随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）标记用于丁香品种遗传分析及品种分类

采用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）标记分析了１５个丁香品种的ＤＮＡ扩增产物。研究选用了１６个随机引物,共扩增出９６条带,其中５５条带为可重复性条带,有价值条带大小多在５１７ｂｐ至１６３６ｂｐ之间。这些标记足以区分这些丁香品种。欧丁香（Ｓｙｒｉｎｇａｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）与Ｓ．×ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｉｆｌｏｒａ间的相似系数为６１．５％,欧丁香与Ｓ．×ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎｉａｅ间的相似系数为４７．２％,Ｓ．×ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｉｆｌｏｒａ与Ｓ．×ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎｉａｅ间的相似系数为４３．６％。结果表明,欧丁香与Ｓ．×ｈｙａｃｉｎｔｈｉｆｌｏｒａ亲缘关系最近。应用ＲＡＰＤ资料分析讨论了一些品种的起源。ＲＡＰＤ技术为丁香品种分类鉴定提供了可靠方法。     

烟草黑胫病菌株亲缘关系的RAPD分析

从２２０个ＲＡＰＤ（Ｒａｎｄｏｍ Ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄ Ｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ ＤＮＡｓ）随机引物中所选出的多态扩增性强的２１个引物对来源不同的３３个烟草黑胫病菌株进行全基因组ＤＮＡ遗传多样性分析和指纹构建。选用引物对受试菌株进行ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ扩增,共产生２４３条ＤＮＡ标记图带,其中１９１条为多态性图带,多态检测率为７８．６％。利用ＵＰＧＭＡ（Ｕｎｗｅｉｇｔｈｔｅｄ Ｐａｉｒ－ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｍｅｔｈ     

Construction of Rice DNA Finger Print by SRFA

ＲＡＰＤ用于生物鉴定具有快速、简便、经济等优点。但是,由于该法所用引物通常为９～１０个寡聚核苷酸,与ＰＣＲ使用特异引物相比,其Ｔｍ值相对较低,扩增反应易受外界条件影响,重复性较差。ＳＲＦＡ技术采用设计有限制内切酶位点的人工合成接头与引物互补,弥补了ＲＡＰＤ法的上述不足。Ｆｉｇ．１为ＳＲＦＡ的技术路线。为提高连接效率,在同一试管内,用ＰｓｔＩ酶解基因组ＤＮＡ,并与人工接头连结,制备ＳＲＦＡ扩增的模板。合成与接头序列相应的引物。对南方５个野生稻品种和籼、粳稻各一个栽培品种进行ＳＲＦＡ扩增。Ｆｉｇ．２表示：每种材料均能获得约１０条以上的扩增条带。条带的大小在４００２０００ｂｐ之间。栽培稻品种中出现多态性片段：用引物１可得一条（１．３ｋｂ）片段,用引物２可得２条（１．１ｋｂ、０．７ｋｂ）片段。与ＦＡＰＤ法相比,ＳＲＦＡ法增加２０％的多态性。栽培稻与野生稻之间在多态性上没有差异,说明两者亲缘关系非常接近。五种野生稻的图谱可分为两类：江西、湖南、广西的与籼稻相近,广东、云南的与粳稻相近。当然,这还有待其它方面的研究来验证。接头的设计要求避免自身连结,与目的片段连结后不能再被ＰｓｔＩ切开。引物包括不变序列和选择序列两部     

鹅膏菌属真菌RAPD分析及亲缘关系的研究

本文对采自湖南莽山的２６种鹅膏菌属（Ａｍａｎｉｔａ）真菌进行了随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析,４０个随机引物中筛选出扩增效果较好的６个引物,每个引物能产生１～１０条ＤＮＡ条带,获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带清晰并呈现多态性ＯＰＧ１５、ＯＰＨ０４两个引物扩增的ＲＡＰＤ谱带能将２６种鹅膏菌完全区分开来,通过６个引物的ＲＡＰＤ分析获得的平均相似性系数表明种与种之间的相关系数在２０－６０％之间,平均链锁聚类分析     

普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体DNA的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲａｎｄｏｍａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃＤＮＡｓ,ＲＡＰＤ）技术,对普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系（Ａ）及其保持系（Ｂ）线粒体基因组（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌｇｅｎｏｍｅ）的指纹图谱进行了分析。共使用引物４１个,其中２０个引物得到了扩增产物,部分引物扩增结果表现多态性。说明线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌＤＮＡ,ｍｔＤＮＡ）序列在不育系和保持系之间存在差异,进一步明确了小麦细胞质雄性不育（ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍａｌｅｓｔｅｒｉｌｅ,ＣＭＳ）与ｍｔＤＮＡ的关系。     

应用RAPD技术对不同基因组组合生物型遗传多态性的研究(英文)

利用ＲＡＰＤ技术对不同基因组合的鱼类进行了基因组指纹图谱构建,在ＤＮＡ水平上对基因组成分进行了分析,探讨了其遗传多态性。ＲＡＰＤ结果发现,在２６个随机引物扩增的产物中,平均每个个体观察到约１４２个ＲＡＰＤ标记,单个引物获得的标记平均为５．４。其中４个引物扩增的图谱可将不同的生物型区分开：Ｓ－２６引物的扩增图谱（Ｆｉｇ．１）可将红鲫（ＲＡ）与其它组合区分开,还可将鲤鲫杂种一倍体（ＣＡ）与鲫鲤杂种三倍体（ＣＡＡ）和人工复合三倍体鲤（ＣＣＡ）区分开;Ｓ－８引物（Ｆｉｇ．２）可区分开红鲤（ＲＣ）和镜鲤（ＭＣ）;Ｓ－４５引物（Ｆｉｇ．３）可区分开ＲＣ和ＣＡ;Ｓ－２２引物则可区分开ＣＡＡ和ＣＣＡ。六种生物型均存在基因组特异性的图谱即各自独特的“诊断性”图谱,作者由此建立了详细的分子标记检索表（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。通过对ＲＡＰＤ图谱的量化分析,利用ＵＰＧＭＡ构建了不同生物型的遗传关系树图;反映了鲤鲫及各种组合生物型之间的遗传相似关系：ＲＣ和ＭＣ属同一种系,聚为一族;ＣＡＡ和ＣＡ基因组类型相同,聚为一族;ＣＣＡ虽自成一体,但可与ＣＡＡ和ＣＡ聚为一族;而ＲＡ与其它组合遗传距离较远,自成一族。ＲＡＰＤ的结果也表明各种生物型内个体间     

滇西北地区冬虫夏草和阔孢虫草的遗传分化研究

应用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术对来自云南西北部高黎贡山和丽江玉龙雪山的６个冬虫夏草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｓａｃｃ．,来自德钦地区三个地方的８个阔孢虫草Ｃ．ｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｏｒａ Ｚａｎｇ,Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｌｉ以及来自云南昆明的一个蛹虫草Ｃ．ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｉｓ （Ｖｕｉｌｌ）Ｆｒ．进行分析。１８个随机引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带清晰并呈现多态。遗传距离分析表明,冬虫夏     

古代“太子莲”及现代红花中国莲种质资源的RAPD分析

采用４０个１０碱基随机引物及８个锚定ＳＳＲ引物,对寿命为（５８０±７０）年的古代“太子莲”以及哈尔滨、河北、江西、湖南等地区的红花中国莲（ＮｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａＧａｅｒｔｎ．）野生居群或农家栽培品种的基因组ＤＮＡ进行了ＲＡＰＤ及微卫星（ＳＳＲ）ＤＮＡ多态性检测,共筛选出能产生多态性标记的ＲＡＰＤ引物１３个、ＳＳＲ引物２个。这１５个引物共扩增出１３５个位点,其中多态性位点７１个,占５２６％。琼脂糖电泳表明“太子莲”与哈尔滨红花莲表现出高度的遗传一致性,上述１５个引物未能在两组样品内检测到任何遗传变异。来自河北、江西、湖南的红花莲皆表现出不同程度的居群内或品种内分化。根据ＭＥＧＡ程序中的ＵＰＧＭＡ聚类分析结果,“太子莲”与哈尔滨、河北两地区的红花莲聚为一支。“太子莲”与河北红花莲的遗传距离最近（００５）,它们拥有共同的祖先。古代“太子莲”与其它４个地区的红花莲比较起来只缺少ＯＰＭＯ６３００一条带,仍属于红花中国莲这个种。湖南红花莲与江西红花莲之间可能有基因交流,彼此亲缘关系密切,聚为另一支。它们与“太子莲”遗传距离较远（０６７）。     

用RAPD和AFLP的方法对中国卤虫（Autemia）种及亲缘关系的研究

利用ＲＡＰＤ（随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ）和ＡＦＬＰ（扩增片段长度多态性）技术对不同种及种群卤虫的关系进行分析。１０１个随机引物对４种卤虫Ａ．ｆｒａｎｃｉｓｃａｎａ、Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ、Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ和Ａ．ｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａ基因组ＤＮＡ进行扩增,平均每个种获得７５１条带,其中４５８条带为多态性标记,每个引物提供平均７．４个标记信息,聚类结果表明Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ是不同于其他旧大陆两性生殖卤虫     

普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体DNA和RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（Ｒａｎｄｏｍ ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄ ｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ ＤＮＡｓ,ＲＡＰＤ）技术,对普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系（Ａ）及其保持系（Ｂ）线粒体基因组（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌ ｇｅｎｏｍｅ）的指纹图谱进行了分析。共使用引物４１个,其中２０个引物得到了扩增产物,部分引物扩增结果表现多态性。说明线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌ ＤＡＮ,ｍｔ,ＤＮＡ）序列在不育系和保持系之     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.