通过转重复结构的ACC氧化酶基因延长香石竹的瓶插期

以香石竹叶片为外植体,用农杆菌(Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)介导法,在选择分化培养基中培养后,将香石竹重复结构的ACC氧化酶(ACO)基因核DNA导入香石竹‘Maber品种.经Southera杂交检测,证明外源基因已整合到香石竹基因组,共获得3株转化植株.转基因植株在隔离条件下栽培时正常开花,转基因T257株系切花衰老过程中乙烯释放量较对照低95%,没有乙烯跃变峰出现.在25℃条件下比较瓶插期,有2个转化株系瓶插期显著延长,最长比对照长了5 d以上.     

能量对香石竹切花在瓶插期间呼吸电子途径的影响

采用外加0.1 mmol/L ATP或0.5 mmol/L二硝基苯酚(DNP)的方法,研究了香石竹(Dianthus caryophyllus L.)切花在25±1℃和80%～90%相对湿度下瓶插期间呼吸电子传递途径的变化情况.结果表明,香石竹切花在瓶插7 d时的呼吸速率达到高峰;ATP处理明显加快切花的呼吸速率,在瓶插7 d时呼吸速率高峰值较对照(未用ATP处理)升高1倍.细胞色素途径与总呼吸活性存在显著正相关.细胞色素途径占总呼吸的比重在切花瓶插4 d后上升,并且线粒体电子传递主要依靠细胞色素主路途径进行.经ATP处理后香石竹切花的交替呼吸途径的容量、实际运行活性和运行系数明显增加;交替呼吸途径占总呼吸活性比重在瓶插4 d后迅速上升,并且交替呼吸途径容量与总呼吸活性存在显著正相关.而DNP处理则降低交替呼吸途径容量.这说明外源ATP处理加强了香石竹切花在整个瓶插期间的呼吸作用,增加了呼吸速率的高峰值,提高了抗氰呼吸作用.     

植酸对月季切花瓶插寿命的影响

用0.13％和0.013％植酸对月季切花进行处理,探讨了植酸对月季切花瓶插寿命及衰老过程中一些生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,013％和0.013％植酸处理的切花,瓶插寿命分别延长了2.3 d和1.4d.植酸处理抑制了O-2含量的增加和POD活性的提高,从而减轻了O-2对植物细胞的伤害即抑制丙二醛含量增加,同时抑制了可溶...     

ACC氧化酶基因AhACOs对花生耐盐性的影响

ACC氧化酶(ACC oxidase,ACO)是催化乙烯合成的关键酶之一,乙烯参与植物的盐胁迫反应过程,而盐胁迫严重影响花生产量。本研究通过对AhACOs基因的克隆及功能验证,探究AhACOs在花生盐胁迫响应中的生物学功能,为花生耐盐品种的选育提供基因资源。以花生耐盐突变体M29的cDNA为模板扩增得到基因AhACO1和AhACO2,与植物表达载体pCAMBIA super1300重组后,通过农杆菌介导的花粉管注射法将重组质粒转化到花育22号中。收获后切取籽仁远胚端部分子叶,利用PCR检测筛选阳性籽仁。利用qRT-PCR分析AhACOs基因表达量,通过毛细管柱气相色谱法检测植株的乙烯释放量。阳性籽仁和对照籽仁种植21 d后浇盐水,观察其表型变化。结果发现,盐胁迫后,转基因植株生长状况好于对照组花育22号,并且其叶绿素相对含量SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)值和净光合速率(net photosynthesis rate,Pn)均高于对照组花生。另外,AhACO1和AhACO_(2)转基因植株的乙烯释放量分别为对照组花生的2.79倍和1.87倍。这些结果表明AhACO1和AhACO2可显著提高花生的耐盐能力。     

水杨酸对香石竹切花瓶插期间的生理效应和保鲜效果

本文探讨水杨酸（salicylic acid,SA）对高温季节香石竹（Dianthus caryophyllus L．）切花瓶插期间的生理效应和保鲜效应。     

花椰菜ACC氧化酶基因的克隆及其RNAi对内源基因表达的抑制作用

根据亲缘关系较近的几种作物ACC氧化酶氨基酸序列,设计一对简并引物,从花椰菜(Brassica oleracea var．botrytis)基因组中获得长1202bp的候选片段。序列分析表明该基因含有3个外显子(Exon)、2个内含子(Intron),编码区序列长756bp,编码252个氨基酸。同源性分析发现其与青花菜(Brassica oleracea var．Italica)上已发表mRNA序列同源率为99％(GenBank序列号：X81629),推断该基因为花椰菜ACC氧化酶基因,命名为BoACO(GenBank登录号：AY676466)。在此基础上,用BP克隆的方法构建BoACO的RNA干涉(RNAi)载体pHBACO,对花椰菜进行遗传转化,获得卡那霉素抗性转化植株5棵,分子检测证实外源片段成功导入其中3棵花椰菜基因组中。Northern杂交分析显示：转基因植株内源ACO基因转录的mRNA被降解。ACC氧化酶活性分析进一步表明,外源基因的导人大大地降低了ACC氧化酶活性。     

保鲜剂及冷藏对鹤望兰切花瓶插品质的影响

本文探讨不同保鲜剂、预处理液及冷藏时间对鹤望兰切花瓶插寿命和观赏品质的影响。结果表明,供试的8组瓶插保鲜液中,以配方5% S+300 mg/L 8-HQC+100 mg/L CA+150 mg/L STS+100 mg/L CoCl₂+25 mg/L EDTA-Na保鲜效果最佳,切花瓶插寿命(23.5 d)比CK延长15.2 d,小花开放率(56.1%)比CK提高1.19倍。供试的5组冷藏预处理液中,以10% S+300 mg/L 8-HQC+75 mg/L KH₂PO₄·3H₂O效果最佳,切花经过2~3周8~10℃冷藏后,瓶插寿命(13.7 d)比CK延长7.9 d,小花开放率(43.6%)比CK提高98.2%;该处理组鹤望兰切花的适宜冷藏时间可延长为3周。     

ACC氧化酶和ACC合成酶反义RNA融合基因导入番茄和乙烯合成的抑制

从番茄品种强力米寿的总DNA中克隆番茄果实特异启动子2A11,以番茄成熟果实的RNA为模板,进行RT-PCR扩增,克隆番茄全长的ACC氧化酶基因和ACC合成酶基因片段。完成两个基因的克隆和测序后,将888bp的番茄ACC氧化酶基因和943bp的ACC合成酶基因片段串联,构成全长1837bp的融合基因。将该融合基因以反义的方向插入植物双元载体pYPX145中番茄果实表达特异启动子下游,获得ACC氧化酶基因和ACC合成酶基因融合的植物双元载体pOSACC。该载体外源基因表达单元的两端含两个烟草SAR序列,利于转基因的稳定遗传。以番茄栽培品种合作903子叶和下胚轴为外植体,利用根癌农杆菌进行基因转化,通过200mg/L卡那霉素选择和GUS检测,获得了105株番茄GUS阳性植株,转基因番茄果实在当代表现明显耐贮特点。经过4代的耐贮和果实农艺性状的综合选择,获得了两个表现良好的株系DR-1和DR-2,两株系果实乙烯释放量显著下降,是未转基因材料的9.5%,番茄的贮存期在50天以上。     

转ACO2基因优质棉生长特性及其对田间昆虫群落的影响

新型转基因棉花的生长特性及其对棉田昆虫群落的影响是转基因棉花环境安全评价的重点内容,也是转基因棉花环境安全评价过程必须评价的内容。选用新型转ACO2基因棉花及其亲本中棉所24为试验材料,于2013年和2014年在河南安阳进行了田间棉花生长势及其对昆虫群落影响的试验。在棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期和铃期,转基因棉花叶片干重与其亲本均无显著差异,苗期、蕾期叶面积和比叶面积与亲本无显著差异,花铃期、铃期叶面积与比叶面积均显著高于亲本材料,其中2013年分别比对照高27.1%和26.2%,2014年分别高16.0%和19.9%,差异均达显著水平;株高、主茎叶片数、大铃数、小铃数和蕾铃脱落数均与亲本材料相当,但铃期果枝数显著高于亲本材料;3个棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)发生高峰期,转优质基因棉花对棉铃虫和甜菜夜蛾幼虫校正死亡率与亲本对照材料无显著差异;昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落昆虫个体总数均显著高于亲本棉田,两年分别比对照高11.5%、10.5%、33.4%和12.0%、8.1%、63.1%,其中2013年差异达显著水平,2014年由于昆虫发生程度总体较轻,差异不显著,但所属\"目\"、\"科\"、\"种’、生物多样性指数、优势种昆虫及其优势度与其亲本棉田无显著差异,表明外源基因ACO2导入后,对棉田昆虫发生及其群落结构没有影响,棉花生长势无明显优势,但产量构成性状在部分时期增强。上述研究初步明确了新型转基因棉花生存竞争势态和棉田昆虫群落发生规律与动态,可为新型转基因棉花环境安全评价提供理论依据,同时为转基因棉花环境安全评价积累科学数据。     

mRNA翻译起始区的结构改变对几个外源基因翻译的影响

为观察ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区结构与基因表达的关系,利用密码子的简并性,在不改变表达产物氨基酸序列的前提下定点突变几个外源基因的５′端若干位点,使基佤表达载体重组后转录形成的ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区结构发生改变。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ等分析证实这些改变大大提高了外源基因的表达水平,ＲＮＡｄｏｔｂｌｏｔ表明突变与非突变基因转录水平差别不大,表达水平的提高主要由于翻译效率的提高,ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区二级结构预测提示其生     

Ethylene biosynthetic genes are differentially expressed during carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower senescence

Ethylene production and expression patterns of an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (CARAO1) and of two ACC synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) genes (CARACC3 and CARAS1) were studied in floral organs of cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. White Sim. During the vase life and after treatment of fresh flowers with ethylene, production of ethylene and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes first started in the ovary followed by the styles and the petals. ACC oxidase was expressed in all the floral organs whereas, during the vase life, tissue-specific expression of the two ACC synthase genes was observed. After treatment with a high ethylene concentration, tissue specificity of the two ACC synthase genes was lost and only a temporal difference in expression remained. In styles, poor correlation between ethylene production and ACC synthase (CARAS1) gene expression was observed suggesting that either activity is regulated at the translational level or that the CARAS1 gene product requires an additional factor for activity.Isolated petals showed no increase in ethylene production and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes when excised from the flower before the increase in petal ethylene production (before day 7); showed rapid cessation of ethylene production and gene expression when excised during the early phase of petal ethylene production (day 7) and showed a pattern of ethylene production and gene expression similar to the pattern observed in the attached petals when isolated at day 8. The interorgan regulation of gene expression and ethylene as a signal molecule in flower senescence are discussed.     

A New Metabolite from Aspergillus versicolor

Neurospora sitophila produced extracellular and cell wall-associated lectins. The addition of l-sorbose to a culture resulted in a decrease in the production of the former lectin and complete abolition of the latter. The lectin in the culture filtrate was purified by bovine submaxillary mucin-conjugated Sepharose chromatography. The molecular weight of the lectin was calculated to be approx. 40,000 by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and that of the subunit to be approx. 22,000 by SDS/polyacrylamide- gel electrophoresis. The lectin was not inhibited by simple sugars or their homopolymers. It was inhibited strongly by glycoproteins from human erythrocyte membrane and bovine submaxillary mucin, and moderately by α1-acid glycoprotein from human plasma, human IgA and IgM, and fetal calf fetuin. The lectin agglutinated human type A, B and O erythrocytes to the same degree. Erythrocytes from chick, horse, rabbit and sheep were more efficiently agglutinated.     

Changes in protein and mRNA populations during the senescence of carnation petals

Developmental changes in polypeptide and mRNA popultions in carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) petals were investigated during the senescence of harvested flowers. Total proteins were extracted from flower petals at various stages of senescence and subjected to separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the Coomassie blue stained gels revealed polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 76, 62, 35.5 and 24 kDa which increased, while those with molecular weights of 70.5, 67.5, 46.5 and 31 kDa decreased during petal senescence. Changes in mRNA populations were investigated by translating poly (A)⁺RNA, isolated from carnation petals, in vitro using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Polypeptides synthesized in vitro were separated by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Three classes of mRNA's were associated with the senescence of carnation petals. The majority of the mRNA's were constitutive at all stages of senescence. Another class of mRNA's increased with the climacteric rise in ethylene production, which accompanied the onset of senescence. Their translation products were 81, 58, 42, 38 and 35 kDa. In addition, several mRNA's appeared to decrease in abundance during the course of petal senescence. These results indicate that senescence of carnation flower petals is associated with changes in gene expression.     

Exogenous ethylene influences flower opening of cut roses (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Rosa hybrida</Emphasis>) by regulating the genes encoding ethylene biosynthesis enzymes

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differential responses of flower opening to ethylene in two cut rose cultivars, ‘Samantha’, whose opening process is promoted, and ‘Kardinal’, whose opening process is inhibited by ethylene. Ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and oxidase activities were determined first. After ethylene treatment, ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities in petals increased and peaked at the earlier stage (stage 3) in ‘Samantha’, and they were much more dramatically enhanced and peaked at the later stage (stage 4) in ‘Kardinal’ than control during vasing. cDNA fragments of three Rh-ACSs and one Rh-ACO genes were cloned and designated as Rh-ACS1, Rh-ACS2, Rh-ACS3 and Rh-ACO1 respectively. Northern blotting analysis revealed that, among three genes of ACS, ethylene-induced expression patterns of Rh-ACS3 gene corresponded to ACS activity and ethylene production in both cultivars. A more dramatic accumulation of Rh-ACS3 mRNA was induced by ethylene in ‘Kardinal’ than that of ‘Samantha’. As an ethylene action inhibitor, STS at concentration of 0.2 mmol/L generally inhibited the expression of Rh-ACSs and Rh-ACO in both cultivars, although it induced the expression of Rh-ACS3 transiently in ‘Kardinal’. Our results suggests that ‘Kardinal’ is more sensitive to ethylene than ‘Samantha’; and the changes of Rh-ACS3 expression caused by ethylene might be related to the acceleration of flower opening in ‘Samantha’ and the inhibition in ‘Kardinal’. Additional results indicated that three Rh-ACSs genes were differentially associated with flower opening and senescence as well as wounding.     

1,1-Dimethyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)semicarbazide (DPSS) does not inhibit the in vitro activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase and ACC synthase obtained from senescing carnation Dianthus caryophyllus L.) petals

The effects of 1,1-dimethyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)semicarbazide (DPSS) on the in vitro activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase and ACC synthase isolated from senescing carnation petals were investigated. In contrast to a previous proposal, DPSS at 1 mM did not inhibit the in vitro activity of ACC oxidase. It was confirmed that DPSS does not inhibit ACC synthase activity. DPSS probably does not exert its inhibitory action on ethylene production by a direct action on ACC oxidase and ACC synthase, but by some unknown action.     

The site of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthesis in senescing carnation petals

To study the cause of the uneven production of ethylene by upper and basal portions of detached petals of carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim), the petals were divided and exposed to ethylene (30 μl 1^-1 for 16 h). The treatment induced rapid wilting and autocatalytic ethylene production in the basal portion similar to that induced in entire petals. In contrast to the response in entire petals and the basal portions, the upper portions responded to ethylene by delayed wilting and much lower ethylene production. Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC)-synthase activity in the basal portion of the petals was 38 to 400 times that in the upper portion. In untreated detached petal pieces from senescing carnation flowers, ethylene production by the upper portion declined after 6 h while the basal portion was still producing ethylene at a steady rate 18 h later. Application of ACC to the upper portion of senescing petals increased their ethylene production. α-Aminooxyacetic acid (0.5 m M ), reduced the ethylene production of the senescing basal portion more than that of the upper portion. Endogenous ACC content in basal portions of senescing carnation petals was 3 to 4 times higher than in the upper parts. When detached senescing petals were divided immediately after detaching, the endogenous ACC levels in upper portions remained steady or declined during 24 h after division, while in the basal portions the ACC level rose steadily as in the intact petals. There was no change in the conjugated ACC in either portion after 24 h. Benzyladenine (BA) applied as a pretreatment to entire preclimacteric petals greatly reduced the development of ACC-synthase activity of the basal portion, but had little effect on the activity in the upper portion of the petal. In both portions, however, BA effectively reduced the conversion of ACC to ethylene.