丝状真菌形态控制及其在发酵过程优化中的应用

丝状真菌广泛用于发酵产业,在液体深层发酵过程中,其生长形态与产物种类及产量间存在重要关联,成为发酵过程调控的热点。采用数学模型解释丝状真菌的形态发育与调控机制,是近年来工程学界颇为关注的研究手段。本文结合自己的工作着重解释丝状真菌各种生长形态的生长机理及形态发育的数学描述方式,以及如何采用数学模型描述丝状真菌发酵过程中产物、形态及环境的关联,最终实现形态的控制,完成生物发酵过程优化。具体包括:1)丝状真菌的生长机制;2)形态发育数学模型在发酵过程优化中的应用;3)控制丝状真菌形态的策略。     

LaeA在丝状真菌次级代谢、生长发育和其他重要生物过程中的作用

LaeA是在构巢曲霉中首次鉴定的一种全局调控因子,其同源蛋白在丝状真菌中广泛存在,具有高度的保守性。LaeA及其同源蛋白序列存在S-腺苷甲硫氨酸结合基序,是一种甲基转移酶,可能影响组蛋白修饰,导致染色体结构的改变,进而调控一系列基因的表达。大量研究表明,LaeA及其同源蛋白参与调控丝状真菌多种次级代谢产物的生物合成,影响丝状真菌的生长发育和形态分化,甚至在丝状真菌生产有机酸和一些工业酶的过程中也发挥着重要作用。本文综述了LaeA及其同源蛋白的作用机制,以及该蛋白在丝状真菌次级代谢、生长发育和其他重要生物过程中的作用,并对存在的问题及应用前景进行讨论与展望。     

丝状真菌胞吐体的研究进展

胞吐体(Exocyst)是真核生物细胞内由8个亚基组成的复合体,在后高尔基体产生的分泌囊泡与细胞膜特定位置的定向与拴系过程中发挥重要作用。一些小G蛋白通过直接与胞吐体的亚基相互作用,对极性胞外分泌进行精确的时空调节。丝状真菌的生长是通过菌丝顶端的极性生长来完成的,并且具有极强的分泌蛋白质能力,是研究胞吐体的理想系统。胞吐体对丝状真菌的形态发生和致病性都有极大的影响。本文综述了当前在丝状真菌中胞吐体的研究进展,包括它的组成、亚基定位、相关功能和调控。     

藤仓赤霉(Gibberella fujikuroi)分子生物学及发酵工程研究进展

赤霉素是最重要的植物生长调节剂之一,工业化生产是由丝状真菌藤仓赤霉发酵产生.近20年来,随着分子生物学技术的发展,对藤仓赤霉赤霉素生物合成途径中相关基因的分子鉴定和表达调控等研究取得了显著的进展,赤霉素生物合成途径的分子生物学基本研究清楚,使得利用基因工程和代谢工程技术进行赤霉菌改良、提高赤霉素发酵水平成为可能.本文对藤仓赤霉中赤霉素合成机理及其表达调控、关键酶基因功能、外源基因转化系统、发酵技术、利用基因工程技术进行改造等方面的研究进展进行综述.     

丝状真菌G蛋白信号途径的研究进展

丝状真菌在工业、农业、医药等领域具有重要经济价值,一些亦可导致人类及动、植物疾病,造成经济损失.G蛋白信号途径是真核生物中普遍存在的细胞跨膜信号转导途径.近年来,丝状真菌中G蛋白信号途径的研究发展很快,相关报道表明该信号途径参与感应并传递多种胞外信号刺激,对丝状真菌的生长、分化、繁殖、致病性及真菌毒素等次生代谢产物合成有重要的调控作用.本文就丝状真菌中G蛋白信号途径的基本组成及其生理功能的研究现状进行简要综述.     

粗糙脉孢菌纤维素酶液体发酵优良形态突变体筛选

丝状真菌被广泛地用于包括纤维素酶在内的工业酶生产过程。在液体深层发酵中,丝状真菌菌丝形态直接影响发酵液的流变特性,进而与目标酶蛋白产量存在着重要的关联。目前,针对丝状真菌工业酶液体发酵菌丝形态的研究依然是从传统的发酵工程学角度出发,对与发酵水平紧密相关的形态、粘度等性状相关基因的认识远远不够。为了挖掘深层发酵中对丝状真菌发酵产酶性能具有重要影响的形态发育相关基因,以粗糙脉孢菌Neurospora crassa单基因突变体库中的95株形态突变株为研究对象,在结晶纤维素为碳源的条件下进行筛选,探寻与野生型菌株蛋白产量有显著差异的突变株。同时,对这些突变株的内切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活、β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活、发酵液粘度和菌丝干重进行了测定,并观察了发酵液中突变株的菌丝形态。实验结果表明,与野生型菌株相比,突变株SZY32、SZY35、SZY39和SZY43发酵液中蛋白浓度显著降低,突变株SZY11、SZY63、SZY69和SZY87发酵液中蛋白浓度显著性提高。值得注意的是,突变株SZY11和SZY43发酵液菌丝体主要形态为菌球状,其发酵液粘度分别降低75%和50%,突变株SZY87在发酵液中呈长丝状,发酵液粘度显著升高至少2倍。这些与产酶水平相关的形态、粘度基因的获得将有助于丝状真菌纤维素酶等工业酶高产工程菌株的理性构建。     

无机微粒添加对丝状微生物发酵过程的影响

摘要:丝状微生物是一类重要的工业发酵菌种,在液体深层发酵过程中其菌丝呈现3种形态:分散状菌丝、团状及球状,而其生长形态与发酵产物种类及产量之间又存在着重要的关系。本文结合本实验室所做的初步工作阐述了丝状微生物菌体形态对其发酵产物种类及产量的影响,以及无机微粒的添加对发酵过程中菌体形态、菌体结构以及发酵产量等的影响。     

赤霉菌原生质体DNA转化

DNA转化是基因表达和其它分子生物学研究的一项重要内容。原核生物（如细菌）的DNA转化技术已相当成熟,作为真核生物的丝状真菌其DNA转化过程要相对复杂一些,且转化效率一般也不如细菌的高。但丝状真菌DNA转化的研究对于深入探讨真菌基因表达调控的机理、尤其是研究外源基因在丝状真菌中的表达有着重要意义（唐国敏,1992）。赤霉菌（Gibberellajirjtheroi）在实验室条件下易培养、生长快,是研究赤霉素储类生物合成途径的必需材料,在作为表达体系表达外源基因尤其是储类合成的关键基因方面亦有着潜在的用途。但作为赤霉菌基础研究…     

丝状真菌次级代谢产物生物合成的表观遗传调控

丝状真菌产生的次级代谢产物是新药的重要来源之一,其生物合成过程受到众多因素的调控。最近的研究表明,表观遗传对多种丝状真菌次级代谢产物的生物合成具有调控作用。DNA和组蛋白的甲基化与乙酰化修饰是目前所知的丝状真菌主要的表观遗传调控形式。通过过表达或缺失相关表观修饰基因和利用小分子表观遗传试剂改变丝状真菌染色体的修饰形式,不仅可以提高多种已知次级代谢产物产量,而且可以通过激活沉默的生物合成基因簇诱导丝状真菌产生新的未知代谢产物。丝状真菌表观遗传学正逐渐成为真菌菌株改良的新策略以及挖掘真菌次级代谢产物合成潜力的强有力手段。     

微管骨架在丝状真菌极性生长中的作用

细胞极性的确立是真核生物发育过程中的关键环节,丝状真菌作为微生物具有典型的极性生长模式,微管骨架在极性生长中具有重要的作用。对近年来微管骨架在丝状真菌极性生长中的作用进行了综述。     

The filamentous fungal pellet and forces driving its formation

Filamentous fungi play an important role not only in the bio-manufacturing of value-added products, but also in bioenergy and environmental research. The bioprocess manipulation of filamentous fungi is more difficult than that of other microbial species because of their different pellet morphologies and the presence of tangled mycelia under different cultivation conditions. Fungal pellets, which have the advantages of harvest ease, low fermentation broth viscosity and high yield of some proteins, have been used for a long time. Many attempts have been made to establish the relationship between pellet and product yield using quantitative approaches. Fungal pellet formation is attributed to the combination of electrostatic interactions, hydrophobicity and specific interactions from spore wall components. Electrostatic interactions result from van der Waals forces and negative charge repulsion from carboxyl groups in the spore wall structure. Electrostatic interactions are also affected by counter-ions (cations) and the physiologic conditions of spores that modify the carboxyl groups. Fungal aggregates are promoted by the hydrophobicity generated by hydrophobins, which form a hydrophobic coat that covers the spore. The specific interactions of spore wall components contribute to spore aggregation through salt bridging. A model of spore aggregation was proposed based on these forces. Additionally, some challenges were addressed, including the limitations of research techniques, the quantitative determination of forces and the complex information of biological systems, to clarify the mechanism of fungal pellet formation.     

华根霉液态培养生产脂肪酶不同形态菌体的转录组差异分析

【背景】作为发酵工业中一类重要的生产菌株,丝状真菌目的产物的形成与菌体形态有着紧密的联系。华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)CCTCC M201021是从我国传统酿造浓香型白酒大曲中筛选到的一株丝状真菌,其生成的包括脂肪酶在内的酶蛋白具有较高的工业应用价值。【目的】华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)CCTCC M201021在脂肪酶液态发酵中形成两种不同形态菌体,发酵表现差异明显。本研究考察华根霉不同菌体形态及其细胞代谢在转录组水平的内在差异。【方法】基于RNA-Seq高通量转录组测序,分别对液态培养获得的不同形态华根霉菌体高表达和显著差异表达的转录基因进行功能分析。【结果】两种形态菌体转录组存在明显的差异。利用RPKM值对表达量最高的前20个基因进行分析,聚集态菌体高表达基因主要为不同类别的核糖体蛋白,而分散态菌体中与细胞形态相关的几丁质酶及与信号传导相关的基因也是高表达基因。在两种形态菌体显著差异表达的20个基因中,除了涉及代谢的基因有明显不同外,分散态菌体中也有一些涉及"细胞过程与信号"的基因上调表达显著。两种形态菌体中独有表达基因总体表达量均较低,但聚集态菌体独有表达基因在基因种类和表达量上都要明显高于分散态菌体。同时,转录分析表明,华根霉脂肪酶在聚集菌体中较高的生产水平与脂肪酶基因的高水平转录有关。【结论】菌体形态的差异显著影响了华根霉的转录组,不仅不同形态菌体高表达基因和显著差异表达基因有明显不同,而且功能相同的蛋白在不同菌体形态下也多是由不同基因表达,它们可能承担着不同的作用。总体而言,华根霉聚集态菌体中存在更为复杂的生理过程,而分散菌体中受到信号的传导和调控似乎更多。菌体形态的改变可能是细胞分化的结果,伴随着菌体对细胞微环境改变的一种响应。研究结果为深入了解丝状真菌形态分化的内在机制及其影响提供了一些线索。     

Rhamnose Biosynthesis Pathway Supplies Precursors for Primary and Secondary Metabolism in Saccharopolyspora spinosa

Rhamnose is an essential component of the insect control agent spinosad. However, the genes coding for the four enzymes involved in rhamnose biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora spinosa are located in three different regions of the genome, all unlinked to the cluster of other genes that are required for spinosyn biosynthesis. Disruption of any of the rhamnose genes resulted in mutants with highly fragmented mycelia that could survive only in media supplemented with an osmotic stabilizer. It appears that this single set of genes provides rhamnose for cell wall synthesis as well as for secondary metabolite production. Duplicating the first two genes of the pathway caused a significant improvement in the yield of spinosyn fermentation products.     

具抑菌活性连翘内生真菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从药用植物连翘内生真菌中筛选抑菌活性菌株, 并对其主要活性成分进行检测分析。【方法】采用常规组织分离法分离内生真菌, 滤纸片法测定其发酵产物对3种指示细菌的抑菌活性。TLC、HPLC和HPLC-MS检测活性菌株代谢产物中连翘苷成分。根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析鉴定目的菌株。【结果】分离得到的24株内生真菌中抑菌圈直径超过10 mm的菌株, 发酵液组有11株(45.8%), 菌丝体组有19株(79.2%), 活性菌株主要集中在果实内生真菌中, 其中G5、G7和G10表现出较强的抑菌活性。从菌株G10的胞内产物中发现活性成分连翘苷, 将其鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。【结论】连翘内生真菌是天然抗菌活性物质的重要筛选来源。     

Concurrent production of chitin from shrimp shells and fungi

Crustacean shells constitute the traditional and current commercial source of chitin. Conversely, the control of fungal fermentation processes to produce quality chitin makes fungal mycelia an attractive alternative source. Therefore, the exploitation of both of these sources to produce chitin in a concurrent process should be advantageous and is reported here. Three proteolytic Aspergillus niger (strains 0576, 0307 and 0474) were selected from a screening for protease activity from among 34 zygomycete and deuteromycete strains. When fungi and shrimp shell powder were combined in a single reactor, the release of protease by the fungi facilitated the deproteinization of shrimp-shell powder and the release of hydrolyzed proteins. The hydrolyzed proteins in turn were utilized as a nitrogen source for fungal growth, leading to a lowering of the pH of the fermentation medium, thereby further enhancing the demineralization of the shrimp-shell powder. The shrimp-shell powders and fungal mycelia were separated after fermentation and extracted for chitin with 5% LiCl/DMAc solvent. Chitin isolates from the shells were found to have a protein content of less than 5%, while chitin isolates from the three fungal mycelia strains had protein content in the range of 10-15%. The relative molecular weights as estimated by GPC for all chitin samples were in the 10(5) dalton range. All samples displayed characteristic profiles for chitin in their FTIR and solid-state NMR spectra. All chitin samples evaluated with MTT and Neutral Red assays with three commercial cell lines did not display cytotoxic effects.     

Sterol composition of mycelia of the plant pathogenic ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans

Analysis of sterols in mycelia of the ascomycete, Leptosphaeria maculans by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that ergosterol comprised 95% of the total sterols, with eight other sterols comprising the remaining 5%. Six of these latter sterols were putative precursors of ergosterol and their presence suggested a pathway for ergosterol biosynthesis in this fungus. Ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi is inhibited by the triazole antifungal agent flutriafol. When L. maculans was grown in the presence of flutriafol, ergosterol content decreased while two 14 alpha-methylated sterols, 24-methylene dihydrolanosterol and obtusifoliol, accumulated.     

Identification of diterpene biosynthetic gene clusters and functional analysis of labdane-related diterpene cyclases in Phomopsis amygdali

Two diterpene biosynthesis gene clusters in the fusicoccin-producing fungus, Phomopsis amygdali, were identified by genome walking from PaGGS1 and PaGGS4 which encode the geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) synthases. The diterpene cyclase-like genes, PaDC1 and PaDC2, were respectively located proximal to PaGGS1 and PaGGS4. The amino acid sequences of these two enzymes were similar to those of fungal labdane-related diterpene cyclases. Recombinant PaDC1 converted GGDP mainly into phyllocladan-16 alpha-ol via (+)-copalyl diphosphate (CDP) and trace amounts of several labdane-related hydrocarbons which had been identified from the P. amygdali F6 mycelia. Since phyllocladan-16 alpha-ol had not been identified in P. amygdali F6 mycelia, we isolated phyllocladan-16 alpha-ol from the mycelia. Recombinant PaDC2 converted GGDP into (+)-CDP. Furthermore, we isolated the novel diterpenoid, phyllocladan-11 alpha,16 alpha,18-triol, which is a possible metabolite of phyllocladan-16 alpha-ol in the mycelia. We propose that genome walking offers a useful strategy for the discovery of novel natural products in fungi.     

Biological activities of extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia plants

Sixty-five crude extracts from 51 selected endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia species were tested for various bioactivities. Eighty per cent of the fungal extracts from fermentation broths and mycelia displayed bioactivities: antimycobacterial (76.9%), antimalarial (14.1%), antiviral (16.7%), antioxidant (22.2%), antiproliferation (11.1% against NCI-H187 and 12.7% against KB cells), and cytotoxicity to Vero cells (40.0%). Based on internal transcribed spacer rRNA sequence analysis, 15 bioactive isolates were identified as Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Curvularia, Fusicoccum, Guignardia, Muscodor, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, and Phomopsis spp. One isolate (N24) was matched with an unidentified fungal endophyte. These results indicate that endophytic fungi isolated from Garcinia plants in Thailand are potential sources of various bioactive natural products.     

灵芝菌丝体三萜及其药理活性的研究进展

菌丝体作为灵芝生长发育过程中的一个特定生理阶段,会产生不同于子实体和孢子的特定结构的灵芝酸类三萜化合物。本文总结了灵芝菌丝体中已发现和鉴定的三萜化合物结构、生物活性及其构效关系的研究进展,以期为灵芝菌丝体三萜在生物合成、代谢调控等的基础研究及相关产品的开发应用提供科学参考。