Nutrient transport in mycorrhizas: structure,physiology and consequences for efficiency of the symbiosis

Nutrient transport in mycorrhizas occurs across specialized interfaces which are the result of corrdinated development of the organisms. The structural modifications give rise to large areas of either inter- or intra-cellular interface in which wall synthesis is frequently modified and in which altered distribution of membrane bound ATPases is important, particularly with respect to mechanisms that may be involved in bidirectional transfer of nutrients. Except in orchid mycorrhizas, net movement of organic carbon from plant to fungus occurs, complemented by mineral nutrient movement in the opposite direction. The general consensus is that sustained transfer at rates that will maintain the growth and development of the organisms requires increases in the rates at which nutrients are lost from the organisms; possible mechanisms for this are discussed. The transfer processes are essential in determining both plant and fungal productivity and an approach to calculating the efficiency of the symbiosis in terms of the expenditure of carbon (or of phosphorus) is discussed.     

树木细根养分内循环

养分内循环是树木减少养分损失,提高养分利用效率的重要途径。树木细根寿命短、周转快．每年大量凋落死亡,因此,近20多年来树木细根养分内循环的研究逐渐受到人们的重视。关于树木细根养分内循环目前的研究结论比较复杂。本文从细根在树木地下部分养分内循环中的重要地位、细根养分内循环对树木减少养分损失的重要性、细根中各养分元素内循环的研究现状以及细根养分内循环研究方法存在的问题等方面综合论述了国内外的进展情况,并对今后的研究趋势进行了展望。     

Supply and demand: Cellular nutrient uptake and exchange in cancer

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Plant–herbivore interactions and ecological stoichiometry: when do herbivores determine plant nutrient limitation?

Recent studies on plant–herbivore indirect interactions via nutrient recycling have led to the hypothesis that herbivores with a low nitrogen: phosphorus ratio, feeding on plants with a higher nitrogen: phosphorus ratio, recycle relatively more nitrogen, driving plants into phosphorus limitation. We demonstrate in this paper that such a hypothesis is valid only under restricted conditions, i.e. the nitrogen: phosphorus ratio of inorganic nutrients supplied to the system must be neither too high nor too low compared with the nitrogen: phosphorus ratio of the whole plant + herbivore biomass. If plants have a greater affinity for phosphorus than for nitrogen, low herbivore nitrogen: phosphorus ratio can even promote nitrogen limitation. These results are qualitatively robust, whether grazing functions are donor-controlled or recipient-controlled. We present a graphical analysis of these conditions based on the Zero Net Growth Isocline method.     

Structure and function of shisham forests in central Himalaya,India: nutrient dynamics

The structure and function of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) forests were investigated in relation to nutrient dynamics in 5- to 15-year-old stands growing in central Himalaya. Nutrient concentrations and storage in different layers of vegetation were in the order: tree > shrub > herb. Forest soil, litter and vegetation accounted for 80.1-91.9, 1.0-1.5 and 7.0-18.4%, respectively, of the total nutrients in the system. There were considerable reductions (trees 32.8-43.1; shrubs 26.2-32.4; and herbs 18-8-22-2%) in nutrient concentrations of leaves during senescence. Nutrient uptake by the vegetation as a whole and also by the different components, with and without adjustment for internal recycling, was investigated. Annual transfer of litter nutrients to the soil from vegetation was 74.8-108.4 kg ha(-1) year(-1) N, 56.8-4 kg ha(-1) year(-1) P and 38.7-46.9 kg ha(-1) year(-1) K. Turnover rate and time for different nutrients ranged between 56 and 66 % year(-1) and 1.5 and 1.8 years, respectively. The turnover rate of litter indicates that over 50% of nutrients in litter on the forest floor are released, which ultimately enhances the productivity of the forest stand. The nutrient use efficiency in Shisham forests ranged from 136 to 143 kg ha(-1) year(-1) for N, 1,441 to 1,570 kg ha(-1) year(-1) for P and 305 to 311 kg ha(-1) year(-1) for K. Compared with natural oak forest (265 kg ha(-1) year(-1) and an exotic eucalypt plantation (18 kg ha(-1) year(-1), a higher proportion of nutrients was retranslocated in Shisham forests, largely because of higher leaf tissue nutrient concentrations. This indicates a lower nutrient use efficiency of Shisham compared with eucalypt and oak. Compartment models for nutrient dynamics have been developed to represent the distribution of nutrients pools and net annual fluxes within the system.     

Cultivation of Miscanthus under West European conditions: Seasonal changes in dry matter production,nutrient uptake and remobilization

There is increasing interest in cultivation of Miscanthus as a source of renewable energy in Europe, but there is little information on its nutrient requirements. Our aim was to determine the nutrient requirement of an established Miscanthus crop through a detailed study of nutrient uptake and nutrient remobilization between plant parts during growth and senescence. Therefore dry matter of rhizomes and shoots as well as N, P, K and Mg concentration under three N fertilizer rates (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha-1) were measured in field trials in 1992/93 and at one rate of 100 kg N h-1 in 1994/95.Maximum aboveground biomass in an established Miscanthus crop ranged between 25-30 t dry matter ha-1 in the September of both trial years. Due to senescence and leaf fall there was a 30% loss in dry matter between September and harvest in March. N fertilization had no effect on crop yield at harvest. Concentrations of N, P, K and Mg in shoots were at a maximum at the beginning of the growing period in May and decreased thereafter while concentrations in rhizomes stayed fairly constant throughout the year and were not affected by N fertilization.Nutrient mobilization from rhizomes to shoots - defined as the maximum change in nutrient content in rhizomes from the beginning of the growth period measured in 1992/93 was 55 kg N ha-1, 8 kg P ha-1, 39 kg K ha-1 and 11 kg Mg ha-1. This is equivalent to 21 N, 36 P, 14 K and 27 Mg of the maximum nutrient content of the shoots. Nutrient remobilization from shoots to rhizomes defined as the increase in nutrient content of rhizomes between September and March measured in 1994/95 was 101 kg N ha-1, 9 kg P ha-1, 81 kg K ha-1 and 8 kg Mg ha-1 equivalent to 46 N, 50 P, 30 K and 27 Mg of nutrient content of shoots in September. Results showed that nutrient remobilization within the plant needs to be considered when calculating nutrient balances and fertilizer recommendations.     

The light : nutrient ratio in lakes: a test of hypothesized trends in bacterial nutrient limitation

The light-to-nutrient hypothesis explores how the balance between energy (as light energy) and nutrients (as total phosphorus) shapes aquatic ecosystem structure and process. The balance of energy and nutrients is thought to regulate ecosystem structure and process such that, in a "high" light-to-nutrient environment, bacteria would probably be driven towards phosphorus (P) limitation, whereas, in a "low" light-to-nutrient environment, bacteria would be driven towards carbon (C) limitation. We assessed the growth limitation of bacteria in two reservoirs of the southern U.S.A. using a mortality-corrected dilution-growth approach. We compared the frequency of P and C growth limitation with the intralake variation in the light-to-nutrient environment. As a metric of the light-to-nutrient environment, we used the ratio of the mean light in the surface mixed layer ( I _m) to the total phosphorus concentration ( TP ). In each lake, bacterial growth was more often P-limited when the I _m :  TP ratio was above the median ratio than below. We believe our data provide the first evidence supporting this aspect of the light-to-nutrient hypothesis.     

内蒙古典型草原生态系统中N素添加对羊草和黄囊苔草N:P化学计量学特征的影响(英文)

过度放牧是中国典型草原生态系统日趋退化的主要原因。由于养分输入-输出的不均衡,将导致土壤养分库的耗竭,而确定退化草原受何种养分的制约是对其进行恢复的重要途径之一。应用NP化学计量学的原理和方法,有望代替传统的野外养分添加实验,来研究不同草地受养分限制的状况。本文采用这两种方法在物种水平上研究限制性养分。此外,陆地植物器官中的NP比相对恒定是植物在地球上生存的重要适应机制,养分添加为验证这一假说提供了一种有效手段。为此,我们采用野外N素添加的方法,研究了内蒙古典型草原两种演替系列样地中(围封22年的样地A和围封2年的样地B)羊草(Leymuschinensis(Trin.)Tzvel.)和黄囊苔草(CarexkorshinskyiKom)生物量和NP化学计量学特征的变异。N素添加梯度分别为0、5、15、30、50、80gNH4NO3.m-2.a-1。研究结果表明,在施肥第一年,两个物种的地上生物量和P含量均不受N素添加的影响;相关分析结果表明,在施肥第二年两种植物的NP比不受氮素添加的影响;施肥可以显著提高羊草和黄囊苔草地上器官的含N量,P含量只是在第二年有显著增大的趋势;2001年,两块样地中羊草和黄囊苔草的氮磷含量在不同施肥处理下均呈极显著地正相关。这表明,样地A中黄囊苔草缺乏P,样地B中羊草缺乏N,施肥两年后,两个物种器官中的N     

内蒙古典型草原生态系统中N素添加对羊草和黄囊苔草N:P化学计量学特征的影响

过度放牧是中国典型草原生态系统日趋退化的主要原因.由于养分输入-输出的不均衡,将导致土壤养分库的耗竭,而确定退化草原受何种养分的制约是对其进行恢复的重要途径之一.应用N:P化学计量学的原理和方法,有望代替传统的野外养分添加实验,来研究不同草地受养分限制的状况.本文采用这两种方法在物种水平上研究限制性养分.此外,陆地植物器官中的N:P比相对恒定是植物在地球上生存的重要适应机制,养分添加为验证这一假说提供了一种有效手段.为此,我们采用野外N素添加的方法,研究了内蒙古典型草原两种演替系列样地中(围封22年的样地A和围封2年的样地B)羊草(Leymus chinensis(Ttin.)Tzvel.)和黄囊苔草(Carex korshinskyi Kom)生物量和N:P化学计量学特征的变异.N素添加梯度分别为0、5、15、30、50、80 gNH4NO3·m-2·a-1.研究结果表明,在施肥第一年,两个物种的地上生物量和P含量均不受N素添加的影响;相关分析结果表明,在施肥第二年两种植物的N:P比不受氮素添加的影响;施肥可以显著提高羊草和黄囊苔草地上器官的含N量,P含量只是在第二年有显著增大的趋势;2001年,两块样地中羊草和黄囊苔草的氮磷含量在不同施肥处理下均呈极显著地正相关.这表明,样地A中黄囊苔草缺乏P,样地B中羊草缺乏N,施肥两年后,两个物种器官中的N、P含量具有显著的协同关系,从物种水平上验证了我们提出的假说.同时,两年的实验结果还表明,生态系统中不同物种对添加N素的响应不同,笼统地界定一个生态系统受某种元素的制约是不恰当的.     

Biodiversity: a lichenological perspective

Global biodiversity in lichens is discussed with respect to: areas of biodiversity, lichen biomass, food chains, nutrient cycling, carbon sinks, biomonitoring, climate change, conservation, and lichen identification. Examples of each topic are given, and areas for productive future research outlined.