大豆GolS基因家族鉴定及盐旱胁迫下的表达分析

肌醇半乳糖苷合成酶（galactinol synthase,GolS）是棉子糖家族寡糖（raffinose family oligosaccharides,RFOs）生物合成途径中的关键酶,在植物对非生物胁迫的反应中发挥重要作用。然而,关于大豆（Glycine max）GolS基因家族成员的分子结构特征还未见研究报道。本研究在全基因组水平上鉴定了6个大豆GolS基因家族成员,并对其理化性质、染色体定位、进化关系、基因结构、保守基序、二级结构、三级结构、组织特异性表达模式以及盐和干旱胁迫下的表达量进行了分析。结果表明：6个大豆GolS基因不均匀地分布在4条染色体上,6个大豆GolS蛋白的等电点为5.45-6.08,分子量变化范围为37 567.07-38 817.59 Da,氨基酸数量为324-339 aa;亚细胞定位预测结果发现4个蛋白定位在叶绿体上,2个蛋白定位在细胞质。系统进化树分析表明,大豆GolS基因家族成员在进化树中呈现出两两紧邻的现象,在进化上较为保守。6个基因成员含有的外显子数目为3或4。二级结构和三级结构预测表明,该家族所有成员蛋白质的空间结构主要由α螺旋和无规则卷曲结构组成,有较少的β转角结构和延伸链结构。组织特异性表达分析表明,6个GmGolS家族成员在种子、根、根毛、花、茎、豆荚、根瘤和叶中均有不同程度表达。基于qRT-PCR的表达分析显示,盐旱处理后所有GmGolS基因成员表现出不同程度的上调表达,表明这些基因可能与植物的耐盐抗旱响应有关。本研究结果为后续开展大豆GolS基因的功能解析奠定了基础。     

桑树花青素合成相关MYB类转录因子的鉴定与功能分析

该研究通过生物信息学方法,从桑树基因组中获得了8个花青素生物合成调控关键转录因子（MYB）候选基因,利用转录组数据及实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了各基因在不同组织及果实发育过程中的表达。聚类分析结果显示,4个MYB基因与葡萄、水稻和玉米花青素调控相关MYB基因聚为一类,仅1个MYB基因与拟南芥、苹果花青素调控相关MYB基因聚为一类。转录组数据显示多数基因在雄花中高水平表达。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,2个MYB基因（MnMYBJ和MnMYB4）在果实发育过程中持续下调,1个MYB基因（MnMYB330）在果实发育过程中显著上调,分别与花青素在桑椹中的积累成负相关和正相关关系。因此,桑树MYB基因家族对花青素的积累可能存在正调控与负调控两种机制。     

多胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜SOS2基因家族表达的影响

该研究基于黄瓜基因组数据库,利用生物信息学和荧光定量PCR等方法,对黄瓜SOS2基因家族进行全基因组鉴定,并对其表达特性进行系统分析。结果表明：(1)在黄瓜基因组中,共鉴定到 15个SOS2基因(CsSOS2 1~CsSOS2 15),且不均匀分布在5条染色体上;亚细胞定位显示SOS2蛋白主要位于细胞质膜。(2)系统进化分析显示,CsSOS2 2和CsSOS2 6与AtSOS2亲缘关系更近。(3)顺式作用元件预测显示,SOS2基因启动子序列主要含有干旱诱导和防御应激响应元件。(4)结构分析显示,SOS2蛋白所含保守基序的排列顺序完全一致,且主要含有STKc和NAF保守结构域,这些结构可能在基因响应盐胁迫过程中起调控作用。(5)荧光定量试验表明,SOS2基因家族主要在黄瓜的根和叶片响应盐胁迫时上调表达,其中,盐胁迫处理1 d时有5个基因上调表达,并随处理时间延长盐胁迫下的基因表达有所下调;增施多胺显著上调了CsSOS2 1~CsSOS2 5、CsSOS2 8、CsSOS2 9、CsSOS2 12和CsSOS2 15在不同组织中的表达,说明盐胁迫下多胺能诱导黄瓜SOS2基因家族的表达,进而参与植物耐盐分子网络的调控。     

香蕉果实冷胁迫相关MaWRKY11转录因子的特性、互作蛋白筛选与鉴定

为探讨香蕉(Musa acuminata)响应冷胁迫的分子机制,从香蕉果实冷害的数字基因表达谱中筛选并分离了1 个WRKY转录因子,命名为MaWRKY11。MaWRKY11 具有2 个WRKY 保守结构域,属于I 类WRKY 成员,定位于细胞核,是核蛋白。MaWRKY11 具有转录激活活性,且激活区在N 端。实时荧光定量PCR 分析表明MaWRKY11 受冷胁迫诱导,外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理减轻香蕉果实冷害的同时也上调了其表达。另外,酵母双杂交筛选表明,MaWRKY11 可与脱水诱导的早期应答蛋白MaERD 相互作用。这些表明MaWRKY11 可能通过与逆境相关蛋白如MaERD 互作来响应香蕉果实的冷胁迫。     

甜菜BvHAK基因家族全基因组鉴定及其在盐处理下的表达分析

高亲和性K⁺转运蛋白（high-affinity K⁺ transporter,HAK）是植物中最重要的K⁺转运蛋白家族之一,在植物K⁺吸收和转运过程中发挥重要功能。为探究甜菜BvHAK基因家族成员生物学功能及基因表达模式,采用生物信息学手段,预测了蛋白质的理化性质、基因结构、染色体定位、系统进化、保守基序、三维结构、互作网络、启动子顺式作用元件,并通过qRT-PCR分析了盐胁迫下BvHAKs基因在甜菜不同组织中的表达水平。共鉴定出10个甜菜BvHAK基因家族成员,含有8-10个外显子、7-9个内含子;平均氨基酸个数为778.30,平均分子量为88.31 kDa,等电点为5.38-9.41,跨膜区为11-14个。BvHAK4、-5、-7和-13定位在质膜,而其余定位在液泡膜。系统进化分析发现,高等植物HAK可分为5个簇,分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ簇,其中Ⅱ簇成员可进一步分为Ⅱa、Ⅱb和Ⅱc等3个亚簇;BvHAK家族成员则分布在前4簇,分别含有1、6、1和2个成员。甜菜BvHAK基因家族主要含有胁迫响应元件、激素响应元件和生长发育响应元件。进一步对BvHAK基因在盐处理下甜菜不同组织中的表达模式分析发现,50和100 mmol/L NaCl不同程度地诱导甜菜地上部和根部BvHAK基因家族成员的表达;高盐（150 mmol/L）则下调了其在地上部的表达水平。这些结果表明,BvHAK基因家族在响应盐胁迫过程中起重要作用。     

甘蔗ScNRAMP基因家族的鉴定与生物信息学分析

NRAMP蛋白(natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins)家族在植物响应重金属胁迫时具有重要作用,能够转运Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺等重金属离子。为探究甘蔗ScNRAMP基因家族的特征,该文基于甘蔗割手密基因组鉴定了ScNRAMP基因家族,并进行了理化特性、基因结构、顺式作用元件、保守基序、结构域和进化关系等分析。结果表明:甘蔗ScNRAMP基因家族含有29个成员,不均匀分布在19条染色体上; 编码蛋白均为不稳定蛋白,无信号肽,亚细胞均定位在质膜上; 各成员保守基序有6～10个不等,跨膜数有6～12个不等,二级结构主要构成元件为α-螺旋和无规则卷曲; 顺式作用元件分析表明甘蔗ScNRAMP基因家族可能通过激素代谢参与逆境胁迫和生长发育等生物过程; 利用割手密的RNA-seq转录组表达数据进行的组织特异性分析发现,ScNRAMP在甘蔗不同发育阶段的叶和茎中具有时空表达特性; 进化树分析将甘蔗ScNRAMP家族成员分为3个亚家族(I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ)。该研究在全基因组水平上系统地鉴定了现代栽培甘蔗祖先种之一割手密NRAMP基因家族,既为进一步了解甘蔗NRAMP基因家族提供了基础,也为后续甘蔗重金属研究提供了重要候选基因。     

9个玉米DOF基因对逆境胁迫的响应模式分析

植物DOF (DNA binding with one zinc finger)锌指蛋白是植物特有的一类转录因子,在植物生长发育及代谢途径中发挥着重要作用。该研究采用qRT PCR方法分析了玉米应答逆境(盐、干旱、硝态氮缺乏和铵态氮缺乏)胁迫条件下9个ZmDOFs基因的表达模式。结果表明：(1)生物信息学分析显示,9个ZmDOF基因散布于5个染色体上,聚类为一个基因亚家族,且9个基因还可以细分为4个小亚家族。(2)9个ZmDOFs基因的表达具有组织特异性,且主要在玉米的穗和雄花中表达,其中ZmDOF1、ZmDOF4、ZmDOF11和ZmDOF12在穗部的表达量分别是根部的18倍、60倍、11倍和75倍以上,ZmDOF19、ZmDOF26、ZmDOF27和ZmDOF42在雄花中的表达量分别是根部的360倍、28倍、13倍和44倍以上,推测这些基因在玉米的雄花和穗的生长发育进程中具有重要的作用。(3)实时定量qRT PCR方法显示,在硝态氮胁迫下有7个ZmDOFs基因强烈诱导表达(>5倍),其中ZmDOF12、ZmDOF27和ZmDOF42基因的表达超过10倍,表明这些基因参与调控硝态氮胁迫的响应途径; 有7个ZmDOFs基因受铵态氮胁迫的强烈诱导表达(>2倍),表明这7个基因在玉米应答铵态氮胁迫中起作用;有5个ZmDOFs基因受PEG6000胁迫的强烈诱导表达(>2倍),其中ZmDOF34的表达上调超过10倍; 有8个ZmDOFs基因受NaCl胁迫的强烈诱导表达(>2倍),其中ZmDOF4、ZmDOF11和ZmDOF12的表达上调在10倍以上,表明这些基因在玉米抵御干旱或盐胁迫中起重要作用。     

葡萄醛酮还原酶(AKR)基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

为明确AKR基因在葡萄非生物胁迫中的作用,利用生物信息学方法对葡萄AKR基因家族(VvAKRs)进行了全基因组鉴定,并验证其在非生物胁迫下的表达规律。结果表明：(1)该基因家族在葡萄基因组中有9个成员,主要分布在5条染色体上;氨基酸残基在275~2 686 aa之间,理论等电点在5.1~9.1之间。(2)系统进化分析表明,该基因家族分为6个亚族,第6亚族VvAKR家族成员最多。(3)密码子偏好性分析结果表明,葡萄AKR基因家族密码子偏好性较弱。(4)共线性分析表明,葡萄9个AKR基因中只有VvAKR8和VvAKR9之间存在共线性关系。(5)qRT PCR分析结果显示,葡萄AKR家族基因在根、茎、叶不同组织中对激素和非生物胁迫的响应程度有差异。非生物胁迫下,VvAKR1、VvAKR3、VvAKR8和VvAKR9基因在葡萄根、茎、叶组织中表达量较高;激素处理下,根组织中VvAKR3、VvAKR6和VvAKR8基因在ABA、MeJA、SA处理下表达量较高;茎组织中VvAKR3基因在NAA、GA₃处理下表达量较高;叶组织中VvAKR1基因在各激素处理下表达量都较高。研究认为,葡萄AKR基因家族在响应葡萄非生物胁迫时发挥着不同的作用,为葡萄抗逆性研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

谷子PAL基因家族全基因组的鉴定和表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氢酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)基因家族参与苯丙烷类代谢过程,通过调控植物抗病次生物质的合成在植物抗逆反应中发挥重要作用。为明确谷子PAL基因家族在逆境胁迫下的表达规律,该研究利用生物信息学方法对谷子PAL基因家族进行鉴定和表达分析。结果表明:谷子具有11个PAL基因,在进化树中可分为3个亚家族,SiPAL7独自进化为一支。通过构建蛋白结构域发现PAL基因家族成员均含有保守的PAL结构域。启动子分析显示,PAL基因含有应答激素、逆境胁迫等多种因子的顺式作用元件,说明PAL基因广泛参与不同生物学调控过程。RT-qPCR结果显示,谷子PAL基因家族多为诱导型表达,不同光照条件下PAL基因表达量变化明显,不同基因具有不同响应模式,说明谷子PAL基因家族在参与光调节反应中发挥重要作用。谷子PAL基因高度保守,广泛响应不同非生物胁迫,具有表达特异性。该研究结果为揭示PAL基因家族在调节谷子抗性及胁迫应答过程中的作用提供了参考。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Doc and copia instability in an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock

A high degree of heterogeneity and an overall increase in number of insertion sites of the mobile elements Doc and copia were revealed in one substock of an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster stock, while in two other substocks the distribution of copia sites was highly homogenous, but that of Doc sites was again heterogenous. We therefore concluded that copia was unstable in one of the substocks and Doc was unstable in all. Doc instability presumably arose earlier than copia instability. Doc and copia transpositions were directly observed in experiments with one substock. An abundance of copia insertions was revealed in the X chromosome where insertions with deleterious effects are exposed to selection in hemizygous condition. The locations of many other mobile elements (mdg1, mdg2, mdg3, mdg4, 297, B104, H.M.S. Beagle, I, P, BS, FB) were found to be conserved in each substock and did not differ between them, indicating that these mobile elements were stable. This homogeneity is a strong argument against any possibility of inadvertent contamination.