35例肺隐球菌病临床分析

目的提高肺隐球菌病早期诊断与治疗的水平。方法对浙江大学医院附属第一医院2006年9月至2009年9月收治的35例病理确诊为肺隐球菌病患者的性别、年龄分布、职业情况、基础疾病、诱因、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征、治疗方案及预后特点等进行回顾性分析。结果患者以中青年男性为主,多数患者有基础疾病或诱因,临床症状相对轻微,其中40%无症状,一般实验室检查,气管镜检查及病原学检查阳性率极低,影像学表现以单发或多发结节肿块影为主(共占65.7%),氟康唑治疗3～9个月一般均能治愈,但亦有17.6%迁延不愈或无效者。结论中青年患者,无发热性肺部感染性病变,症状轻微,血象正常,血沉正常,痰细菌学检查阴性,考虑肺隐球菌病可能,尽早取得组织病理学依据,治疗首选氟康唑,疗程3～9个月,手术病理明确并病灶切除者,术后仍需常规应用氟康唑治疗。     

31例非获得性免疫缺陷综合征肺隐球菌病临床分析

目的通过研究非获得性免疫缺陷综合征肺隐球菌病的临床特点,提高医务人员对肺隐球菌病的认识,做到早期诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2001年1月至2011年12月在南京医科大学附属杭州市第一人民医院确诊的31例非获得性免疫缺陷综合征肺隐球菌病患者的性别、年龄分布、职业情况、伴随的基础疾病、临床症状、实验室检查、影像学特征、治疗方案及预后等各方面特点。结果肺隐球菌病发病年龄有年轻化趋势,临床特点及影像学表现缺乏特异性,极易误诊及漏诊。治疗方法及药物少,病程长。结论肺隐球菌病虽然临床表现缺乏特异性,但从病例分析结果来看诊治该病仍有一定规律可循,亟需提高对本病的认识,遇到疑似病例应行血乳胶凝集试验及肺活检或手术病理予以明确,药物治疗需要足够疗程。     

肝肾移植术后患者隐球菌感染的临床特征分析

目的研究肝、肾移植术后患者隐球菌感染的临床特征。方法选取2010年1月到2015年7月来浙江大学医学院附属第一医院就诊的肝、肾移植术后并确诊为隐球菌感染的患者,对其临床特征进行回顾性分析。结果研究周期内有23例患者符合入组要求,其中肾移植术后21例、肝移植术后2例。对23例患者进行分析,发现单纯隐球菌肺炎6例(占26.0%)、单纯隐球菌性脑膜炎6例(占26.0%)、隐球菌性脑膜炎合并隐球菌肺炎8例(占34.7%)、隐球菌败血症2例(占8.6%),皮肤隐球菌感染1例(占4.3%)。所有隐球菌肺炎均经肺穿刺病理确诊,临床表现以发热,咳嗽咳痰,气急症状居多。胸部CT表现为结节、空洞、肿块、渗出等。所有隐球菌脑膜炎患者中9例经脑脊液培养出新生隐球菌、7例脑脊液墨汁染色见隐球菌,其中3例培养及涂片均为阳性。临床表现以头痛、发热、呕吐症状居多,1例并发癫痫,1例并发意识障碍。所有患者分别给予氟康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶针、伏立康唑等抗真菌治疗,其中3例隐球菌脑膜炎患者予两性霉素B鞘内注射。经1~6个月治疗后,总体预后情况良好(好转22例,死亡1例)。结论肝、肾移植术后患者因免疫抑制剂的长期使用,隐球菌感染值得重视,其临床症状不典型,易误诊及漏诊,通过对其主要症状及影像学特点判断,结合肺穿刺活检、脑脊液检查、血培养等检查手段,可明显提高隐球菌感染的检出率,从而做到早诊断,早治疗,降低病死率。     

18例肺曲霉病临床分析

目的提高对肺曲霉病的认识。方法对诊断为肺曲霉病的18例病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果83%的肺曲霉病患者伴有基础疾病;有临床症状者占89%;胸部影像表现为：以右肺为主,多见于上叶,且多分布于外周;大叶性肺炎型占17%,肺曲霉球型占50%,结节或肿块型占33%,支气管肺炎型占6%,双肺弥漫病变型占22%,且有22%合并胸腔积液;组织病理学发现呈约45°分支和有隔膜的曲霉菌丝;50%患者行肺叶切除术,术后应用抗真菌药物,50%患者仅接受抗真菌药物治疗;89%的患者治愈或好转,11%死亡。结论肺曲霉病患者多有基础疾病;部分类型有典型影像学改变;诊断需结合既往病史、临床表现和胸部影像表现及相关实验室检查,确诊有赖于组织病理学检查;治疗主要是药物,部分可手术。     

未见明显免疫功能低下的11例肺隐球菌病临床特征分析并文献复习

目的分析11例未见明显免疫功能低下的肺隐球菌病患者的临床特征并文献复习。方法回顾分析2004年1月~2016年12月经病理或病原学确诊为肺隐球菌病11例患者临床资料。结果 11例患者均未见明显免疫功能低下,值得注意的是,其中7例患者(63.6%)有肥胖、高血压、冠心病等基础病,1例有20多年吸烟史,只有1例是体检发现。6例初诊误诊,误诊率为54.54%(6/11),最易被误诊为肺癌(5/6)。较少累及肺外器官。影像学表现以两中下肺单发结节最多见,以肺外周,胸膜下为显著;斑片样渗出影相对较少;10例结节或肿块边缘均有晕征。胸膜反应性增厚或胸膜牵拉7例,周围有毛刺和粗条索的8例;空洞及空腔各1例。11例PC患者中,9例经病理确诊,2例经肺穿刺液涂片找到隐球菌。结论免疫正常PC患者以男性青壮年多发,高血压、肥胖、冠心病、吸烟者为高发人群,影像学以肺下部单发结节多见,结节周围常常有晕征,不光滑。空洞及空腔少见。罕见累及肺外器官,初诊易误诊为肺癌。诊断主要依赖于病理组织学检查。     

不同免疫状态肺隐球菌病临床特点分析

目的总结国内不同免疫状态人群肺隐球菌病（Pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC）临床特点,以提高该病的临床诊治水平。方法回顾性分析1998～2009年上海多家教学医院的100例Pc患者临床资料。结果既往无基础疾病史者占46．00％。临床以咳嗽、咳痰、发热为主要首发症状。无症状者多见于非免疫受损患者。非免疫受损PC病灶以胸膜下分布为主（55．22％）,单肺累及占72．97％,病灶位于肺野局部者占59．46％,病灶形态以结节／肿块影为主（55．41％）;而免疫受损患者病灶表现多样化,分布广泛而随机。19例患者行经支气管镜肺活检（TBLB）,病理结果阳性14例（73．68％）。36例患者行经皮肺穿刺活检（PCNB）,病理阳性26例（72．22％）。结论既往无基础疾病不能排除Pc可能。非免疫受损Pc患者病灶多靠近胸膜,病变较局限,形态以结节／肿块影多见。免疫受损患者病灶表现多样化,分布广泛而随机。TBLB和PCNB诊断PC阳性率较高,且两者可互为补充。     

以坏死性肉芽肿为表现的肺隐球菌病28例临床影像分析CSCD

目的分析以坏死性肉芽肿为病理表现的肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC)的临床、病理及影像学特点,提高对该病的认识,减少误诊。方法回顾分析28例该类病例临床、病理及影像学资料。结果 28例PC患者中,男女各14例,年龄27~68岁。仅1例以咳嗽为首发症状,余无症状。5例既往有慢性疾病或肿瘤病史。所有病例均为结节团块,4例含空洞。所有病例病理表现为坏死性肉芽肿,特殊染色可见新生隐球菌体。结论病理表现为坏死性肉芽肿的PC患者其临床、影像及病理表现具有其特殊性,大部分免疫功能正常,较少出现临床症状。影像学表现均为团块影或结节影,病理组织学表现与结核难以鉴别,极易发生误诊,需要加做特殊染色进一步帮助诊断。     

以坏死性肉芽肿为表现的肺隐球菌病28例临床影像分析

目的分析以坏死性肉芽肿为病理表现的肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC)的临床、病理及影像学特点,提高对该病的认识,减少误诊。方法回顾分析28例该类病例临床、病理及影像学资料。结果 28例PC患者中,男女各14例,年龄27~68岁。仅1例以咳嗽为首发症状,余无症状。5例既往有慢性疾病或肿瘤病史。所有病例均为结节团块,4例含空洞。所有病例病理表现为坏死性肉芽肿,特殊染色可见新生隐球菌体。结论病理表现为坏死性肉芽肿的PC患者其临床、影像及病理表现具有其特殊性,大部分免疫功能正常,较少出现临床症状。影像学表现均为团块影或结节影,病理组织学表现与结核难以鉴别,极易发生误诊,需要加做特殊染色进一步帮助诊断。     

肺隐球菌病12例临床分析

目的 提高对隐球菌病的认识.方法 对确诊为肺隐球菌病的12例病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 12例病例中,男性8例,女性4例,年龄31～68岁,平均年龄(51.8±12.6)岁,6例伴有基础疾病,但无1例有鸟类接触史;有临床症状者10例,其中咳嗽8例,咯痰3例,胸痛4例,发热2例,有体征者仅2例;胸部影像表现为:1...     

一例肺隐球菌病诊治并随访经验报道及文献复习

肺隐球菌病临床表现具有非特异性和多样性,肺隐球菌的鉴别有一定难度,给临床诊断带来极大困难。本文报道1例肺隐球菌病患者的临床表现、影像学特点、诊治随访经过及依据,突出介绍肺隐球菌的鉴定和分析,并结合文献进行了讨论。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。