野大豆(Glycine soja)叶绿体的光谱及其激子能量转移

野大豆叶绿体在低温(77K)时出现三条荧光发射谱带,它们来源于不同的色素蛋白复合体。 在纳秒脉冲激光激发下,捕光天线色素的相对荧光量子产额,随激光强度的增加有明显下降现象。用激子理论和动力学方程讨论和计算了激子扩散参量。指出激子转移是随机的,非相干的。     

苔藓植物光合作用荧光光谱和动力学荧光的比较

本文首次比较了光合作用的荧光光谱和荧光动力学在苔藓植物的原始种类和进化种类之间的异同。原始的和进化的苔藓植物具有发射波长相同的室温荧光光谱,其发射高峰位于686-690nm(来自光系统Ⅱ)和736-740nm(来自光系统Ⅰ)。 而它们的低温(77K)荧光光谱有三个发射峰：F_687-689和F_697-699来自光系统Ⅱ,F_723-734来自光系统I。 前两个峰在原始的和进化的种类中基本相同。 按第三个发射峰可把被测的苔藓植物分为两组：发射峰在725nm左右的有细牛毛藓、长肋对齿藓、对齿藓、斜叶芦荟藓、密集匍灯藓和地钱,它们是较原始的藓类和较进化的苔类;发射峰在732nm左右的有细枝羽藓、东亚金灰藓、鼠尾藓、鳞叶藓、粗枝藓和美灰藓等较进化的藓类,也有较原始的钝叶匍灯藓。已知光系统I核心复合物CPI的77K荧光发射峰在722nm,而CPIa(核心复合物与外周天线复合物)和LHC-I(外周天线复合物)的发射峰在730nm。这说明在苔藓植物进化过程中,光系统Ⅱ比较保守;而光系统Ⅰ有所变化,原始的藓类主要含有光系统Ⅰ核心复合物,而较进化的藓类才含有较完善的外周天线复合物。光合作用荧光动力学分析表明,在原始藓类和地钱中具有较低的光系统Ⅱ活性、光系统Ⅱ的原初光能转换效率、光合碳同化和潜在的光合量子转换效率;而较进化的具有较高的活性和效率。 但是,原始的密集匍灯藓也具有较高的活性和效率,而进化的美灰藓却具有较低的活性和效率。这可能表明这两种植物是由原始向进化发展过程中的中间类型。     

螺旋藻原生质球的分离及其光合作用特性的研究

利用改进后的分离方法可获得大量有活性的钝顶螺旋藻 ( Spirulina platensis)原生质球。原生质球大小不等 ,直径在 2 .9～ 4 .6μm,原生质球表面有皱纹及小的孔洞 ,放氧速率为完整藻的 4 0 %。原生质球的室温吸收光谱表明其色素种类与完整细胞基本相同 ,都具有叶绿素 a、藻蓝蛋白、藻红蓝蛋白和类胡萝卜素。但原生质球中减少了藻蓝蛋白和类胡萝卜素的相对含量 ,而藻红蓝蛋白明显增多。螺旋藻的完整细胞与原生质球的 77K荧光发射光谱略有不同 :激发光为 4 36nm时 ,藻丝体和原生质球都具有 4个荧光发射峰 :F686、F696、F730和 F75 7,原生质球的 F75 7明显减弱 ;激发光为 5 80 nm时 ,藻丝体有 5个发射峰 :F64 0、F685、F693、F72 8和 F75 8,原生质球的 F75 8消失。原生球中 F72 8/F685、F64 0 /F685值增高 ,F693/F685值降低 ,光系统 的 F72 8与捕光色素系统的 F64 0的比值降低。上述结果表明 ,失去细胞壁可能抑制光系统 活性 ,在光系统 与 F695有关的核心天线色素系统受影响更大     

尖叶拟船叶藓的77K荧光光谱及对强光照的短期适应

报道了东亚特有濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)在不同光质的光照诱导下的低温77K荧光光谱及状态转移的初步研究结果,实验中,尖叶拟船叶藓在77K下出现了3条发射带,分别是F680、F685、F720nm,并没有出现存在于大部分高等植物中的F695nm和F740nm两个峰．经过PSⅡ光诱导后、在77K下出现了F680nm,这个峰在77K下出现是首次报道,而以前的研究认为只在4K下才出现这一条光谱带,这一结果表明尖叶拟船叶藓叶绿体的两个光系统结构与其他高等植物存在着差异。在自然光下,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比是2.04,经过15min的PSⅡ光(670nm)诱导后,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比变成了1．28(状态2),当用15min的PSⅠ光(716nm)照射后,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比从2．04变成了3．4l(状态1)。在自然光下,由尖叶拟船叶藓的光系统的外部LHCⅡ所吸收的激发能是整个光系统激发能的21．19％．这说明尖叶拟船叶藓对光的短期调节能力是21．19％．尖叶拟船叶藓的光系统的外部LHCⅡ有51．7％位于PSⅡ中,48．3％在PSⅠ中.     

从蓝藻Anabaena cylindrica囊状体膜分离的叶绿素蛋白复合体

当蓝藻的囊状体膜在SDS与叶绿素之比为10:1的条件下增溶后,经不连续的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离出六条含叶绿素的带。按照电泳迁移率增加的顺序,以及吸收光谱和荧光光谱的鉴定结果,自上而下分别命名为CP1a,CP1b,CP1c,CP1,CPa和FC。 CP1a,CP1b,CP1c和CP1四种复合体在蓝区和红区的吸收峰分别位于435 nm和675 nm处。该四种复合体在77°K的荧光发射峰位于726～728 nm。铁氰化钾-抗坏血酸氧化还原差异光谱证明这四种复合体都含有 P 700, 说明它们属于光系统Ⅰ反应中心复合体。低温荧光激发光谱表明这些复合体在625～626 nm,677 nm,690～692 nm和712～714 nm处有四个共同的荧光激发峰或肩。根据其E677/E714的比值,可将它们分为CP1a,CP1b和CP1c,CP1两种类型。它们之间的差异在于这两类复合体之间不同状态的色素比例明显不同。 第五种叶绿素蛋白复合体CPa在蓝区的吸收峰位于435nm处,在红区的吸收峰位于672nm处,CPa在77°K的荧光发射峰位于686 nm处,另外在690～696nm范围内还有一个较弱的肩。它属于光系统Ⅱ反应中心复合体。它仅存在于营养胞中。 异形胞中只有光系统Ⅰ反应中心复合体。     

固氮蓝藻Anabaena sp.7120的叶绿素蛋白复合体的分离和光谱特性的研究

用光合膜片增溶和SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,从固氮蓝藻Anabaena sp.7120分离到7条色素带。迁移率较慢的五条叶绿素蛋白复合体带,具有相同的吸收光谱和室温荧光光谱特性。它们的红区最大吸收峰在676nm;蓝区最大吸收峰在438nm。它们的室温荧光发射最高峰在672—673nm;在710,732和740nm都有小峰。这些是CPⅠ叶绿素所特有的。我们认为这5条带都是属于光系统Ⅰ的叶绿素蛋白复合体。另一条迁移率稍快的叶绿素蛋白复合体带为CPⅡ。它的红区最大吸收峰在672nm;蓝区最大吸收峰在436nm。与CPⅠ带相比,两个峰均向短波端偏移。它们的室温荧光发射最高峰在675nm,没有CPⅠ所特有的小峰。这些性质说明此带和CPⅠ带不同,而是和光系统Ⅱ反应中心相关的一个复合体。迁移率最快的带是游离色素带。     

褐藻光合作用色素—蛋白质复合物——研究进展和问题

本文综述了近二十年来褐藻色素-蛋白质复合物的研究进展,包括色素—蛋白质复合物分离技术、褐藻的光系统Ⅰ、光系统Ⅱ及捕光色素—蛋白质复合物研究进展。并就褐藻色素—蛋白质复合物分离技术中存在的问题、褐藻的特点、褐藻与其它光合生物的色素—蛋白质复合物的同源性以及褐藻PSI复合物77 K荧光发射的特点等进行了讨论。     

固氮蓝藻Anabaena sp．7120的叶绿素蛋白复合体的分离和光谱特性的研究

用光合膜片增溶和SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,从固氮蓝藻Anabaena sp．7120分离到7条色素带。迁移率较慢的五条叶绿素蛋白复合体带,具有相同的吸收光谱和室温荧光光谱特性。它们的红区最大吸收峰在676nm;蓝区最大吸收峰在438nm。它们的室温荧光发射最高峰在672-673nm;在710,732和740nm都有小峰。这些是CPI叶绿素所特有的。我们认为这5条带都是属于光系统Ⅰ的叶绿素蛋白复合体。另一条迁移率稍快的叶绿素蛋白复合体带为CPⅡ。它的红区最大吸收峰在672nm;蓝区最大吸收峰在436nm。与CPⅠ带相比,两个峰均向短波端偏移。它们的室温荧光发射最高峰在675nm,没有CPⅠ所特有的小峰。这些性质说明此带和CPⅠ带不同,而是和光系统Ⅱ反应中心相关的一个复合体。迁移率最快的带是游离色素带。     

高等植物光系统Ⅱ对高温的响应

光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)是位于类囊体膜上的高度组织的色素蛋白复合体,主要由反应中心复合体、捕光天线复合体等亚单位组成。主要介绍PSⅡ的结构和功能、高温对PSⅡ的影响以及PSⅡ对高温胁迫的防御机制。     

高光胁迫对水稻籼粳亚种两个品种色素蛋白复合体的影响

以耐光抑制的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)粳亚种品种"武育粳"和对光抑制敏感的籼亚种品种"汕优63"的剑叶为材料,比较研究了高光胁迫对水稻两个亚种光合系统的影响.结果表明,高光胁迫影响激发能在两个光系统之间的分配,抑制激发能向PSⅡ传递.在籼稻中激发峰和发射峰以及相关比值在受到高光胁迫后下降的幅度均比在粳稻中显著.与粳稻相比,高光胁迫几乎使籼稻的PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的三聚体解体,使其PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的二聚体、PSⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体、PSⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体以及PSⅠ反应中心叶绿素a蛋白复合体的含量明显降低.高光胁迫导致水稻两亚种的PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合物单体含量的增加.类囊体膜多肽分析表明,高光胁迫使属于PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的27、25 kD蛋白和PSⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体的21 kD蛋白含量在水稻两亚种中都降低,其中以25 kD蛋白含量降幅最大.在籼稻中高光胁迫使属于PSⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体的43 kD和47kD蛋白以及外周23kD蛋白含量明显降低而在粳稻中则影响较小.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Carnitine and creatine content of tissues of normal and alloxan-diabetic sheep and rats

The concentration of carnitine in liver increased 28-fold and urinary carnitine excretion 5-fold in alloxan-diabetic sheep. In contrast there were no similar increases in alloxan-diabetic rats. The creatine content of liver decreased 3-fold and creatine excretion decreased 2-fold in diabetic sheep. In contrast the creatine content of liver increased nearly 4-fold in diabetic rats with no change in creatine excretion. The marked increased in production of carnitine by the liver of the diabetic sheep appears possible because of decreased production and excretion of creatine.