喜树碱诱导甜菜夜蛾细胞凋亡线粒体途径的MPTP依赖性

【目的】线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)的开放可以导致线粒体膜通透性改变,与细胞凋亡关系密切。本研究旨在探索MPTP在喜树碱诱导的昆虫细胞凋亡中的作用,以进一步揭示喜树碱(CPT)诱导昆虫细胞凋亡的机制。【方法】环孢菌素A(CsA)为MPTP开放抑制剂,通过预加入20μmol/L CsA,应用流式细胞仪测定其对CPT和羟基喜树碱(HCPT)诱导的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua细胞(IOZCAS-SPEX-Ⅱ)凋亡作用的影响,包括细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度变化,线粒体膜电位变化以及活性氧簇(ROS)变化,从而分析MPTP在CPT和HCPT诱导细胞凋亡的作用。【结果】结果显示,10μmol/LCPT和HCPT处理IOZCAS-SPEX-Ⅱ细胞6 h和12 h时,与0.1%DMSO对照组相比,甜菜夜蛾细胞发生凋亡,胞质Ca~(2+)浓度增大,线粒体膜电位降低或丧失,ROS增加,即CPT和HCPT诱导甜菜夜蛾细胞发生凋亡,为线粒体内途径。但经过20μmol/L CsA预处理2 h后再加入CPT和HCPT处理6 h,与0.1%DMSO组相比,细胞凋亡率、胞质Ca~(2+)浓度、线粒体膜电位及ROS产生均无显著差异(P0.05),即CsA抑制了MPTP的开放,从而抑制了CPT和HCPT诱导的甜菜夜蛾细胞凋亡;而加入CPT和HCPT处理12 h时,CsA对MPTP开放的抑制作用显著降低,与单CPT和HCPT处理组相比,细胞凋亡率、胞质Ca~(2+)浓度、线粒体膜电位及ROS差异不显著,即CPT和HCPT诱导的细胞凋亡如常发生。【结论】本研究证实喜树碱和羟基喜树碱诱导甜菜夜蛾细胞凋亡线粒体途径具有MPTP开放依赖性,且首次明确这种依赖性具有时间性。     

转录调节因子σ~(38)介导铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素合成代谢调控

【目的】为了进一步鉴定铜绿假单胞菌转录调控因子σ~(38)对2个拷贝吩嗪合成基因簇(phz A1-G1和phz A2-G2)的具体调控方式并推定介导绿脓菌素合成代谢的可能调控机制。【方法】根据铜绿假单胞菌基因组信息,利用同源重组原理构建rpo S基因缺失突变株Δrpo S以及克隆全长rpo S基因作互补分析;再以单一吩嗪基因簇缺失突变株Δphz1和Δphz2为出发菌株,分别构建rpo S缺失突变株Δrpo Sphz1和rpo S插入突变株Δrpo Sphz2,测定并比较野生株及相关突变株的绿脓菌素合成量,初步推定σ~(38)因子对2个不同吩嗪基因簇表达的调控方式。【结果】在GA培养基中,突变株Δrpo S的绿脓菌素合成量比野生株显著增加;互补分析证实,σ~(38)可使突变株Δrpo S的绿脓菌素降低并接近野生株PAO1水平;与对照株Δphz1相比,突变株Δrpo Sphz1的绿脓菌素合成量因σ~(38)因子缺失而显著减少;而与对照株Δphz2相比,突变株Δrpo Sphz2的绿脓菌素合成量因σ~(38)因子缺失显著增加。【结论】转录调控因子σ~(38)对铜绿假单胞菌绿脓菌素的合成代谢的确具一定的负调控作用;结合已报道的研究结果,初步推定:σ~(38)因子通过负调控吩嗪基因簇phz1,正调控吩嗪基因簇phz2的表达实现对绿脓菌素合成代谢的调控。     

白藜芦醇对6-羟基多巴所致SN4741细胞损伤的保护作用和机制研究

目的:探讨白藜芦醇对6-羟基多巴引起的细胞损伤的内在保护机制。方法:以SN4741细胞系为实验对象,分为对照组、6-羟基多巴处理组和白藜芦醇预处理、6-羟基多巴处理组组。MTT法测定细胞活性。Western blot检测细胞内DJ-1表达水平。ROS检测反映细胞的氧化应激水平和线粒体损伤情况。线粒体膜电位检测反映细胞线粒体功能。结果:白藜芦醇可以剂量依赖性方式提高6-OHDA诱导的SN4741细胞的存活率。白藜芦醇预处理显著逆转6-OHDA诱导的SN4741细胞DJ-1水平的下降,降低6-OHDA引起的氧化应激水平和线粒体损伤。结论:白藜芦醇预处理能够保护6-羟基多巴所致的SN4741细胞损伤,可能与提高DJ-1的表达,减轻细胞内的氧化应激水平,改善线粒体功能有关。     

2-苯乙醇对酿酒酵母生理生化特性影响

【目的】研究在不同浓度2-苯乙醇作用下,酵母生理生化特性的变化规律,为优化2-苯乙醇生物合成过程提供重要依据。【方法】透射电镜观察细胞形态;流式细胞术检测细胞膜渗透性、胞内ROS浓度、线粒体膜电位;实时荧光定量PCR检测关键酶基因表达。【结果】随着2-苯乙醇浓度增加(从0到4.0 g/L),酵母细胞分解代谢能力、细胞膜渗透性及aro10基因表达量逐渐降低;线粒体膜电位逐渐增加;胞内ROS浓度先增加后减少。当2-苯乙醇浓度从2.4 g/L增加到3.0 g/L,酵母的分解代谢能力、细胞膜渗透性、aro10基因表达水平等生理生化特性都发生较为显著的变化。【结论】产物原位转移过程中水相2-苯乙醇浓度可考虑控制在2.4 3.0 g/L。     

集胞藻PCC 6803中丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶SpkC对高温胁迫的响应

丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶是蓝藻感知和转导外界刺激的重要元件,但至今蓝藻中很多丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶的功能尚属未知。【目的】研究集胞藻PCC6803中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶Spk C是否参与对高温胁迫的响应。【方法】本研究采用同源重组的方法构建spC基因完全敲除突变株,检测突变株与野生株在高温胁迫下的生长状况、色素组成,并对高温胁迫下叶绿素荧光参数差异进行分析,比较光合系统Ⅱ活性差异。此外,通过测定生长速率来判断高温胁迫后藻株的恢复情况。【结果】经过42℃高温胁迫后,与野生株相比,突变株ΔspkC生长减缓,光合色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和藻胆色素)的含量降低;45℃高温胁迫下突变株ΔspkC的光合系统Ⅱ活性下降幅度更大;经过5 d 42℃高温处理后,突变株生长几乎停滞,存活率较野生株明显降低。【结论】集胞藻PCC 6803中spkC基因的缺失导致突变株对高温胁迫响应出现缺陷,提示丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶SpkC参与响应高温胁迫。     

Bax通道在斑蝥素诱导草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞凋亡中的作用

【目的】为明确Bax通道在斑蝥素诱导鳞翅目昆虫细胞凋亡过程中的作用。【方法】本文利用Bax通道抑制法测定了斑蝥素诱导鳞翅目昆虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)细胞系Sf9细胞凋亡过程中线粒体膜电位、线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性及细胞形态等方面的影响。【结果】Bax通道被抑制后,斑蝥素诱导造成的Sf9细胞线粒体膜电位的降低时间延迟,细胞形变率下降,但琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的下降未受影响。【结论】Bax通道参与了斑蝥素引起的Sf9细胞线粒体膜电位改变和细胞形态变化,而与抑制线粒体有关能量代谢的酶无直接关系。     

柯里拉京对人肺癌细胞A549的抑制作用及其机制研究

该研究旨在探讨柯里拉京对人肺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响及其潜在作用机制。采用CCK-8细胞活性检测试剂盒检测柯里拉京对A549细胞活性的影响;通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;JC-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒检测线粒体膜电位;免疫印迹法检测凋亡相关蛋白(bax、bcl-2、cleaved-caspase-3、cleaved-PARP)的表达量;通过DCFH-DA探针标记检测细胞内ROS水平。研究结果显示,柯里拉京处理能够剂量依赖性地抑制A549细胞的活性,并通过上调bax的表达、下调bcl-2的表达,破坏线粒体膜电位,促进有活性的cleaved-caspase-3以及cleaved-PARP的形成,诱导A549细胞凋亡。活性氧清除剂NAC能够明显逆转柯里拉京诱导的细胞凋亡。因此,柯里拉京可能通过调节胞内ROS水平诱导人肺癌细胞A549发生凋亡。     

亚硒酸钠诱导SW480细胞凋亡过程中活性氧的作用

为探讨亚硒酸钠诱导人结肠癌SW480细胞凋亡的机理,将荧光探针2′,7′－二氯荧光黄乙二脂（2′,7′－DCFH－DA）、罗丹明123（rhodamine123）负载人结肠癌细胞,利用多光子成像系统测定胞内活性氧（ROS）、线粒体跨膜电位（△Ψm）的变化。结果发现（1）Na2SeO3作用SW480细胞,可导致细胞凋亡和胞内的ROS增加。SOD、过氧化氢酶可降低凋亡率并抑制ROS的增加。（2）线粒体电子传递链抑制剂鲁藤酮及氰化钠可抑制OS增加。（3）Na2SeO3可导致线粒体的跨膜电位的下降。表明Na2SeO3作用细胞可导致来源于线粒体的ROS增加,ROS介导亚硒酸钠诱导细胞凋亡。     

亚硝酸盐胁迫对罗氏沼虾血细胞及其抗氧化酶活力的影响

【背景】亚硝酸盐是虾类集约化养殖过程中最常见的毒性污染物之一,研究亚硝酸盐胁迫对罗氏沼虾血细胞的毒性以及抗氧化酶在抗胁迫防御中的作用,能够为罗氏沼虾养殖过程中的亚硝酸盐中毒防治提供理论参考。【方法】以不同浓度(0、1、5和10 mg·L~(-1))的亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)对罗氏沼虾进行胁迫,于胁迫后的0、6、12、24和48 h取样,应用流式细胞术检测血细胞活性氧(ROS)含量和细胞凋亡率,同时测定血细胞总数(THC)和胞内抗氧化酶活力。【结果】1 mg·L~(-1)NO_2~--N在48 h内对血细胞ROS含量、凋亡率和THC均无显著影响。5 mg·L~(-1)NO_2~--N胁迫24 h,血细胞ROS含量显著上升,THC显著下降,胁迫48 h凋亡率显著提高。10 mg·L~(-1)NO_2~--N胁迫6 h,血细胞ROS含量和凋亡率均显著上升,胁迫12 h THC显著下降。血细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活力均不同程度地被NO_2~--N胁迫所诱导,CAT活力主要在胁迫前期提高,而GPx活力在胁迫后期提高。【结论与意义】亚硝酸盐存在浓度和时间毒性效应,一定浓度的亚硝酸盐会诱导虾血细胞产生ROS,这些ROS的过量产生诱导了血细胞发生凋亡,继而导致THC下降,这一氧化胁迫过程可能是亚硝酸盐对罗氏沼虾产生细胞毒性的重要机制之一。抗氧化酶活力的诱导表明抗氧化酶在亚硝酸盐胁迫过程中发挥防御作用。     

集胞藻PCC6803中S2P同源蛋白基因sll0862缺失突变株对热胁迫与氧化胁迫的响应

原核生物中S2P参与应答外界环境刺激,然而行光合作用的蓝细菌-集胞藻PCC6803的S2P同源蛋白功能未知。【目的】考察集胞藻PCC6803中S2P同源蛋白sll0862是否参与外界环境刺激的应答。【方法】监测在高温和氧化胁迫的条件下sll0862基因缺失突变株与野生株在生长速率或存活率上的差异,利用水样调制叶绿素荧光仪(water-PAM,脉冲-振幅-调制叶绿素荧光仪)测量在高温和氧化胁迫的条件下突变株与野生株叶绿素荧光参数的差异,来考察其光合作用差异。【结果】sll0862突变株与野生株在正常的培养环境中生长速率并无差异,但是将sll0862突变株与野生株在48℃加热处理半小时后,sll0862突变株的存活率明显低于野生株。当初始OD730值为0.1的藻液中添加终浓度为1 mmol/L双氧水的时候,sll0862突变株的生长速率比野生株明显低,而且氧化胁迫条件下突变株与野生株的调制叶绿素荧光有差异。【结论】集胞藻PCC6803中sll0862基因的缺失导致突变体对高温与氧化胁迫响应出现缺陷,提示有功能的sll0862参与响应热和氧化胁迫。研究结果为进一步阐述S2P同源蛋白sll0862在集胞藻PCC6803中的功能奠定基础。     

Analyses of the effects of Rck2p mutants on Pbs2p<Superscript>DD</Superscript>-induced toxicity in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Saccharomyces cervisiae</Emphasis> identify a MAP kinase docking motif,and unexpected functional inactivation due to acidic substitution of T379

Rck2p is a Ser/Thr kinase that binds to, and is activated by, Hog1p. Expression of the MAP kinase kinase Pbs2p^DD from a GAL1 -driven plasmid hyperactivates the HOG MAP kinase pathway, and leads to cessation of growth. This toxic effect is reduced by deletion of RCK2. We studied the structural and functional basis for the role of Rck2p in mediating the growth arrest phenotype associated with overexpression of Pbs2p^DD. Rck2p kinase activity is required for the effect, because Rck2p(487–610), as well as full-length Rck2p, is toxic with Pbs2p^DD, but kinase-defective versions of either protein with a K201R mutation are not. Thus, the C-terminal portion of Rck2p is not required provided the protein is activated by removal of the autoinhibitory domain. Relief of inhibition in Rck2p normally requires phosphorylation by Hog1p, and Rck2p contains a putative MAP kinase docking site (TILQR⁵⁸⁹R⁵⁹⁰KKVQ) in its C-terminal segment. The Rck2p double mutant R589A/R590A expressed from a centromeric plasmid did not detectably bind Hog1p-GFP and was functionally inactive in mediating the toxic effect of Pbs2p^DD, equivalent to an RCK2 deletion. However, overexpression of Rck2p R589A/R590A from a multicopy plasmid restored function. In contrast, RCK2-K201R acted as a multicopy suppressor of PBS2 ^DD, markedly reducing its toxicity. This suppressor activity required the K201R mutation, and the effect was largely lost when the docking site was mutated, suggesting suppression by inhibition of Hog1p functions. We also studied the effect of replacing the predicted T379 and established S520 phosphorylation sites in Rck2p by glutamic acid. Surprisingly, the T379E mutant markedly reduced Pbs2p^DD toxicity, and toxicity was only partially rescued by S520E. Rck2 T379E was sufficiently inactive in an rck2 strain to allow some cells to survive PBS2 ^DD toxicity even when overexpressed. The significance of these findings for our understanding of Rck2p function is discussed.Communicated by M. Collart     

酿酒酵母中SSK2基因与其他镉耐受相关基因之间的双基因缺失菌株构建

镉是一种严重的环境污染物,对人体具有致癌性,能蓄积在生物体内影响机体的生长、发育和生殖。有丝分裂原蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)在调节细胞存活、增殖和分化中是重要的信号分子,并能够被镉胁迫激活。酿酒酵母中2个MAPK信号传导途径,高渗透压甘油(High Osmolarity Glycerol,HOG)途径和细胞壁完整性(Cell Wall Integrity,CWI)途径都参与Cd2+胁迫下的细胞应答。为了进一步研究这两条途径在调控Cd2+胁迫方面的相互作用,以HOG途径的蛋白激酶SSK2基因为例,通过合成遗传阵列(Synthetic Genetic Array,SGA)方法,成功构建了SSK2基因与其他52个Cd2+耐受相关基因之间的双基因缺失菌株。为大规模研究Cd2+耐受基因之间在调控镉胁迫方面的遗传学相互作用奠定了基础,也为酿酒酵母的相关研究提供了一个新的遗传学手段。     

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Provokes Expression of Epithelial Marker Genes, Acting As a Morphogen in Dedifferentiated Hepatoma Cells

The yeast α-1,3-mannosyltransferase (Mnn1p) is localized to the Golgi by independent transmembrane and lumenal domain signals. The lumenal domain is localized to the Golgi complex when expressed as a soluble form (Mnn1-s) by exchange of its transmembrane domain for a cleavable signal sequence (Graham, T. R., and V. A. Krasnov. 1995. Mol. Biol. Cell. 6:809–824). Mutants that failed to retain the lumenal domain in the Golgi complex, called lumenal domain retention (ldr) mutants, were isolated by screening mutagenized yeast colonies for those that secreted Mnn1-s. Two genes were identified by this screen, HOG1, a gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that functions in the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, and LDR1. We have found that basal signaling through the HOG pathway is required to localize Mnn1-s to the Golgi in standard osmotic conditions. Mutations in HOG1 and LDR1 also perturb localization of intact Mnn1p, resulting in its loss from early Golgi compartments and a concomitant increase of Mnn1p in later Golgi compartments.     

HOG1基因对白念珠菌超微结构的影响

目的探讨HOG1基因对白念珠菌超微结构的影响。方法设置实验组、HOG21组(hog1/hog1双等位基因缺陷株);对照组、WT组(标准株),分别在扫描电镜及透射电镜下观察两组菌株细胞的超微结构。结果扫描电镜下观察两组细胞均呈圆形或椭圆形,呈多边出芽繁殖的生长方式。但HOG1基因缺陷株细胞表面粗糙、凹凸不平,出芽数目比标准株少;标准株细胞表面光滑,出芽数量较多,可见"花瓣样"结构的芽痕;透射电镜下HOG1基因缺陷株细胞壁结构不完整,电子透明层厚薄不一,部分细胞可见棉絮状电子致密外层局灶性缺失、细胞膜外凸、不连续以及细胞膜周围见囊泡聚集等现象。标准株细胞壁各层结构完整。结论HOG1基因对白念珠菌细胞壁结构具有一定影响。     

Effect of octanoic acid on ethylene-mediated processes in Arabidopsis

We have examined whether octanoic acid (OA) one of the short chain saturated fatty acids (SCSFA), increases ethylene response in the following three ethylene-mediated processes: a) hypocotyl growth in darkness; b) formation of new flowers; c) flower abscission. These processes were examined in the presence or absence of exogenous ethylene in Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and in the ethylene-insensitive mutants, etr1-3 and ein2-1 and in the ethylene over-producer mutant eto1-1. Our results show that OA decreased hypocotyl length of WT in the absence or presence of exogenous ethylene, apparently showing that OA acts via augmentation of ethylene action. However, the hypocotyl growth inhibition could not be ascribed to increased ethylene sensitivity since application of inhibitors of ethylene synthesis (aminoethoxyvinylglycine; AVG) or action (1-methylcyclopropene;1-MCP) to WT seedlings did not prevent specifically the OA-induced growth inhibition. Also, OA inhibited hypocotyl growth in the mutants etr1-3 and ein2-1 in a similar pattern to that obtained in WT. On the other hand, OA had no effect on flower formation neither in WT, etr1-3 and eto1-1, in which ethylene reduced flower formation, nor in the ein2-1 mutant, in which ethylene had no effect. OA also did not increase flower abscission in WT or in the mutants etr1-3 and ein2-1 neither in the absence nor in the presence of ethylene. However, OA has augmented flower abscission in the mutant eto1-1 only in the absence of exogenous ethylene. This result might indicate that the effect of OA on eto1-1 is specific to this mutant and is not due to general deleterious effects inflicted by OA. Taken together, our results show that in general OA does not augment ethylene response in Arabidopsis, but it might affect ethylene action in flower abscission of the ethylene-overproducer mutant.     

Actinotrichia collagens and their role in fin formation

The skeleton of zebrafish fins consists of lepidotrichia and actinotrichia. Actinotrichia are fibrils located at the tip of each lepidotrichia and play a morphogenetic role in fin formation. Actinotrichia are formed by collagens associated with non-collagen components. The non-collagen components of actinotrichia (actinodins) have been shown to play a critical role in fin to limb transition. The present study has focused on the collagens that form actinotrichia and their role in fin formation. We have found actinotrichia are formed by Collagen I plus a novel form of Collagen II, encoded by the col2a1b gene. This second copy of the collagen II gene is only found in fishes and is the only Collagen type II expressed in fins. Both col1a1a and col2a1b were found in actinotrichia forming cells. Significantly, they also expressed the lysyl hydroxylase 1 (lh1) gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in the post-translational processing of collagens. Morpholino knockdown in zebrafish embryos demonstrated that the two collagens and lh1 are essential for actinotrichia and fin fold morphogenesis. The col1a1 dominant mutant chihuahua showed aberrant phenotypes in both actinotrichia and lepidotrichia during fin development and regeneration. These pieces of evidences support that actinotrichia are composed of Collagens I and II, which are post-translationally processed by Lh1, and that the correct expression and assembling of these collagens is essential for fin formation. The unique collagen composition of actinotrichia may play a role in fin skeleton morphogenesis.     

格特隐球菌HOG1基因的敲除及重建

目的 构建格特隐球菌HOG1基因缺陷株和HOG1基因重建株.方法 从格特隐球菌基因组扩增HOG1基因,通过部分基因缺失方法,获得缺陷基因dHOG1.将获得的HOG1基因及其缺陷基因dHOG1分别亚克隆到真核表达载体pGAPzα-A,构建pGAPzα-HOG1及pGAPzcα-dHOG1质粒.将pGAPzα-dHOG1质粒转染隐球菌原始株,通过筛选获得HOG1基因缺陷菌株;同样方法将pGAPzα-HOG1质粒转染格特隐球菌HOGI基因敲除菌株,获得HOGI基因重建株.结果 RTPCR结果示:格特隐球菌HOG1基因缺陷株不转录表达完整的HOG1基因,而HOG1基因重建株可以转录表达完整的HOG1基因片段.结论 成功获得格特隐球菌HOG1缺陷株和HOG1基因重建株,为后续格特隐球菌毒力和致病机制的研究奠定了基础.     

A long region upstream of the IME1 gene regulates meiosis in yeast

Summary Meiosis and sporulation in yeast are subject to two types of regulation. The first depends on environmental conditions. The second depends on a genetic pathway which involves the control of the positive regulatory gene IME1 by RME1, which is in turn controlled by the MAT locus. The presence of IME1 on a multicopy plasmid enables cells to undergo meiosis regardless of their genotype at MAT or RME1. We show here that a multicopy plasmid carrying IME1 also enables meiosis, regardless of the environment. Therefore, both kinds of regulation appear to act through IME1. Furthermore, the behavior of multicopy plasmids carrying various segments from the IME1 region suggests that the region upstream of IME1 contains both positive and negative regulatory sites. Control of IME1 by the environment and by the MAT pathway both act through negative regulatory sites.