草地螟2007年越冬代成虫迁飞行为研究与虫源分析

草地螟 Loxostege sticticalis L.是危害我国北方农牧业的一种重要迁飞性害虫,明确草地螟的虫源地及迁飞路线对其早期预警具有重要意义。本文利用垂直监测昆虫雷达的长期观测,迁飞高峰期雌虫卵巢解剖、大区环流分析、各地虫情信息收集和利用Hysplit_4模型进行轨迹分析,研究了2007年越冬代草地螟的空中迁飞行为和东北地区严重暴发的草地螟虫源。结果表明：6月7–9日,雷达观测点诱虫灯内草地螟具有典型迁飞昆虫生理特征;草地螟主要在夜间迁飞,飞行高度集中在300～500 m,400 m是主要飞行高度,迁飞高峰期夜间迁移可持续9 h。东北地区严重发生的草地螟虫源,一部分来自内蒙古乌盟地区,一部分来自蒙古共和国中东部及中俄边境地区。据此推测我国与国外草地螟存在虫源交流。     

两种灯光诱测工具对粘虫种群的监测效果

【目的】比较和评价自动虫情测报灯和高空探照灯诱捕粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)的种群动态和迁飞状态,为粘虫迁飞规律的研究和测报防控工作提供科学依据。【方法】逐日检查并统计自动虫情测报灯和高空探照灯下不同季节诱蛾量和高峰期,雌蛾卵巢发育进度和交尾率。【结果】2015-2017年自动虫情测报灯和高空探照灯下粘虫年度间第1到第4代诱蛾量无显著差别,高空探照灯在越冬代诱蛾量极显著地高于自动虫情测报灯,高峰期有明显的不同;越冬代雌蛾的卵巢发育2级以下的比率分别为20%和0、第4代为90%和100%,卡方测验无显著差异;高空探照灯诱捕到的第1至第3代雌蛾,卵巢发育2级以下的比率总是显著高于自动虫情测报灯,交尾率有类似的结果。【结论】两种诱测工具均表明漯河地区粘虫处于春季迁入和秋季第4代迁出状态;高空探照灯监测到的第1代到第3代粘虫更多处于过境和迁飞状态。     

新疆阿勒泰地区草地螟成虫发生特征

【目的】明确草地螟Loxostege sticticalis成虫在新疆阿勒泰地区发生消长规律以及卵巢发育与种群动态和迁飞之间的关系。【方法】采用高空探照灯诱集草地螟成虫并解剖卵巢,观察卵巢发育进度。【结果】研究区域存在草地螟成虫数量突增突减现象; 2015年发生量比2016年多,2015年草地螟8月30日消失,2016年草地螟8月22日消失。2015和2016年草地螟成虫夜间在第2时段(00:10-01:50)、第3时段(01:50-03:30)出现次数多。2015年第一代草地螟成虫数量突然增加时,65. 5%的雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅲ级;自7月下旬第一代草地螟成虫数量呈现下降趋势,此时69. 1%的雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅱ级。2016年第一代草地螟成虫数量突然增加时,71. 25%的雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅳ级。2015和2016年第一代草地螟雌蛾中各级别卵巢均能解剖到,但是Ⅲ和Ⅳ级卵巢的比例仍然最高。【结论】2015和2016年新疆阿勒泰地区草地螟属于外地虫源迁入和本地虫源形成的混合种群。     

安徽江淮地区灰飞虱的春季迁飞与扩散

通过2009,2010年春季对江淮地区安徽凤台麦田及灯诱灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)种群的系统调查和雌虫卵巢的系统解剖,明确了本地越冬后灰飞虱的种群性质,作为灰飞虱能否迁飞的判据;运用美国NOAA网站的HYSPLIT平台对本地的迁入高峰做了数值模拟和虫源分析。结果表明:(1)江淮稻区灰飞虱麦田种群的迁移动态为远距离迁飞与本地扩散相结合;(2)在本地范围内,灰飞虱的本地繁殖型长翅成虫于麦收前可从麦田向秧田迁移扩散,在不利于长翅成虫起飞进行远距离迁飞的天气条件,如降雨、大风等的影响下,麦田迁飞型种群可向附近的秧田扩散;(3)灯诱与田间长翅雌虫卵巢解剖表明本地2010年6月5日和12日出现迁入虫群;虫源轨迹分析显示2010年6月5日迁入虫峰来自苏中的扬州地区,6月12日迁入虫源来自鲁南济宁地区。     

褐飞虱2009年秋季回迁的雷达监测及轨迹分析

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)是水稻生产上重要的迁飞性害虫,研究其迁飞、扩散规律,为早期预警和有效防治提供科学依据。2009年4月27日至10月11日, 在中国农业科学院植物保护研究所重大病虫害监测预警兴安雷达站内利用毫米波扫描昆虫雷达对褐飞虱的迁飞过程进行长期观测,高空探照灯诱虫器及佳多自动虫情测报灯诱虫器分别用来诱捕高空及地面的褐飞虱,对高空探照灯诱到的褐飞虱雌成虫随机挑选30头进行卵巢解剖, 并结合大区环流和利用Hysplit_4模型进行轨迹分析,研究了褐飞虱的秋季回迁过程和虫源。结果表明：褐飞虱秋季回迁高峰期出现在9月28日至10月7日,高峰日为10月1日, 高峰日内雷达回波主要在600~1 100 m范围内聚集成层,高空探照灯诱虫器内褐飞虱的数量达到了13 620头;卵巢发育级别以1~2级为主。轨迹分析显示：本次回迁的褐飞虱主要来自湖南衡阳和永州等地,随东北气流向广西柳州、南宁和崇左等方向迁飞。轨迹推断与褐飞虱实发虫情基本吻合,通过毫米波扫描昆虫雷达确定了褐飞虱秋季回迁的高度,为毫米波扫描昆虫雷达早期投入到预测预报的实践中奠定了基础,对我国褐飞虱早期预警体系的建立将提供必要的技术支持。     

山东济宁灰飞虱春季种群动态及迁飞特性

通过灯诱和田间系统调查以及长翅型雌虫卵巢解剖,研究了山东济宁灰飞虱Laodelphaxs triatellus(Fallén)在灯下、麦田和秧田的种群消长动态及虫源性质。运用GrADS和ArcGIS分析了2009年6月7日迁入峰和2010年6月15日迁出峰的天气学背景,并运用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台模拟了这2个时期灰飞虱的迁飞路径。结果表明:(1)2009年6月7日、8日,2010年6月3日至7日为济宁灰飞虱的迁入高峰期;2009年6月2日至4日、9日,2010年6月8日,6月15日至18日为济宁灰飞虱的迁出高峰期。(2)回推轨迹分析显示2009年6月7日迁入济宁的灰飞虱的虫源地主要为江苏省宿迁市沭阳县和泗洪县及丹阳市,而顺推轨迹分析显示2010年6月15日济宁灰飞虱迁出可能降落于辽宁省朝阳市喀喇沁左翼蒙古族自治县、大连市与丹东市交界及朝鲜江原道。(3)降雨是导致灰飞虱迁入或迁出降落的最主要因子,灰飞虱降落于降水区的边缘。     

桂东北稻区第七代褐飞虱迁飞规律及虫源分析

褐飞虱是我国水稻上的一种重要迁飞性害虫,在桂东北稻区不能越冬。近年来,作为次害代的第7代褐飞虱在桂东北稻区频繁暴发,桂东北稻区作为褐飞虱南北往返迁飞的重要通道,研究阐明该稻区第7代褐飞虱的迁飞规律及虫源分布,对第7代褐飞虱的早期预警和有效防控意义重大。利用灯光诱捕的方法研究了2007—2010年桂东北稻区褐飞虱的迁飞动态,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)和气象图形处理软件GrADS(Grid Analysis and Display System)对褐飞虱迁入、迁出峰次进行轨迹分析和气象背景分析。结果表明:(1)桂东北稻区第7代褐飞虱每年都会出现2—3次迁飞高峰,虫量高峰期主要集中在9月底至10月上旬。(2)迁入虫源主要来自江西中西部和湖南中东部稻区,从本地起飞的部分褐飞虱飞行24 h或36 h后能到达广西南部沿海、越南北部和海南等越冬区。(3)925 hPa的温度高则褐飞虱虫量高;盛行东北气流较多的年份,褐飞虱发生严重;微弱的下沉气流和无雨天气有利于褐飞虱的迁飞。     

云南师宗白背飞虱前期迁入种群的虫源地分布与降落机制

通过对1990—2012年云南省师宗县4—5月出现的白背飞虱灯诱高峰日进行轨迹模拟以及降虫高峰日的风场分析,得到以下结果:4月下旬,师宗上空盛行西风,白背飞虱虫源主要来自缅甸东北部,部分来自越南北部和金三角地区;5月份,西南风为盛行风向,其中上中旬的虫源地主要分布在越南西北部、老挝北部和滇西南,缅甸东北部可提供部分虫源;下旬则主要分布在滇西南,部分虫源来自越南西北部、老挝北部和缅甸东北部。对降虫高峰期的大气环流背景、峰日风温场、降雨等气象因子的分析结果表明,降水、风切变和气流垂直扰动是造成白背飞虱集中降落的主要因子。     

山东省探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集昆虫群落结构

[目的]山东省是昆虫南北迁飞的关键路径,了解山东省的迁飞性昆虫群落结构,对明确迁飞性昆虫种类,并对其进行预测预报具有重要意义.[方法]在山东省14个地区建立监测点,每个监测点于2018年9月-10月利用探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集昆虫.[结果]14个监测点共诱捕到昆虫有12目54科408种,其中探照灯诱虫器诱集到11目45科388种,地面灯诱虫器诱集到12目46科365种,探照灯诱虫器诱集的主要昆虫类群为鳞翅目(79.12％)、鞘翅目(9.42％)、直翅目(8.14％)和脉翅目(2.26％).地面灯诱虫器诱集的主要昆虫类群为鳞翅目(68.84％)、鞘翅目(23.46％)、膜翅目(3.69％)、直翅目(1.50％)、半翅目(1.14％).探照灯诱虫器诱集昆虫数量显著多于地面灯诱虫器.[结论]阐明了山东省昆虫群落结构和多样性,并证实了许多重大昆虫在山东省存在迁飞性.     

上海地区2007年褐飞虱的后期迁入和虫源地的个例分析

褐飞虱后期迁入是指在8月下旬到9月上旬水稻生育后期出现的异常迁入。分析了2007年上海地区褐飞虱后期迁入种群的虫源性质、迁飞降落过程、大气背景场以及虫源地情况,结果表明:(1)2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区出现的褐飞虱灯诱高峰为外地迁入峰,迁飞峰次分别为8月2223日,8月2731日。(2)8月2223日降虫主要受台风"圣帕"外围倒槽气流的影响;8月2731日褐飞虱的迁入主要受降雨过程的影响。(3)回推轨迹分析表明:2007年8月下旬到9月初上海地区后期迁入的虫源地主要分布在浙江东南沿海稻区(8月2223日),浙江中、北部(8月2731日),江南稻区北部包括皖南、赣北(8月29日)。(4)以怀宁为代表的皖南虫源地的顺推轨迹分析表明:8月下旬该区早中稻进入生育后期,食料条件恶化,褐飞虱长翅型成虫大量外迁,皖南稻区存在为上海提供虫源的对应关系。(5)虫源地的种植制度、虫源基数和合适的气象条件是导致后期迁入的重要因素。     

东北地区草地螟1999年大发生的虫源分析

草地螟是我国北方重要的迁飞性害虫,对其虫源地及迁飞路线尚缺乏全面的认识。本文分析了1999年各地草地螟主要迁入峰期的天气学背景,并对风场的时空分布及草地螟迁飞轨迹进行了模拟。结果表明：1999年东北地区大发生的草地螟只有少部分来自以往认为的“主要发生基地”,其主要虫源来自蒙古共和国东部及中蒙边境地区;草地螟盛发期东北地区气旋性天气系统对草地螟的迁入和扩散有密切的关系,据此提出可将“东北低压”、“东北低涡”的发生、发展趋势与虫源地的情况结合起来作为监测草地螟迁入的预警指标。     

Noctuid migration in Texas within the nocturnal aeroecological boundary layer

Long-distance migration of adult corn earworm moths (Helicoverpazea), and several other noctuid moth species, facilitates seasonalexpansion of pest populations and consequent increased infestationsof agricultural crops on a continental scale in North America.Long-term field studies of population dynamics and migratoryflights of H. zea and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)in the United States were evaluated using X-band radar observationsand profiles of atmospheric conditions. These studies identifiedcharacteristic patterns of migratory flight that are largelyassociated with vertical profiles of temperature and wind speed.Collective patterns of moth migrations were generally highlycorrelated with wind headings, but often at a significant angulardeviation. Preliminary analyses are presented between moth distributionsin the aerosphere estimated from discrete moth counts usingX-band radar and bulk reflectivity data from NEXRAD Dopplerradar. Identification of associations between atmospheric factorsand noctuid population dynamics and migratory flights will improvethe ability to predict infestations by pest species throughouttheir broad seasonal range expansion.     

Source area of spring population of meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Northeast China

The meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L., is an important outbreak pest in Northeast China. The spring population in Northeast China was considered as immigrants from North China; however, the population dynamics during 1996–2007 was not consistent with this traditional theory. In this study, the source area of the spring population of the meadow moth in Northeast China was identified by trajectory analysis using the wind field simulated by mesoscale numerical forecast model MM5. The results indicated that the population of the meadow moth in North China was able to migrate into Northeast China, but had not made a crucial contribution to the outbreaks there since the weather systems were generally adverse for such a long range migration in most of the years. On the other hand, high density cocoons of L. sticticalis have frequently been found in autumn in Northeast China since 1996. The trajectory analyses indicated that most of L. sticticalis in Northeast China in spring emerged from the cocoons that had overwintered either locally or in neighboring countries, i.e. Mongolia and Russia. The development of overwintering areas at higher latitudes coincides with the increased frequency of second-generation larvae; both phenomena might be attributed to the regional climate change associated with global warming.     

我国草地螟的迁飞规律及途径

草地螟Loxostege sticticalisL.是一种重要的迁飞害虫,曾给我国三北地区的农牧业生产造成巨大的经济损失。文章在列举大量草地螟迁飞证据的同时,总结分析了成虫的迁飞过程及行为生理特征、迁飞途径以及在我国主要发生危害区的虫源关系。有资料显示,成虫通常在黄昏前后自主起飞,起飞的适宜温度为20℃左右。当成虫进入边界层后,便在距地面400 m左右的高空成层,并随气流运载至远处。黎明前后,成虫降落。脂类是成虫飞行的主要能源物质。在我国,越冬代和1代之间可能可以“互为虫源地”。越冬代成虫随西南气流迁飞至我国东北地区,在当地繁殖1代后,成虫可能回迁至华北地区,尽管目前还缺乏直接的证据。最后,还讨论了草地螟迁飞规律研究中尚待解决的主要科学问题。     

东北地区粘虫的季节性迁飞行为(英文)

粘虫Mythimna separata是我国农业生产上的重要害虫, 为了明确其季节性迁飞行为参数, 本研究采用垂直监测昆虫雷达（vertical-looking radar, VLR）及相关辅助设备的长期自动观测, 结合基于GIS的大区环流和轨迹模拟, 调查分析了2005年东北地区粘虫季节性迁飞行为。结果表明： 粘虫在不同季节和夜间不同时间空中飞行高度具有明显差异, 空中飞行行为受气象条件尤其是空中风场影响较大; 春季和秋季主要借助气流运载进行大规模长距离迁飞, 夜间持续飞行时间可达9 h, 多数个体能完成整夜飞行, 春季迁飞高度主要在300~600 m, 秋季飞行高度相对较低主要在300 m以下和400~500 m。夏季雷达回波有明显的成层现象, 最高可达1 000 m, 主要集中在500 m和700 m两个高度层。轨迹分析显示： 5月29日由山东潍坊、 临沂等虫源地起飞的黏虫, 顺西南气流越海迁飞, 6月1日在气旋天气影响下, 在吉林省白城等地降落; 7月中旬主要为当地黏虫受对流天气影响进行短距离迁飞扩散; 9月11日虫源来自内蒙古呼伦贝尔, 顺西北气流向吉林省东南方向迁飞。研究结果为东北地区粘虫的有效防控提供了技术支撑。     

Pheromone‐trapping the nun moth,Lymantria monacha (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Inner Mongolia,China

The nun moth, Lymantria monacha L., is one of the most important defoliators of Eurasian coniferous forests. Outbreaks during 2011–2015 in the natural/planted larch, and larch‐birch mixed forests of the Greater Khingan Range in Inner Mongolia, China, caused tremendous timber losses from severe defoliation and tree mortality. A series of trapping experiments were conducted in these outbreak areas to evaluate the efficacy of a synthetic species‐specific pheromone lure based on the female pheromone blend of European nun moth populations. Our results clearly show that the nun moth in Inner Mongolia is highly and specifically attracted to this synthetic pheromone, with few gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) captured. Flight activity monitoring of L. monacha male moths using pheromone‐baited Unitraps at 2 locations during the summer of 2015 indicated that the flight period started in mid‐July, peaking in early August at both locations. Based on male moth captures, there was a strong diurnal rhythm of flight activity throughout the entire scotophase, peaking between 22:00 and 24:00. Unitraps and wing traps had significantly and surprisingly higher catches than the gypsy moth traps. Unitraps fastened to tree trunks 2 m above ground caught significantly more male moths than those at the ground level or at 5 m height. Male L. monacha moths can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps in open areas 150–200 m distant from the infested forest edge. Our data should allow improvement on the performance of pheromone‐baited traps for monitoring or mass‐trapping to combat outbreaks of this pest in northeastern China.     

A radar and aerial-trapping study of an early spring migration of moths (Lepidoptera) in inland New South Wales

The migrations of a number of species ofnoctuid and pvralid moths were studied with a specialpurpose radar unit and by direct sampling with a kite-borne net at a locality in central-western New South Wales during the early spring of 1980. The observations coincided with the appearance of very large numbers of moths throughout much of south-eastern Australia, and immediately followed a major caterpillar plague in south-western New South Wales. The migrations occurred mainly at night, and were most intense during periods of warm weather. Several different directions of migration were observed, but the movements were always approximately downwind; distances of a few hundred kilometres were typically covered during a single night. A number of quantitative measures of the migration intensity have been estimated for some of the flights. The migrating population frequently exhibited a degree of mutual alignment, which was sometimes in a direction different from that of the migration. Migrants became concentrated into layers at high altitudes (up to 1900 m) on two occasions during the night. Similar high-altitude migrations were also detected during daylight. It is inferred that an early spring re-invasion of drought-affected inland areas, and of areas on the continental periphery which have a cool winter climate, by means of long-distance migrations from inland areas where autumn and winter conditions have been favourable for larval development, is an almost regular feature of the population dynamics of several moth species that are of economic importance in south-eas-tern Australia. These migrations are interpreted as an adaptation to the geographie and climatic factors that control larval development and moth flight in this region, and especially to the erratic rainfall regime of the inland source areas.     

Overwintering of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae in apple harvest bins and subsequent moth emergence.

Codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), have long been suspected of emerging from stacks of harvest bins in the spring and causing damage to nearby apple and pear orchards. With increased use of mating disruption for codling moth control, outside sources of infestation have become more of a concern for growers using pheromone based mating disruption systems. Studies were designed to provide information on bins as a source of codling moth and the pattern of codling moth emergence from stacks of bins. In these studies, codling moth larvae colonized wood harvest bins at a much higher frequency than harvest bins made of injection molded plastic (189 moths emerged from wood compared with five from plastic). There was no statistical difference in the number of moths infesting bins that had been filled with infested fruit compared with bins left empty at harvest. This suggests that codling moth enter the bins during the time that the bins are in the orchard before harvest. Emergence of laboratory reared adult codling moth from wood bins placed in stacks was found to be prolonged compared with field populations. Temperature differences within the bin stacks accounted for this attenuated emergence pattern. Covering bin stacks with clear plastic accelerated codling moth development in the upper levels of the stack. Codling moth emergence patterns from plastic-covered stacks more closely coincided with male flight in field populations. This information could be important in developing a technique for neutralizing codling moth-infested bins, and in understanding how infested bins may influence pest management in fruit orchards that are located near bin piles. Implications for control of codling moth in conventional orchards and in those using mating disruption as the principal component of an integrated pest management system include increased numbers of treatments directed at areas affected by infested bins.     

Return migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during autumn in northern China

The autumn migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was observed with radar and two types of light-trap at Langfang, Hebei province, China in 2001 and 2002. The sudden increase in the proportion of H. armigera moths in the searchlight trap indicated migration into the area and catches increased 10-fold during the second half of the night due to the landing of migrants before dawn. The moths' migratory flights took place at up to 2000 m above the ground, and moths flew differentially at times, and heights, when favourable (i.e. northerly) winds occurred. This facilitated the maximum displacement of moths towards the south during these 'return' migrations. The moths flew over the radar site at consistently high densities through the night, and the resulting flight durations of c. 10 h, at displacement speeds of 30-33 km h-1, would allow moths emerging in the far northeast of China (i.e. Liaoning and Jilin provinces and the Inner Mongolia autonomous region) to migrate into northern China (Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces). The association of the seasonal migratory movements of H. armigera with crops in northern China is briefly discussed.