采用RAPD和ISSR标记探讨中国疣粒野生稻的遗传多样性

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) methods were applied to detect genetic variation of 20 bulking samples and two individually sampled populations of Oryza granulata (Nees et Arn. ex Watt.) from China (M5 from Hainan Province and M27 from Yunnan Province). For the bulking sampled populations, 20 RAPD and 12 ISSR primers generated 209 and 122 bands, of which 134 (64.11%) and 89 (72.95%) were polymorphic respectively. For population M5, 146 and 95 bands were generated with 21.48% and 34.78% being polymorphic (PPB). For population M27, 151 (PPB = 17.22%) and 94 (PPB = 19.15%) bands of RAPD and ISSR were obtained. The results indicated that the level of genetic variation of O． granulata was lower than other species detected in the genus Oryza. UPGMA cluster based on genetic similarity and principle component analyses (PCA) based on band patterns divided the populations into two groups corresponding to their sources, which revealed that the majority of genetic variation of O. granulata occurred between Hainan and Yunnan. Consequently, more populations of the species should be considered for a reasonable conservation management. Comparison between the two marker systems showed that ISSR was better than RAPD in terms of reproducibility and ability of detecting genetic polymorphism. Mantel test revealed that the goodness of fit between them was significant (r=0.917, t=12.718) when detecting genetic diversity at species level, but was poor at population level (r<0.200). The discrepancy was considered as the facts that different fragments were targeted by RAPD and ISSR, and that evolutionary process of O. granulata varied at different hierarchical levels.     

利用SRAP标记研究海南野生稻的遗传多样性与遗传分化

利用8对多态性较好的SRAP引物对海南120份普通野生稻、55份疣粒野生稻和26份药用野生稻进行扩增,在检测到的219个位点中,普通野生稻的多态性位点率为74.89％,疣粒野生稻为42.47％,药用野生稻25.11%。香农指数以普通野生稻最高0.3277,疣粒野生稻为0.2044,药用野生稻最低0.1113。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示供试材料与地理来源相一致,相关性强,各居群个体间没有出现任何交叉。根据居群间的遗传分化系数,普通野生稻群体的基因多样性为0.2135,群体内的平均基因多样性大于居群间的基因漂变,说明普通野生稻居群遗传分化不显著,遗传多样性主要来自于居群内,基于群体杂合度和居群遗传多样性指数特点,认为实施保护策略时,优先保护遗传多样性最丰富的WDL和WDA居群。疣粒野生稻居群存在中等程度的遗传分化,建议原生境保护;药用野生稻居群数量较少,建议原生境保护。     

基于ISSR与RAPD标记分析内蒙古赤芍的遗传多样性

采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术对28个赤芍种群进行遗传变异和亲缘关系分析,为准确地评价赤芍种质的遗传特征、资源保护及新品种选育提供理论依据.结果 显示:(1)利用分别筛选的14条ISSR和RAPD引物扩增出257条和215条条带,其中多态性条带分别为251条和209条,多态性条带百分率分别为97.8％和97.2％;...     

RAPD和ISSR分子标记对果蔗种质资源的遗传多样性研究

利用RAPD与ISSR分子标记技术对40份不同地方果蔗种质的遗传多样性进行分析。从供试材料中筛选到具有多态性的RAPD引物23条,ISSR引物28条。23条RAPD引物共扩增出250条带,多态性条带比率为70%,相似系数变化范围在0.68-1.00之间;28条ISSR引物共扩增出301条带,多态性条带比率为77.1%,相似系数变化范围在0.66-1.00之间。根据两种标记的结果,用UPGMA法对40份果蔗种质材料进行聚类分析,结果表明,RAPD和ISSR均将40份果蔗种质分为4类:第Ⅰ类为32份地方果蔗品种,包括福建、江西、浙江、广西、云南等地的品种;第Ⅱ类为外引黑皮果蔗Badila和丰城紫皮果蔗;第Ⅲ类为杂交种白鳝、歪干担、肚度、温岭果蔗以及人工杂交选育的果蔗品种474;第Ⅳ类只有广东的黄皮果蔗。这两种标记的聚类结果相关分析表明,它们存在呈极显著相关(r=0.9746)。但ISSR标记比RAPD标记可检测到更大的遗传变异。     

65份野生油茶种质遗传多样性的ISSR和RAPD标记分析

利用ISSR和RAPD标记,对名邛台地野生油茶种质进行遗传多样性分析。从60条简单重复序列引物中筛选出16条引物,在65份样品中共扩增出213条带,其中多态位点为203个,多态位点百分率为95.31%;从30条寡居核苷酸引物中筛选出8条引物,共扩增出105条带,其中多态性位点94个,多态位点百分率为89.52%。结果表明:名邛台地野生油茶种质具有较丰富的遗传多样性,ISSR和RAPD标记可以应用于油茶种质遗传多样性分析。     

苦瓜种质遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR分析

采用RAPD和ISSR分子标记技术对38份苦瓜种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:10个RAPD和10个ISSR引物分别扩增出93条和81条带,多态性比率分别为50.54%和61.29%;RAPD和ISSR标记检测供试材料的遗传相似性系数(GS)范围,分别为0.287~1和0.221~1,ISSR(平均GS值0.672)检测多态性效果高于RAPD(平均GS值0.694)。RAPD标记聚类分析将供试种质分为3个类群6组,分类结果与苦瓜瓜瘤的表型分类比较相似;ISSR标记聚类分析将供试种质分为3个类群7组,ISSR标记划分类群与形态上以颜色分类比较接近。RAPD和ISSR标记的遗传相似性系数呈显著相关(r=0.550)。两个标记整合后聚类分析可检测到更大的遗传变异,结果与苦瓜的农艺性状分类和地理分布有一定的相关性。     

利用RAPD和ISSR分子标记分析地黄种质遗传多样性

用RAPD与ISSR技术对地黄的8个品种和2个脱毒品系进行了种质遗传多样性分析.分别从80条RAPD引物和44条ISSR引物中筛选出适合地黄种质分析的17条RAPD引物和10条ISSR引物用于RAPD和ISSR分析.17条RAPD引物共扩增出177条带, 多态性位点数为109; 多态性位点比率为61.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3135;每个位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)是1.3641; 10条ISSR引物共扩增出110条带. 多态性位点数为79; 多态性位点比率为71.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3577;每个位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)是1.4037. 基于扩增条带数据库建立了各自的Jaccard遗传相关系数矩阵,构建了相似的分子树状图,将10个供试材料分为2类:一类群含组培85.5、大田85.5、组培9302、大田9302、金状元和金白6个材料;另一类群含北京1号、大红袍、地黄9104和野生地黄4个材料.两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关(r＝0.649).结果表明,RAPD与ISSR标记适合于地黄种质遗传多样性分析,ISSR标记技术是一种多态性和重复性优于RAPD技术的实用技术.     

基于ISSR和RAPD标记的4个夏蜡梅种群的遗传多样性研究

利用ISSR和RAPD技术对4个夏蜡梅种群25个单株的遗传多样性进行研究。从60条简单重复序列引物中筛选出了10条引物在25个个体中共检测到62个可重复的位点,其中多态位点为41个,总的多态位点百分率为65.60%;从60条寡居核苷酸引物中筛选出了10条引物共扩增出52个位点,其中多态性位点31个,多态性位点的百分率为57.50%。Shannon指数估算的夏蜡梅群体总遗传多样性为0.3737,各群体平均遗传多样性为0.1645。Nei’s指数估算的夏蜡梅群体总遗传多样性为0.2528,各群体平均遗传多样性为01117;物种水平的有效等位基因数为1.4473,平均值为1.1972。4个自然群体的基因分化系数Gst=05297,即总的变异中有52.97%的变异存在于群体间,而群体内的遗传变异占总变异的47.03%,群体间遗传距离平均值0.2187。也表明了夏蜡梅4个群体间出现了遗传分化。夏蜡梅群体间的基因流较低,Nm=04450。聚类分析将4个种群聚为2支,且聚类结果表现出明显的地域性特征。作为狭域分布种,夏蜡梅各群体间存在遗传分化和多样性程度不高,对夏蜡梅种群多样性的就地和迁地保护势在必行。     

中国疣粒野生稻的分布、濒危现状和保护前景

继1978-1982年全国野生稻普查后,又一次对中国疣粒野生稻（Oryza granulata (Nees et Arn.Ex Watt.））主要分布点的居群特征、濒危现状和破坏情况进行了野外生态学研究。由于行政区划的改变,目前疣粒野生稻在中国分布的市（县）达30个。它在群落盖度为90%-210%下生长良好,具有抗旱和适应中度干扰的能力。聚集参数分析表明在群落中居群以集群分布为主。该物种主要通过重力和动物传播种子,居群间的基因流有限,形成了典型的集合种群（metapoulation）结构。生境丧失对疣粒野生稻的生长造成非常严重的后果,巳有12.9%的疣粒野生稻居群灭绝,83.9%的居群处于中度和重度的干扰之下。由于各地区的破坏程度不平衡,目前疣粒野生稻的分布被压缩到海南省的西南部山区和云南省和澜沧江中下游、南汀河流域,面临热区开发的巨大威胁。研究中建立了中国疣粒野生稻的总DNA库,作为易位保护的手段之一和开展保护遗传学研究的基础;并讨论了居群遗传结构与居群分布格局之间的相互关系和保护中需注意的问题。     

利用RAPD和ISSR分子标记分析怀地黄种质遗传多样性

用RAPD与ISSR技术对怀地黄的8个品种和2个脱毒品系进行了种质遗传多样性分析。分别从80条RAPD引物和44条ISSR引物中筛选出适合怀地黄种质分析的17条RAPD引物和10条ISSR引物,用于RAPD和ISSR分析。17条RAPD引物共扩增出177条带, 多态性位点数为109; 多态性位点比率为61.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3135;每个位点的有效等位基因数（Ne）是1.3641; 10条ISSR引物共扩增出110条带. 多态性位点数为79; 多态性位点比率为71.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3577;每个位点的有效等位基因数（Ne）是1.4037。 基于扩增条带数据库建立了各自的Jaccard遗传相关系数矩阵,构建了相似的分子树状图,将10个供试材料分为2类:一类群含组培85.5、大田85.5、组培9302、大田9302、金状元和金白6个材料;另一类群含北京1号、大红袍、地黄9104和野生地黄4个材料。两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关(r＝0.649)。结果表明,RAPD与ISSR标记适合于怀地黄种质遗传多样性分析,ISSR标记技术是一种多态性和重复性优于RAPD技术的实用技术。     

采用RAPD标记探讨瓣蕊唐松草(毛茛科唐松草属)的遗传多样性及其地理分布格局(英文)

Random amplified polymerphic DNA(RAPD)method was applied to assessg enetic variation and population structure of Thahctrum petalotdeum L(Ranunoulaceae),Two hundred and forty-six individuals from 11 populations of the species were investigated by RAPD profiles Twenty selected RAPD primers generated 125 bands．in which 120 were polymorphic Ther esults revealed a high level of genetic variation(ercentage of polymorphIc bands(PPB was 96％．Nei’s gene diversity(りwas 03502 and shannon’s information index(I) was 0．5199 at the species level) The differentiation among the populations was high(Gst=0．3511)in this species．Result of analyzing of molecularvariance(AMOVA)showedthat38．88％of genetic variance was found among the populations Positive correlation withr r=01945(P=00002)was found between genetic distance and geographic distance amongpo pulations Two populations distributed in the drainage basin of YanELz River affined genedcally and formed one clada and the rest nine populations formed the other clade in both unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average(UPGMA)trees made by two different method different methods. It was yen/clear that these two populations were very special, andmust be closely related in history, despite the fact that they now share quite weak link to the restpopulations through gene communication.     

云南普通野生稻遗传多样性和亲缘关系

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）是稻属的重要组成部分,具有许多优良性状,是水稻遗传改良的天然基因库。本研究通过对形态学性状的观测,及ISSR和RAPDUPGMA聚类分析,将云南普通野生稻划分为4个类型,即元江类型、景洪紫杆直立型、景洪绿杆直立型和景洪匍匐型。在供试材料中筛选到具有多态性的ISSR和RAPD引物各11个,ISSR引物扩增出多态带113条,多态性条带比率（PPB）为82．26％,RAPD引物共扩增出多态性条带76条,PPB值为76．77％,两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关（r=0.951）。此外UPGMA聚类结果表明,云南普通野生稻不同类型与其它地区普通野生稻之间的遗传亲缘关系差异明显。     

Genetic variation within and among populations of a wild rice Oryza granulata from China detected by RAPD and ISSR markers

Genetic variation within and between five populations of Oryza granulata from two regions of China was investigated using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat amplification) markers. Twenty RAPD primers used in this study amplified 199 reproducible bands with 61 (30.65%) polymorphic; and 12 ISSR primers amplified 113 bands with 52 (46.02%) polymorphic. Both RAPD and ISSR analyses revealed a low level of genetic diversity in wild populations of O. granulata. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to apportion the variation within and between populations both within and between regions. As the RAPD markers revealed, 73.85% of the total genetic diversity resided between the two regions, whereas only 19.45% and 6.70% were present between populations within regions and within a population respectively. Similarly, it was shown by ISSR markers that a great amount of variation (49.26%) occurred between the two regions, with only 38.07% and 12.66% between populations within regions and within a population respectively. Both the results of a UPGMA cluster, based on Jaccard coefficients, and pairwise distance analysis agree with that of the AMOVA partition. This is the first report of the partitioning of genetic variability within and among populations of O. granulata at the DNA level, which is in general agreement with a recent study on the same species in China using allozyme analysis. Our results also indicated that the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) detected by ISSR is higher than that detected by RAPD. It seems that ISSR is superior to RAPD in terms of the polymorphism detected and the amplification reproducibility. Received: 29 March 2000 / Accepted: 15 May 2000     

中国杯萼海桑遗传多样性的ISSR研究

杯萼海桑(SonneratiaalbaJ.Smith.)是海桑科红树植物,在我国分布于海南岛的东海岸。本文采用简单序列重复区间扩增(ISSR)分子标记技术对分布于海南岛的杯萼海桑的4个天然居群和东寨港红树林自然保护区引种的一人工居群共100个个体进行了遗传变异分析。11个引物共扩增出133条带,其中103条具多态性,多态位点百分率为77.44%。在居群水平上相对较低,多态位点百分率为51.88%~65.41%,平均为57.74%。期望杂合度、香农信息指数在物种水平上分别为0.2271和0.3489;在居群水平上分别为0.1837和0.2275。依据Gst值,杯萼海桑绝大多数遗传变异发生在居群内的个体间(81.02%),18.98%的遗传变异发生在居群间。AMOVA分析也表明了类似的遗传结构。居群间平均遗传一致度为0.9342。依据Nei(1972)的遗传距离对不同居群进行UPGMA聚类,将居群分为两组,来自三亚(SY)和陵水(LS)的居群聚为一类;东寨港引种栽培的人工居群(DZ)和琼海(QH)、文昌(WC)的居群聚为另一类。Mantel检验表明,遗传距离与地理距离呈极显著相关。     

东俄洛橐吾遗传变异与分化的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对东俄洛橐吾（Ligularia tongolensis）的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100个引物中筛选出8个用于正式扩增。在所研究的8个居群共150个个体中检测到148个多态位点。在居群水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为50.45%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.1595和0.2440。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为88.10%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.2811和0.4279。居群间的遗传分化系数（Gst）达0.4355。研究结果表明东俄洛橐吾的遗传多样性水平很高,居群间遗传分化较大。这与其多样化的生态环境是有必然联系的。因适应其多样化的生态环境而形成了遗传多样性;且因其生态环境的不连续性阻碍了居群间的基因交流而产生了遗传分化,即东俄洛橐吾高水平的遗传多样性和遗传分化是适应其分布区多样化生态环境的结果。     

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of Liaoning Weedy Rice Detected by RAPD and SSR Markers

Weedy rice refers to populations of usually annual Oryza species that diminish farmer income through reduction of grain yield and lowered commodity value at harvest. The genetic diversity and population genetic structure of weedy rice in Liaoning Province were studied by RAPD and SSR markers. The results indicate that the level of genetic diversity of Liaoning weedy rice is very low, with polymorphic loci being only 3.70% (RAPDs) and 47.62% (SSRs). On the other hand, high genetic differentiation was found among populations, in particular between two regions (Shenyang and Dandong), with Fst values of 0.746 (RAPDs) and 0.656 (SSRs), suggesting that more than two thirds of the genetic variation resides among regions. Combined with our investigations of cultural traditions, the low level of genetic diversity in Liaoning Province is attributed to its narrow genetic background enhanced by exchanges of cultivar seeds, whereas the high genetic differentiation between the two regions is most likely the result of different founding parents and gene flow from local rice varieties to weedy rice. The rice cultivars in the two regions are all local varieties and are different genetically. A comparison of the two marker systems demonstrates that SSR is more informative and powerful in terms of the assessment of genetic variability, although both RAPD and SSR provide useful genetic information on weedy rice.     

植物遗传多样性保护及其分子生物学研究方法

植物遗传多样性保护及其分子生物学研究方法李俊清（北京林业大学森林资源与环境学院,１０００８３）ＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｌａｎｔＧｅｎｅｔｉｃＤｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙａｎｄＲｅｌａｔｅｄＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ．￥Ｌｉ...     

30个枣树种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

取30个枣树品种进行ISSR分子标记分析,其扩增条带分别进行琼脂糖和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,以期获得不同产地品种之间的遗传多态性。从100条选择扩增的ISSR引物中筛选出17条扩增清晰、重复性和稳定性好的引物,选取其中8条扩增条带多态性强的引物进行遗传聚类分析。结果表明：（1）1％琼脂糖凝胶电泳和5％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测扩增总条带数分别为72和127条,其中多态性条带分别为51条和113条,多态性条带比率（PPB）分别为70．8％和88．9％。（2）基于UPGMA软件对30个品种的遗传差异性分析表明,8个ISSR引物可以将枣树品种之间遗传差异明显区分开来。两种电泳检测方法相比较,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测可获得较为精细的枣树品种间遗传图谱。其遗传相似系数范围在0．56～1．00之间,以0．62为最低遗传相似系数,可将30个枣树品种分成3个大类,6个亚类,为进一步研究枣树品种间分类、起源进化关系和分子辅助育种奠定基础。