Comprehensive evaluation of low-temperature tolerance in soybean cultivars of different eco-types at seedling stage in Shanxi Province

为探明山西不同生态型大豆(Glycine max)品种对苗期低温胁迫的应答表现, 寻求大豆苗期耐低温性综合评价指标和评价方法, 选取了山西普遍种植的‘晋大53’、‘晋大70’和‘晋豆24’ 3个不同生态型大豆品种, 在苗期将材料分别置于14、17和20 ℃人工气候箱中, 保持昼夜恒温, 进行低温胁迫处理。分别测定了各品种光合与产量性状值, 用基因型主效应及其与环境互作(GGE)双标图分析各性状对品种的效应及性状间的相关性, 应用隶属函数法综合评价各品种的苗期耐低温性。结果显示: 低温胁迫下不同生态型大豆品种苗期延长1-12天; 苗期光合性状值均下降, 其中, 叶片气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)下降最明显; 产量性状值均呈下降趋势, 单株生物量和单株荚数下降最明显; 各项性状在不同品种中对低温的应答效应不同, 且性状间存在明显的相关性, 可作为耐低温性的评价指标。品种‘晋大70’的耐低温性最佳。     

Genotypic differences in salt tolerance from germination to seedling stage in peanut

采用盆栽试验, 设置0、0.15%、0.30%和0.45%等4个浓度的盐胁迫, 通过出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标研究不同基因型花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)萌发至幼苗期的耐盐性差异。结果表明, 各浓度盐胁迫下, 相对出苗时间、相对株高、相对主茎高、相对主根长、相对地上部鲜质量、相对地下部鲜质量、相对植株鲜质量、相对地上部干质量、相对地下部干质量和相对植株干质量等10个指标耐盐指数品种间呈正态分布, 变异较大。主成分分析将10个指标归结为不相关的独立因子, 采用综合得分将107个品种(系)聚类为高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组, 0.15%浓度下4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的45.79%、39.25%、7.48%和7.48%; 0.30%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的11.21%、47.66%、22.43%和18.69%; 0.45%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的6.54%、23.36%、50.47%和19.63%。部分品种(系)在各强度盐胁迫下均表现为耐盐或盐敏感, 部分品种(系)在低强度胁迫下表现为耐盐, 而在高强度胁迫下表现为盐敏感。3个浓度盐胁迫下高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和盐高度敏感型分组一致的品种(系)分别有1个(‘阜花11’)、7个(‘花育28’、‘Z11’、‘花育39’、‘花育32’、‘HLN2’、‘粤油26’、‘XE019’)、0个和1个(‘D1035’)。盐胁迫下, 不同耐盐类型花生品种(系)出苗时间、植株形态和生物量等10个指标间差异达显著或极显著水平, 盐敏感类型比耐盐类型品种(系)出苗时间延长, 植株形态建成抑制加重, 物质积累减少。     

苗期干旱及复水条件下不同花生品种的光合特性

为探索不同花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种的旱后恢复能力,研究花生品种耐旱性与光合特性的关系,通过盆栽土壤水分控制实验,测定了12个花生品种苗期对干旱胁迫与复水过程的光合响应特征,并讨论了所测各性状参数与抗旱性强弱的关系,包括对水分胁迫伤害的修复能力。结果表明,根据苗期生物量抗旱系数,‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’、‘农大818’的抗旱性较强,且复水后植株产生超补偿生长效应,补偿生长能力与抗旱性呈极显著正相关。叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)随干旱进程逐渐降低,复水后逐渐增加,抗旱性强的花生品种变幅较小。干旱7天,大多数花生品种的光合参数值未有显著性差异。干旱14天,抗旱性越强的花生品种光合参数值越高,不同抗旱性花生品种的光合参数值有显著差异。‘山花11号’、‘如皋西洋生’、‘A596’、‘山花9号’的Pn、Gs、ΦPSII、Fv/Fm、qP在复水5天时恢复至对照水平,复水10天时超过对照,‘79266’、‘ICG6848’、‘白沙1016’、‘花17’在复水10天时仍未达到对照水平,复水过程中抗旱性强的品种的光合参数显著高于抗旱性弱的品种。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫14天和复水5天后,花生的Pn、ΦPSII、Fv/Fm、qP与品种抗旱性呈极显著正相关。因此,可在苗期用40%土壤相对含水量胁迫14天及复水5天时花生的Pn、ΦPSII、Fv/Fm、qP鉴定品种的干旱伤害程度及修复能力,‘山花11号’可作为强干旱适应性鉴定的标准品种。     

综合隶属函数法评价花生品种抗旱性与AhNCED1基因表达的关系

利用综合隶属函数法评价不同产地8个花生品种幼苗的抗旱能力,同时分析各品种花生在模拟干旱处理2小时和12小时后叶片AhNCED1基因表达量的变化,探讨花生品种抗旱性与叶片AhNCED1基因表达的关系,建立花生(Arachis hypogaea)幼苗时期通过AhNCED1基因表达变化检测花生抗旱性等级的方法。结果显示,干旱处理2小时,各品种叶片AhNCED1基因表达量迅速增加,与处理前相比差异极显著;干旱处理12小时,各品种花生叶片AhNCED1基因表达量均降低,但仍均高于处理前水平。综合隶属函数值定量反映各品种抗旱性强弱顺序为:花育24号福花13号粤油7号中花15号中花16号航花2号福花9号北海1号。干旱处理2小时各品种花生叶片AhNCED1表达量变化大小依次为:福花13号花育24号中花16号中花15号航花2号粤油7号北海1号福花9号。其中,抗旱性强的品种为花育24号和福花13号,抗旱性弱的品种为福花9号和北海1号,其余4个品种为中等抗旱。该抗旱性评价结果与这些品种在生产上的表现一致,干旱胁迫2小时花生品种叶片AhNCED1基因的表达量变化与其抗旱性一致。因此,AhNCED1基因表达量可作为苗期花生品种抗旱性等级的量化指标之一。     

干旱胁迫对不同苦荞品种苗期生长和根系生理特征的影响

采用盆栽人工控水试验,研究了不同水分处理(正常供水、中度干旱和重度干旱)对耐旱型(‘迪庆苦荞’、‘西农9909’)和不耐旱型(‘西荞1号’和‘黑丰1号’)苦荞品种苗期生理、形态指标的影响,并通过隶属函数法与主成分分析对品种抗旱性进行综合评价,以揭示苦荞苗期的抗旱生理机制。结果表明:(1)与正常供水相比,除‘迪庆苦荞’和‘西农9909’在重度干旱胁迫下主根长呈升高趋势外,其余苦荞品种在2个干旱条件下的株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、地下部干重、根系体积、根系表面积均呈下降趋势,且耐旱品种降幅小于不耐旱品种;重度干旱胁迫使得‘迪庆苦荞’的根冠比升高,而其余品种根冠比在干旱胁迫下均无显著变化。(2)干旱胁迫使苦荞叶片的叶绿素含量、相对含水量、最大荧光产量(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,而根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸含量呈升高趋势;不同抗旱性品种间的升降幅度存在差异。(3)各苦荞品种耐旱能力综合评价值(D)表现为‘迪庆苦荞’‘西农9909’‘黑丰1号’‘西荞1号’;幼苗株高、地下部干重及根系SOD活性和蛋白质含量与D值呈显著正相关关系,而根系脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量与D值呈极显著正相关关系。研究发现,在中度与重度干旱逆境下,苦荞品种‘迪庆苦荞’和‘西农9909’综合表现较好,具有更强的耐旱能力,而品种‘西荞1号’和‘黑丰1号’综合表现较差,其抗旱性较弱;苗期株高、地下部干重以及根系SOD活性、蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量可作为苦荞抗旱性快速鉴定的指标。     

不同抗旱性花生品种结荚期叶片生理特性

以12个花生品种为试验材料,在人工控水条件下,于结荚期设置0~80 cm土层相对含水量为70%和50% 2个处理,研究与花生抗旱性相关的叶片生理生化性状及不同品种抗旱的叶片机制.结果表明： 利用产量抗旱系数可将12个花生品种的抗旱性分为强、中、弱3级,抗旱性强的品种有A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生,中度抗旱品种有花育20、农大818、海花1号、山花9号和79266,抗旱性弱的品种有ICG6848、白沙1016、花17和蓬莱一窝猴.A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生的抗旱机制是具有较强的叶片抗氧化保护能力、较高的PSⅡ活性及光合速率(P_n).海花1号的叶片抗氧化保护能力较强,山花9号的PSⅡ活性有显著优势.相关分析表明,叶片P_n、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与花生品种的抗旱系数有显著的相关性,是花生结荚期的重要抗旱性状.SOD活性的抗旱级别需在干旱胁迫下鉴定,其他性状可在正常灌水条件下鉴定.山花11号和79266可分别作为花生强、弱抗旱性鉴定的标准品种,山花11号可作为花生叶片优异抗旱性状鉴定的标准品种.     

多元统计分析方法在万寿菊品种抗旱性评价中的应用

利用主成分分析法、隶属函数法和聚类分析法,对9个万寿菊品种16个生理指标的抗旱性进行综合评价.结果表明:不同品种万寿菊的16个生理指标变化程度不同,其中脯氨酸(Pro)、H2O2和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)对干旱胁迫的敏感性最大,而且部分抗旱系数之间显著相关;4个主因子代表16个生理指标抗旱性88.6％的数据信息,‘珍妮’和‘金门’、‘鸿运’、‘珍妮’、‘拳王’分别在4个主因子上的抗旱性最强;9个品种的抗旱性综合评价值大小为:‘珍妮’＞‘金门’＞‘鸿运’＞‘拳王’＞‘巨人’＞‘大英雄’＞‘小英雄’＞‘迪阿哥’＞‘发现’;聚类分析将9个品种分为3类,其中‘金门’、‘珍妮’、‘鸿运’和‘拳王’属于抗旱品种.     

不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征,探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制,在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究抗旱型品种“花育22号”、“唐科8号”和干旱敏感型品种“花育23号”3个不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态发育特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明:抗旱型品种根系较发达,具有较大的根系生物量、总根长、总根系表面积.干旱胁迫使抗旱型品种根系总表面积和体积增加,而干旱敏感型品种则相反.干旱胁迫显著增加抗旱型品种“花育22号”20 cm以下土层内根长密度分布比例及根系表面积和体积,但“唐科8号”相应根系性状仅在20-40 cm土层内增加;干旱胁迫使干旱敏感型品种“花育23号”40 cm以下土层内各根系性状升高,但未达显著水平且其深层土壤内各根系性状增加幅度小于“花育22号”.花生根系总长、总表面积及0-20 cm土层内根系性状与产量间呈显著或极显著正相关.土壤水分亏缺条件下,花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性,优化空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用.     

不同大豆品种抗旱性综合评价

选用10个不同生态类型的大豆品种,在盆栽和大田条件下进行抗旱性研究.在正常供水与水分胁迫条件下,分别测定并分析了开花结荚期与品种抗旱性有关的多项生理生态指标.把大豆各性状的抗旱系数作为衡量各单项抗旱能力大小的指标,用主成分分析将各单项抗旱系数综合成几个新的、相互独立的综合指标,再利用隶属函数求出综合指标的隶属值,可以较准确地评价各大豆品种（系）的抗旱性.通过该方法评选出两个高抗旱大豆品种晋大74号和晋大53号,评定结果符合生产实际.     

谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

作物全生育期抗旱性对发掘和利用抗旱品种和抗旱基因至关重要,但谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定至今未有报道,抗旱鉴定缺乏鉴定指标。本试验在干旱池模拟干旱条件下,对苗期抗旱性表现不同的谷子品种进行了全生育期抗旱性研究,调查分析了根干重等形态和生理性状在干旱胁迫条件下的变化;采用相关和灰色关联度等方法,分析这些指标与抗旱性(DRI)的关系。结果表明,相对根冠比、相对单穗粒重和灌浆期光合速率、蒸腾速率同抗旱性表现极显著相关,可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的指标;而相对根干重、相对单穗重、相对株高和气孔导度则可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的参考指标;在供试的品种中,红根谷和大齐头白表现了良好的综合抗旱性。本文还讨论了抗旱性的复杂性以及不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应,所建立的指标对谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定具有指导意义。     

Photosynthetic characteristics in different peanut cultivars under conditions of drought and re-watering at seedling stage

Aims In China, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is mainly cultivated in the semi-arid and rain-fed areas, and drought is the most prominent environmental stress to its growth. However, studies on the physiological responses of different peanut cultivars to drought and re-watering are lacking. Our objectives were to investigate the relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and drought tolerance, and to explore the ability to recover from drought damage in different peanut cultivars.
Methods A pot experiment was conducted with artificial water stress treatment, and the photosynthetic characteristics were determined in twelve peanut cultivars under the conditions of drought stress and re-watering at the seedling stage. The drought tolerance was assessed by drought resistance coefficient of biomass in seedling. The recovery capacity was assessed by compensatory growth of plant.
Important findings Five cultivars, including ‘Shanhua 11’, ‘Rugaoxiyangsheng’, ‘A596’, ‘Shanhua 9’, and ‘Nongda 818’, showed over-compensatory growth after re-watering, and their capacity of compensatory growth had significant positive correlation with drought tolerance (p < 0.01). The net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), PSII actual quantum yield (ΦPSII), and photochemical quenching coefficient (q_P) all decreased over the course of drought stress, and then increased following re-watering, with the amplitude of changes being smaller in the more drought tolerant cultivars. Seven days of drought did not result in significant differences in the photosynthetic characteristics among majority of the peanut cultivars tested (p > 0.05). After 14 days of drought, the values of photosynthetic variables differed significantly among the peanut cultivars with different drought tolerance (p < 0.05). The values of P_n, G_s, Φ_PSII, F_v/F_m, and q_P in the cultivars ‘Shanhua 11’, ‘Rugaoxiyangsheng’, ‘A596’, and ‘Shanhua 9’fully recovered five days after re-watering, while those in the cultivars ‘79266’, ‘ICG6848’, ‘Baisha 1016’, and ‘Hua 17’ did not fully recover even after 10 days of re-watering; the values of those photosynthetic variables were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the more drought tolerant cultivars following re-watering. Correlation analysis showed that the drought tolerance was significantly and positively correlated with P_n, Φ_PSII, F_v/F_m, and q_P after 14 days of drought stress and after five days of re-watering, respectively (p < 0.01). Therefore, under drought stress at 40% of relative water content (RWC) for 14 days and after five days of re-watering at the seedling stage, the P_n, Φ_PSII, F_v/F_m, and q_P could be used for identifying the level of damage and recovery capacity of peanut cultivars. The cultivar ‘Shanhua 11’ can be used as a reference for drought adaptability identification in peanut.     

Effects of low light stress on rubisco activity and the ultrastructure of chloroplast in functional leaves of peanut

Aims In recent years, intercropping system has become one of the major practice of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivation in northern China because of the high land and energy utilization efficiency, to some extent compensating for the production loss caused by decreasing area of cultivation land. Intercropped peanut plants often have a lower pod yield compared with monoculture due to constraint on light availability. This study was conducted to explore the shade-tolerance mechanism in two peanut cultivars, ‘Huayu 22’ and ‘Baisha 1016’, that grew in an intercropping system, by studying chloroplast ultrastructure and rubisco activity under different levels of shading.
Methods A field experiment was conducted with three levels of light treatments, including full natural light (CK), 50% natural light indensity (NLI), and 15% NLI. The ‘Huayu 22’ was used as a shade-tolerant cultivar and the ‘Baisha 1016’ as a shade-susceptible cultivar based on previous studies. Experimental plants of both cultivars were shaded for 40 days from emergency in 2006. Rubisco activity, the number and shapes of chloroplasts and starch grains, and number of grana and granum lamella were investigated in functional leaves of plants in all treatments.
Important findings The functional leaves of peanut plants in the 50% and 15% NLI treatments had a lower rubisco activity than those in the CK treatment. In the ‘Baisha 1016’, the reduction in rubisco activity was 40.1% in the 50% NLI treatment and 59.4% in the 15% NLI treatment, respectively, compared to the CK treatment;whereas no significant differences were found among treatments in the ‘Huayu 22’ in the rubisco activity. Compared with the CK, the number of chloroplasts remained unchanged, the number of grana and lamella in grana increased, and the individual chloroplast was longer and in perfect development in the functional leaves of plants of the ‘Huayu 22’ grown in the 50% NLI treatment. In contrast, the number of chloroplasts, grana and starch grains of the ‘Huayu 22’ plants decreased significantly, the chloroplast membrane and grana lamella were damaged, the number of granum lamella increased, and the individual chloroplast became longer in the 15% NLI treatment. The number and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in the ‘Baisha 1016’ plants followed similar patterns of changes as those of the ‘Huayu 22’ in the 50% NLI treatment. For plants of the ‘Baisha 1016’ in the 15% NLI treatment, their chloroplasts became more roundly shaped, with decreasing number of grana lamella and increasing number of starch grains, compared with the CK. There were a greater decrease in the grana number and more damage in the grana lamella in plants of the ‘Baisha 1016’ than those of the ‘Huayu 22’. In conclusion, the shade tolerance of the ‘Huayu 22’ resulted from lack of changes in rubisco activity and less damage in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts when under low light stress compared with the ‘Baisha 1016’.     

杨品种‘普瑞’和‘107’对模拟酸雨胁迫的生理响应

通过测定杨(Populus×euramericana)抗硫新品种‘普瑞’和‘107’在3种梯度酸雨胁迫下的各项生理指标,研究酸雨胁迫对2个杨品种影响的差异。结果显示,在酸雨胁迫下,‘普瑞’叶片受伤害程度明显轻于‘107’,可以维持较稳定的光合作用,显示出较强的抗酸雨胁迫能力。酸雨胁迫下,‘107’光合作用强度显著下降,非气孔因素是其下降的主要原因。酸雨在一定程度上破坏了2个杨品种的水分平衡,尤其对‘107’的影响程度更为明显,但气孔关闭不是引起其光合作用强度下降的主要原因。研究结果表明杨品种‘普瑞’在酸雨环境下具有更强耐受性。     

干旱胁迫下亚精胺对玉米幼苗抗旱性影响的生理生化机制

为探究外源亚精胺(Spd)在增强玉米干旱胁迫耐受性中的作用,以‘先玉335’(干旱不敏感型)和‘丰禾1’(干旱敏感型)为试验材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫下,外源Spd (0.1 mmol·L^-1)对玉米幼苗生长、光合特性、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质、活性氧生成、膜质过氧化及根系活力的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫下,外源Spd处理可显著促进干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的生长;提高叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE),减缓‘丰禾1’叶片中胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的升高,有效减轻干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗叶片光合作用的气孔限制和非气孔限制;增加脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量;降低O₂^-·生成速率、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞膜透性,有效缓解了胁迫对膜的伤害;增强幼苗根系活力;其中干旱敏感品种‘丰禾1’变化幅度大于耐旱品种‘先玉335’.表明在干旱胁迫下,外源Spd能促进玉米幼苗对光能的捕获与转换,增强光合作用,促进幼苗的生长,并能够通过减少玉米幼苗体内活性氧的产生,增加渗透调节物质的积累以稳定细胞膜系统,提高根系活力,从而增强幼苗对干旱逆境的适应性,且对干旱敏感品种‘丰禾1’的效果更显著.     

高温对水稻开花期剑叶抗氧化酶活性及基因表达的影响

以杂交水稻‘Ⅱ优838’为研究材料,检测了高温胁迫下‘Ⅱ优838’开花期剑叶中叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及SOD、CAT、POD基因的表达水平。结果显示,高温胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中叶绿素含量及叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的比值(Chl a/Chl b)降低且下降幅度显著低于‘冈优725’(对照);SOD和POD活性增高且增幅显著大于‘冈优725’,但CAT活性降低且降幅显著小于‘冈优725’;热胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中SOD、CAT和POD基因的表达量显著增加。说明‘Ⅱ优838’在开花期遭遇高温胁迫后能保持较高的光合效率,并通过提高抗氧化保护酶的基因表达水平以维持较高的活性来应答高温胁迫,这为深入剖析水稻高温胁迫下的生理反应和适应机理提供了参考。     

木芙蓉对淹水胁迫的响应及其耐涝性综合评价

为挖掘木芙蓉(Hibiscus mutabilis)耐涝种质资源,对13个木芙蓉品种水淹15 d后的形态和生理生化指标进行研究,并构建耐涝评价体系.结果表明,水淹胁迫后,木芙蓉品种各性状的变化趋势和幅度均不同,部分性状间的相关性显著(P<0.05).14个指标按贡献率大小归因为形态生长指标、不定根形态指标、膜脂过氧化指...     

干旱胁迫对大豆生长的影响及抗旱性评价方法与指标筛选

2014-2015年在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌市,设干旱和正常灌水两个处理,通过测定12份大豆品种的8个形态指标(株高、主茎节数、有效分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、单株生物量和百粒重)及小区产量,采用改进抗旱指数法及权重隶属函数值D对其进行抗旱性评价,并筛选出3份不同抗旱类型的大豆品种进行生理指标测定,验证该方法和指标。结果显示,与灌水处理(CK)相比较,干旱胁迫下的8个形态指标及产量,2014年除有效分枝数及百粒重差异不显著外,其余考察性状均达到了极显著差异,2015年所有考察表型性状均达到极显著差异;两年权重隶属函数法评价结果显著相关,小区产量与两年两种评价方法极显著相关;两种处理下,中度抗旱(中黄24)、弱抗旱品种(WDD00172)的SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量差异极显著,且与权重隶属函数值D显著相关,而强抗旱品种(晋豆21号)中SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量差异不显著,且6个生理指标与权重隶属函数值D均不相关。因此,权重隶属函数法和小区产量可作为大豆抗旱性评价单一可靠的方法与指标。