage the conduct of toxicological studies oriented toward application for dose response assessments.     

Approaches for Integrated Risk Assessment

Recognizing the need to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of risk assessments globally, the World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the European Commission, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development developed a collaborative partnership to foster integration of assessment approaches used to evaluate human health and ecological risks. The objectives of this effort included: improving understanding of the benefits of integration, identifying obstacles to the integration process, and engaging key agencies, organizations, and scientific societies to promote integration. A framework with supporting documentation was developed to describe an approach for integration. Four case studies were constructed to illustrate how integrated risk assessments might be conducted for chemical and nonchemical stressors. The concepts and approaches developed in the project were evaluated in an international workshop. The goal of this effort was international acceptance of guidance for integrated risk assessment.     

Integrated Risk Assessment — Results from an International Workshop

The World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety and international partners have developed a framework for integrated assessment of human health and ecological risks and four case studies. An international workshop was convened to consider how ecological and health risk assessments might be integrated, the benefits of and obstacles to integration, and the research and mechanisms needed to facilitate implementation of integrated risk assessment. Using the case studies, workshop participants identified a number of opportunities to integrate the assessment process. Improved assessment quality, efficiency, and predictive capability were considered to be principal benefits of integration. Obstacles to acceptance and implementation of integrated risk assessment included the disciplinary and organizational barriers between ecological and health disciplines. A variety of mechanisms were offered to overcome these obstacles. Research recommendations included harmonization of exposure characterization and surveillance methods and models, development of common risk endpoints across taxa, improved understanding of mechanisms of effect at multiple scales of biological organization, and development of methods to facilitate comparison of risks among endpoints.     

投影寻踪模型在区域生态环境质量评价中的应用

大量相关因子的简化和降维处理是生态环境质量评价的关键问题之一。而投影寻踪模型可将多个指标投影到线性空间,实现指标的降维处理。本文以巢湖流域生态环境质量综合评价进行了实证分析,巢湖流域生态环境质量为3级,其中合肥市和六安市所属区域生态环境质量为3级,巢湖市为4级。研究表明,应用投影寻踪模型进行区域生态环境质量评价人为干扰少,操作简便,便于在生产实践中应用,为区域生态环境质量评价提供了一条新途径。     

The Fox River Risk Assessment Teaching Tool

In 1999 and 2000, two environmental consulting companies independently prepared risk assessments of the Lower Fox River waste site in Wisconsin. Because the two assessments produced somewhat different risk characterizations, the Association for Environmental Health & Sciences was asked by the site's Potentially Responsible Party to form a peer review panel to critique and compare the two assessments. The panel found interesting differences between the two risk assessments and recommended that their observations, together with the two risk assessments, be made available as a Teaching Tool for persons interested in conducting human and ecological risk assessments. An accompanying CD contains these and other materials useful for teaching purposes.     

基于干扰的汪清林区森林生态系统健康评价

以汪清林区60个林班为研究对象,提出基于干扰的森林生态系统健康评价模型H＝∑B2W2-∑B1W1,构建了基于干扰理论的汪清林区森林生态系统健康评价体系.其中,有害干扰指标层选取4个指标:森林病害、森林虫害、森林火险以及人为干扰,生态系统内部的增益指标层选取4个指标:树种多样性、群落层次结构、林分更新状况以及近自然度.利用层次分析法和变异系数结合的主客观赋权法计算得到各指标的权重,提出基于干扰的健康评价模型和等级划分标准.最终评价结果显示:汪清林区60个样地中,处于优质状态的样地有6块,占总样地数的10％,健康指数均大于0.2;处于健康状态的林分13块,占总样地数的21.67％,健康指数在0.1-0.2之间;处于亚健康状态的林分23块,占总样地数的38.33％,健康指数在0-0.1之间;处于不健康的林分18块,占总样地数的30％,健康指数小于0.结果表明,在天然林中,无论是针叶纯林还是针阔混交林、阔叶混交林,大多处于亚健康和健康的状况,这与他们近自然度高,物种多样性丰富、具有良好的自我调节能力有关.而在落叶松人工林分中,由于林分物种多样性低,群落结构简单,近自然度最小,林分的增益能力弱,因此不健康的占有绝大多数.该评价结果可为该林场展开相关的健康经营措施提供参考.     

Human Health Risk Assessment: Required Reading

Over the past 30 years, risk assessment has developed into a scientific discipline. It is critical that the next generation of risk assessors understand the history of our field, and recognize the numerous successes and failures that have taken place. This short Perspective identifies and describes specific books, monographs, and reports that are required reading for any nascent risk assessor.     

A Framework for Assessment of Ecological Risks from Multiple Activities

The standard framework for ecological risk assessment does not explicitly address multiple activities. Although this has not prevented its use for assessments of risks from multiple agents, the routine assessment of complex programs or of multiple agents acting on a site, watershed or region would be aided by use of a framework that is designed for that purpose. The framework proposed in this paper is modular with respect to the individual activities which makes the assessment more manageable and more efficient when the same activities are addressed in multiple programs or at multiple sites. It explicitly allows for analysis of indirect effects in terms of causal chains. It includes links to other risk assessments for which changes in ecological conditions are the hazardous agent. For example, changes in ecological condition may create risks to agricultural economies or to the cultural resource values of a site. Finally, the framework includes a standard approach to estimating the combined effects of the multiple agents acting on a receptor.