来自西双版纳3种有毒植物的免培养与纯培养放线菌多样性及生物活性

【背景】由于土壤放线菌中获得新化合物日益困难,抗生素滥用使致病菌耐药性不断增加,人们转向研究植物内生放线菌以期发现新化合物。【目的】探究西双版纳热带雨林有毒植物内生放线菌的多样性,为开发新药提供具有潜在生物活性的菌株。【方法】通过Illumina Hi Seq高通量测序和纯培养方法分析箭毒木、八角枫、马缨丹3种有毒植物的内生放线菌群落结构组成,利用纸片扩散法筛选抑菌活性,通过PCR扩增检测7类化合物合成基因。【结果】高通量测序的多样性分析和群落结构分析得出:3种有毒植物在门分类水平检测出古菌域的2个门、细菌域的18个门和暂定的Rsa HF231、WD272门;在属分类水平检测出30个属的放线菌,八角枫和马缨丹的微生物群落结构比箭毒木更丰富。纯培养分离获得11个属34株菌,分离自箭毒木的菌株比八角枫和马缨丹的菌株更多,而且大多数高通量检测出的菌种不能通过纯培养获得。抑菌活性检测结果显示:抗菌活性作用明显的菌株以链霉菌属为主。链霉菌属的NRPS和PKS基因的检出率明显高于其他化合物合成基因。【结论】有毒植物内生放线菌多样性非常丰富。有毒植物内生放线菌具有合成次生代谢产物的潜力,可以为生物农药及抗生素开发提供丰富的菌种资源。     

肇庆星湖湿地可培养放线菌多样性

摘要:【目的】探究星湖湿地可培养放线菌物种多样性,筛选潜在药源活性代谢产物产生菌,为后续菌种资源开发奠定基础。【方法】采用5种选择性分离培养基分离星湖湿地底泥中的放线菌,通过16S rRNA基因同源性分析代表性菌株的物种多样性;以3株病原细菌为指示菌检测分离菌株的抑菌活性;PCR扩增代表菌株的聚酮合酶(PKS I、PKS II)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因、安莎类化合物(AHBA)基因及3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGA)基因。【结果】分离到135株放线菌菌株,被鉴定为放线菌纲的7 个目、10个科、13个属,优势类群为链霉菌、小单孢菌及诺卡氏菌。83株检测菌中,24.09%抗金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus),4.8%抗大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli);24株高活性菌株中PKS I阳性率16.7%,PKS II阳性率62.5%,NRPS阳性率16.7%,AHBA阳性率12.5%,HMGA阳性率29.2%。活性复筛及HPLC结果显示,菌株XD007、XD114和XD128显著抑制3株病原指示菌,且能产生大量次级代谢产物。【结论】星湖湿地底泥中放线菌资源丰富,筛选到的活性菌株可用于后续药源活性次级代谢产物的分离。     

海南东寨港真红树植物内生放线菌多样性及其抗菌活性

【目的】勘探海南东寨港真红树植物内生放线菌多样性,为发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素奠定基础。【方法】样品经表面消毒后粉碎,用10种不同培养基分离放线菌;通过PCR扩增、测定并比对16S r RNA基因序列,开展放线菌多样性分析;通过发酵、萃取等处理方法得到四类样品,包括发酵原液、乙酸乙酯提取液及水层和菌体的丙酮浸泡提取液;采用纸片扩散法对样品进行抗菌活性筛选;基于PCR的基因筛选技术探测活性菌株可能存在的NRPS、PKS I、PKS II抗生素生物合成基因。【结果】经形态特征排重,从14种真红树植物样品中共得到放线菌146株,16S r RNA基因序列比对表明它们分布于13个科18个属,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属,菌株S3Cf-2和S3Af-1的16S r RNA基因序列分别与有效发表菌株Couchioplanes caeruleus DSM44103T(X93202)和Microlunatus terrae BS6T(JF806519)的相似率最高,分别为97.45%和97.43%,可能为新物种。对其中46株放线菌发酵样品的抗菌活性检测表明,40株具有抗菌活性,总阳性率为86.96%;活性菌株中,38株菌存在至少一种所探测的生物合成基因簇,阳性率为95%,其中14株同时具有所探测的3种抗生素生物合成基因簇。【结论】海南东寨港真红树植物中存在多样性丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种及新抗生素的潜力。     

南方红豆杉内生及根际放线菌多样性及其生物活性

【目的】研究药用植物南方红豆杉内生及根际土壤放线菌的多样性及其抑菌、抗肿瘤等重要生物活性并获得一些具有强抑制植物病原真菌以及抗肿瘤等重要生物活性的菌株。【方法】选择7种培养基从南方红豆杉及其根际土壤中分离放线菌,对链霉菌进行形态学分类,去重复后对其进行抑制植物病原真菌以及抗肿瘤活性的筛选并对高活性菌株进行初步鉴定。对部分菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序分析研究其多样性。【结果】研究共分离得到277株放线菌,经去重复后剩余111株放线菌,可归类到6个亚目、7个科、8个属。其中链霉菌可分为10个类群。生物活性研究结果显示:30.9%的菌株具有抑制植物病原真菌活性,其中6株放线菌对多种植物病原真菌显示了强的抑菌活性。分别有44.1%和33.3%的菌株对胃癌肿瘤细胞株SGC-7901和肺癌肿瘤细胞株NCI-H460的抑制率在40%以上。【结论】药用植物南方红豆杉及其根际土壤蕴含种类丰富的放线菌资源,具有良好的生物学活性。菌株KLBMP 2170具有显著的抑菌以及抗肿瘤活性,值得我们去进一步研究。     

河北九莲城淖尔可培养放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】勘探干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤放线菌多样性并进行活性筛选,以期发现药用微生物资源,为新抗生素的发现奠定基础。【方法】采用15种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法分离放线菌;根据分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析放线菌多样性;发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,菌丝体经丙酮浸提,获得提取浓缩物样品;样品通过纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性初筛;抗菌阳性菌株采用PCR技术进行Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS I)KS域、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(PKS II)KS域和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)A结构域抗生素生物合成基因的检测。【结果】从11份盐湖土壤样品中分离纯化到251株放线菌,其分布于放线菌纲的10个目15个科31个属,其中优势菌属为链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属;251株放线菌中包括57株耐(嗜)盐放线菌,其优势菌属为拟诺卡氏菌属(22株)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(15株)。基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株J11Y309为糖霉菌科潜在新属,菌株J12GA03为分枝杆菌科潜在新种。96株放线菌活性检测结果显示,56株至少对1株检定菌具有抗菌活性,阳性率为58.3%;56株有活性的放线菌中,47株至少含有1种抗生素生物合成基因,其中17株同时具有3种抗生素生物合成基因。【结论】干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤中含有较为丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素的潜力。     

香蕉林土壤可培养放线菌分离、鉴定及其抑菌活性

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是香蕉的顽固性疾病,制约着香蕉产业的发展,因此,筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌(尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种,简称Foc4)具有抑制活性的生防菌株具有重要意义。【目的】分离香蕉林土壤样品中放线菌并进行物种的初步鉴定,测定其对包括香蕉枯萎病致病菌的7种病原菌的拮抗活性,获得高活性菌株,以获得解决香蕉枯萎病的生物防治策略。【方法】采集多份广西地区香蕉林土壤样品,采用超声波等手段对其预处理,设置多种特异性培养基从中分离放线菌资源,对获得的放线菌进行基于16SrRNA基因序列的物种鉴定,以7种病原菌为靶标,采用平板对峙法从中筛选抑菌活性菌株,最后采用菌丝生长速率法对Foc4的抑菌率进行测定。【结果】从香蕉林土壤中分离出138株放线菌均为链霉菌,其中5株为潜在新种,分别为X1085、X1052、X2052、X3059和X4046;筛选出具有抑菌活性的菌株77株,阳性率为55.8%。20株对Foc4具有抑制活性,其中4株拮抗效果明显,抑制率大于80%,菌株X4050的抑菌率高达93.76%。【结论】初步明确了香蕉林土壤中可培养放线菌的物种信息,其中部分放线菌为未知物种,活性分析显示一半...     

中华蜂体内放线菌的分离、多样性及抗菌活性研究

【目的】探索药用昆虫中华蜂(Apis cerana cerana Fabricius)体内可培养放线菌的分离方法,研究其物种多样性及抗菌活性,挖掘更多微生物资源。【方法】选用7种分离培养基对中华蜂样品体内放线菌进行分离;通过采用16S rRNA PCR-RFLP和16S rRNA基因序列分析方法研究其多样性;选用4种致病菌对菌株进行抗菌活性初探。【结果】共分离得到180株放线菌,根据菌落的形态和细胞特征观察结果,从中选取84株作为代表菌株,其分属于3个目、4个科中的4个属,其中6株为潜在新种;最适的表面消毒方法:浓度为0.2%的Cl O2(二氧化氯)作为消毒剂,作用60 s;拮抗实验显示,31.0%、48.8%、27.4%、16.7%的代表菌株分别对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、玉米弯孢病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌有不同程度的抗菌活性,71.4%的代表菌株对至少一种病原菌有拮抗作用。【结论】分离方法的选择对昆虫体内放线菌的分离效果影响较大;中华蜂体内放线菌具有丰富的多样性,展现出很好的抗菌活性,表明其在发现新型生物活性物质中具有很大的潜力。     

塔里木盆地胀果甘草内生放线菌多样性及抗菌活性分析

【目的】发掘具有开发前景的放线菌资源,对分离自新疆胀果甘草的内生放线菌的多样性、抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成相关基因进行研究。【方法】采用5种培养基和3种前处理方法,从胀果甘草中分离获得80株放线菌。基于菌株形态学特征,对36株代表菌株进行抗菌活性检测,通过特异性引物扩增方法,检测了PKS I、PKS II、NPRS和卤化酶基因,探究其合成天然产物的潜在能力。结合筛选结果,选取其中20株代表菌,经16S r RNA基因测序,对其进行系统发育分析。【结果】培养基E2和E3结合热处理的分离效果较好;86.1%的代表菌株对供试的细菌、病原真菌表现出了不同程度的抗菌活性,PKS I、PKS II、NRPS基因和卤化酶基因阳性检出率分别为16.7%、72.2%、25.0%和11.1%。具有活性功能的代表菌株经16S r RNA基因测序分析,分别属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、小单胞菌属(Micromonospora)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)和游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes)4个属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyces)为优势菌属,占60%以上。【结论】胀果甘草是我国传统的药用植物,其植株内部蕴藏着丰富的放线菌资源,并在次生代谢产物合成方面拥有巨大潜力,具有进一步开发的价值。     

怒江大峡谷怒江州段土壤放线菌多样性

【背景】怒江大峡谷怒江州段凭借独特的地理环境、丰富的动植物多样性以及极少的人为干扰,拥有很高的生物多样性调查价值,但对于该生境中的放线菌多样性研究尚未见相关报道。【目的】研究怒江大峡谷怒江州段土壤放线菌多样性情况。【方法】利用Illumina Hi Seq平台对怒江州段土壤样品放线菌免培养多样性进行高通量测序,通过相对丰度、物种聚类、主成分分析对不同样品中放线菌组成及其相似性进行了分析。同时通过9种不同类型培养基结合有效的预处理方法和非目的菌抑制剂进行放线菌的纯培养分离。【结果】高通量测序共获得Tag数目474 203条,OTU数目15 671个,它们分布于细菌域下的47个门90个纲170个目320个科561个属。通过不同样品的比较,发现BS、F-G、F-L、L样品的放线菌免培养多样性普遍优于丙中洛样点的BB、BT、BH样品。纯培养分离共获得351株放线菌,分布于放线菌纲下8个目14个科26个属。所用9种培养基中,YIM171培养基的分离效果最好。通过比较不同样品的放线菌纯培养多样性,丙中洛混合样明显优于其他样品。【结论】怒江大峡谷怒江州段土壤样品中放线菌多样性丰富,应进一步挖掘其放线菌资源潜力,为今后放线菌次生代谢产物的开发提供有效的菌株资源。     

邳州银杏内生放线菌分离、筛选及活性菌株鉴定

【目的】从银杏中分离、筛选得到具有抑菌作用的内生放线菌,为放线菌在生物防治上的应用提供新的菌种资源。【方法】采用组织贴片培养法进行分离,生长对峙法进行筛选。【结果】从银杏的根、茎、叶中分离得到98株、50株、8株内生放线菌(共计156株),47株放线菌具有拮抗植物病原真菌活性。菌株KLBMP 5501抗菌活性最好且具有广谱性,基于形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列的相似性分析等多项分类特征表明,菌株KLBMP 5501是一株浅紫链霉菌(Streptomyces violascens)。【结论】筛选得到了具有应用潜力的高活性菌株,并进行了菌种鉴定。     

高温放线菌的多样性

高温微生物能在高温环境下生存,并能维持其自身生理生化过程的酶系和化合物的稳定性[1].自1969年发现水生栖热菌(Thermus aquaticus)以后[2],高温菌就引起微生物学家的极大关注.高温菌两个显著的特点决定了其在现代分子生物学和工业应用上的重要价值:一是热稳定性功能分子;二是生长极快且会自溶,能在高温条件下发酵而不易受污染.     

红树林内生放线菌

随着从来源于普通环境土壤微生物中分离、筛选新化合物几率的不断下降,人们已经逐步将注意力转向了特殊生态环境的微生物。红树植物生长于海岸潮间带,其独特的生存环境赋予它丰富的微生物资源,尤其是内生菌资源,其丰     

Siderophore production by actinobacteria

Produced by bacteria, fungi and plants, siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelating agents (200–2,000 Da) to facilitate uptake of iron (Fe). They play an important role in extracellular Fe solubilization from minerals to make it available to microorganisms. Siderophores have various chemical structures and form a family of at least 500 different compounds. Some antibiotics (i.e., albomycins, ferrimycins, danomycins, salmycins, and tetracyclines) can bind Fe and some siderophores showed diverse biological activities. Functions and applications of siderophores derived from actinobacteria were reviewed to better understand the diverse metabolites.     

Redox control in actinobacteria

As most actinobacteria are obligate aerobes, they have to cope with endogenously generated reactive oxygen species, and actinobacterial pathogens have to resist oxidative attack by phagocytes. Actinobacteria also have to survive long periods under low oxygen tension; for example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can persist in the host for years under apparently hypoxic conditions in a latent, non-replicative state. Here we focus on the regulatory switches that control actinobacterial responses to peroxide stress, disulfide stress and low oxygen tension. Other unique aspects of their redox biology will be highlighted, including the use of the pseudodisaccharide mycothiol as their major low-molecular-weight thiol buffer, and the [4Fe-4S]-containing WhiB-like proteins, which play diverse, important roles in actinobacterial biology, but whose biochemical role is still controversial.     

嗜碱放线菌的分离方法

嗜碱放线菌是一类嗜好碱性生活环境的特殊资源微生物。近年来,从嗜碱放线菌中发现多个新分类单元和结构新颖、活性独特的天然产物,由此引起人们的极大兴趣。有效的选择性分离方法是收集与挖掘嗜碱放线菌物种资源的关键。本文分析了嗜碱放线菌的生理特点,归纳了嗜碱放线菌的分离方法及存在问题,并探讨了未来的发展趋势。     

嗜碱放线菌的分离方法

嗜碱放线菌是一类嗜好碱性生活环境的特殊资源微生物。近年来,从嗜碱放线菌中发现多个新分类单元和结构新颖、活性独特的天然产物,由此引起人们的极大兴趣。有效的选择性分离方法是收集与挖掘嗜碱放线菌物种资源的关键。本文分析了嗜碱放线菌的生理特点,归纳了嗜碱放线菌的分离方法及存在问题,并探讨了未来的发展趋势。     

Phylogenetic perspectives of nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria

It was assumed for a long time that the ability to catalyze atmospheric nitrogen (diazotrophy) has a narrow distribution among actinobacteria being limited to the genus Frankia. Recently, the number of nitrogen fixation (nifH) genes identified in other non-Frankia actinobacteria has dramatically increased and has opened investigation on the origin and emergence of diazotrophy among actinobacteria. During the last decade, Mycobacterium flavum, Corynebacterium autotrophicum and a fluorescent Arthrobacter sp. have been reported to have nitrogenase activity, but these studies have not been further verified. Additional reports of nitrogen fixation by Agromyces, Microbacterium, Corynebacterium and Micromonospora isolated from root nodules of leguminous and actinorhizal plants have increased. For several actinobacteria, nitrogen fixation was demonstrated by the ability to grow on nitrogen-free medium, acetylene reduction activity, ¹⁵N isotope dilution analysis and identification of a nifH gene via PCR amplification. Moreover, the analyses of draft genome sequences of actinobacteria including Slackia exigua, Rothia mucilaginosa and Gordonibacter pamelaeae have also revealed the presence of nifH-like sequences. Whether these nifH sequences are associated with effective nitrogen fixation in these actinobacteria taxa has not yet been demonstrated. These genes may be vertically or horizontally transferred and be silent sequences. These ideas merit further investigation. This minireview presents a phylogenetic comparison of nitrogen fixation gene (nifH) with the aim of elucidating the processes underlying the evolutionary history of this catalytic ability among actinobacteria.     

Novel actinobacteria from marine sponges

Actinobacteria exclusively within the sub-class Acidimicrobidae were shown by 16S rDNA community analysis to be major components of the bacterial community associated with two sponge species in the genus Xestospongia. Four groups of Actinobacteria were identified in Xestospongia spp., with three of these four groups being found in both Xestospongia muta from Key Largo, Florida and Xestospongia testudinaria from Manado, Indonesia. This suggests that these groups are true symbionts in these sponges and may play a common role in both the Pacific and Atlantic sponge species. The fourth group was found only in X. testudinaria and was a novel assemblage distantly related to any previously sequenced actinobacterial clones. The only actinobacteria that were obtained in initial culturing attempts were Gordonia, Micrococcus and Brachybacterium spp., none of which were represented in the clone libraries. The closest cultured actinobacteria to all the Acidimicrobidae clones from Xestospongia spp. are Microthrix parvicella and Acidimicrobium spp. Xestospongia spp. can now be targeted as source material from which to culture novel Acidimicrobidae to investigate their potential as producers of bioactive compounds. Isolation of sponge-associated Acidimicrobidae will also make it possible to elucidate their role as sponge symbionts.     

Diversity and biogeography of marine actinobacteria

The actinomycetes, although not all the Actinobacteria, are easy to isolate from the marine environment. However, their ecological role in the marine ecosystem is largely neglected and various assumptions meant there was little incentive to isolate strains for search and discovery of new drugs. However, the marine environment has become a prime resource in search and discovery for novel natural products and biological diversity, and marine actinomycetes turn out to be important contributors. Similarly, striking advances have been made in marine microbial ecology using molecular techniques and metagenomics, and actinobacteria emerge as an often significant, sometimes even dominant, environmental clade. Both approaches - cultivation methods and molecular techniques - are leading to new insights into marine actinobacterial biodiversity and biogeography. Very different views of actinobacterial diversity emerge from these, however, and the true extent and biogeography of this are still not clear. These are important for developing natural product search and discovery strategies, and biogeography is a hot topic for microbial ecologists.     

Biologically active metabolites of marine actinobacteria

Data on the chemical structures and biologic activities of metabolites of obligate and facultative marine actinobacteria published between 2000 and 2007 are reviewed. The structural features of five groups of metabolites related to macrolides and compounds containing lactone, quinone, and diketopiperazine residues; cyclic peptides; alkaloids; and compounds of combined nature are discussed. The review shows the large chemical diversity of metabolites of actinobacteria isolated from marine ecotopes. In addition to metabolites identical to those previously isolated from terrestrial actinobacteria, marine actinobacteria produce compounds not found in other natural sources, including microorganisms. Probably, the biosynthesis of new chemotypes of bioactive compounds by marine actinobacteria is related to the chemical adaptation of microorganisms to the marine environment. The review emphasizes the importance of chemical studies of metabolites produced by marine actinobacteria. These studies will provide new data on marine microbial producers of biologically active compounds and the chemical structures and biologic activities of new natural lowmolecular-weight bioregulators.