南亚热带河流型水库浮游植物群落的季节变化：以广东飞来峡水库为例

于2003年4-12月调查了广东省飞来峡水库的水文、营养盐分布状况和浮游植物种类与数量,分析了浮游植物群落的种类及数量组成与动态特征,探讨了其动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明,飞来峡水库是一个典型的河流型大型水库,水力滞留时间短,年均值低于15 d;降雨量主要集中于夏季,最短水力滞留时间只有8 d。水温全年没有分层现象。丰水期营养盐和叶绿素a高于枯水期。浮游植物生物量低,细胞密度在21.7×103-808×103 cells L-1之间变化,没有超过106 cells L-1,叶绿素a的平均浓度为2μg L-1。浮游植物种类较多,4次采样共检到140种。种类组成上有较大变化,4月份有83种,以硅藻为主;7月和9月超过90种,以绿藻为主;12月有51种,蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻种类数量相当。优势种类的构成上与温带水库不同,硅藻仅在低水温时期为优势类群,而在丰水期则以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同占优势。硅藻的主要优势种是变异直链藻(Melosira varians)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella menighiniana)和针杆藻(Synedra spp.)。绿藻种类组成季节变化较大,没有明显的优势种类。丰度相对较高的有美丽胶网藻(Dictyosphaerium pulchellum)、集星藻(Actinastrum hantzschii)和空球藻(Eudorina elegans)等。蓝藻的优势种以粘球藻(Gloeocapsa sp.)、优美平列藻(Merismopedia elegans)和伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.)为主。与绿藻不同的是蓝藻的优势种在全年均可出现。隐藻只在水力滞留时间较长、温度较低的12月份占优势,主要优势种为啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)。     

3座南亚热带串联调水水库浮游植物群落的CCA分析

蛇地坑水库、南屏水库、竹仙洞水库是珠海市对澳门供水的3座串联水库,平均每天对澳门和拱北水厂供水2.2×10⁵m³。但水库自身流域集水难以满足水量需求,从广昌和平岗泵站从磨刀门水道抽水通过管道输入南屏水库,再进入竹仙洞水库或由洪湾泵站由洪湾水道抽水先进入蛇地坑水库后再进入竹仙洞水库。当竹仙洞水库供水不足时,蛇地坑水库泄水向竹仙洞水库输水洪湾泵站取水点位于磨刀门水道的下游,水质较差,长期调水入库增加了水库的营养盐负荷。蛇地坑水库的调水主要发生在1月份和3月份,水力滞留时间较长;南屏和竹仙洞水库的调水入库频繁,水体水力滞留时间短,平均为23.5和10天。2006年对3座水库进行了富营养化和浮游植物调查,营养盐浓度较低的蛇地坑水库4月份发生了蓝藻水华,而营养盐浓度较高的南屏和竹仙洞水库的蓝藻的生物量均很低,前者以硅藻为主要浮游植物类群,后者以绿藻为主。是什么原因导致这3座水库浮游植物群落结构的差异?蛇地坑水库的浮游植物以微囊藻、卷曲鱼腥藻、蓝纤维藻、小球藻和小环藻为优势;南屏水库浮游植物主要以假鱼腥藻、小环藻、针杆藻和微小多甲藻为优势种;竹仙洞水库浮游植物主要以衣藻、小环藻、游丝藻和隐藻等为优势种。三个水库相比较,蛇地坑水库4月份蓝藻占优势,其后主要以绿藻占优势,12月份是硅藻占优势;南屏水库4月份以绿藻为优势类群,随后的三个月以硅藻为优势类群,蓝藻在6月和8月为次优势类群,绿藻门的实球藻是12月份的优势种;竹仙洞水库浮游植物4月份丰度最高,绿藻门的四鞭藻是该时期的优势种,6月份竹仙洞水库浮游植物优势类群和4月份类似,但生物量明显下降,随后的三次采样,优势种更替较频繁,硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻和裸藻先后成为优势门类。应用典范对应分析(CCA) 对3座水库的浮游植物与环境因子关系分析:pH值、水位库容、正磷和水力滞留时间与浮游植物的分布关系最为直接;而透明度和降雨量对其也有一定的影响。在蛇地坑水库中,总磷、正磷酸盐浓度是影响蓝藻丰度的主要因子,硅藻则与库容和透明度有关。在南屏水库中,硅藻在短水力滞留时间期间丰度高,微小多甲藻的丰度主要出现在丰水期。竹仙洞水库的绿藻分成两个集群:四鞭藻、游丝藻等大型绿藻在低温、低水位和较长水力滞留时间的4月份较高;小球藻、栅藻、月牙藻等小型种类则与较高的水位和正磷酸盐浓度呈正相关。南屏水库与竹仙洞水库的浮游植物优势种类相似,蛇地坑水库的优势种则与它们存在较为明显的差异。从生物量上看丰水期南屏水库的硅藻为优势,而竹仙洞水库以绿藻为优势,主要是南屏水库截留了河流中含硅丰富的泥沙,且水体动荡更大的原因。影响这3座水库浮游植物群落组成的主要因素是水力滞留时间,短水力滞留时间抑制了南屏和竹仙洞水库中的蓝藻成为优势类群。     

飞来峡水库蓄水初期浮游植物组成与数量的变化

于2000~2002年的丰水期和枯水期对飞来峡水新建后库的营养状态和浮游植物进行监测。结果表明,水库中氮盐的浓度无显著变化,总磷浓度下降显著。浮游植物优势种类和丰度有较大差异。2000年浮游植物种类为29种,2001和2002年增加到99种;其中以绿藻和硅藻增加的种类数最多,分别增加34和27种。浮游植物丰度为13.4×104~41.6×104cells.L-1,2000年最高,2001年最低。2000年丰水期优势种较为单一,主要以假鱼腥藻(Pseudoanbeanaspp.)为主,枯水期主要是硅藻中的颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)丰度较高;2001和2002年丰水期蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同占优势,浮游植物无绝对的优势种,蓝藻的相对丰度较高的为假鱼腥藻、蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)和粘球藻(Gloeocapsa magma),绿藻的优势种为衣藻(Chlamydomonassp.)和美丽胶网藻(Dictyospharium pul-chellum);硅藻的优势种为梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella menighiniana)和针杆藻(Synedraspp.),枯水期主要是硅藻占优势,优势种为颗粒直链藻、变异直链藻(Melosira varians)等。     

广东省大中型供水水库营养现状及浮游生物的响应

于2000年调查了广东省18座大中型供水水库的水质现状并探讨了浮游生物对营养水平的响应。总氮、总磷、透明度和叶绿素a分别为0．15～7.15mg／L、0．003～0．387mg／L、0．4～6．3m和0．6～32．3ug／L。总氮、总磷、透明度均与叶绿素a呈较高的相关性。根据这4个因子的综合加权营养状态指数为23．7～55．1,季节差异不大,大多数水库处于中营养状态。金藻在中-富及富营养型水库中没有分布,而蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和甲藻在调查水库中均有比较广的营养生态位,但它们的密度及相对优势度在各营养型水库中有一定的差异。高营养水平水库有较高的细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。营养水平较低的水库浮游植物以硅藻-甲藻、硅藻-绿藻或金藻-硅藻为主;营养水平较高的水库以蓝藻-硅藻或蓝藻-绿藻为主,并有较高的裸藻密度。浮游动物基本上以桡足类为优势种群,但在中-富营养和富营养型水库中,哲水蚤种类比低营养型水库中少。枝角类优势种类在各营养型水库差别不大。轮虫对水体营养水平的响应相对比较显著。低营养水平水库的轮虫以广营养型、中营养型或寡中营养型种类为主,种类数目比较少;富营养和中-富营养型水库的轮虫以喜在中营养到富营养条件下生长的种类为主,且轮虫种类数目比较多。     

广东省典型水库浮游植物组成与分布特征

在２０００年的丰水期（６—７月份）和枯水期（１１—１２月份）分别对广东省１９个大中型水库的浮游植物进行采样调查。一共发现有７门８９属１４２种的藻类。其中绿藻８４种,硅藻２５种,蓝藻１９种,裸藻９种,甲藻和金藻各两种以及隐藻１种。水库的主要优势种为蓝藻或硅藻。藻类的细胞密度和叶绿素含量从水库上游到水库下游依次降低。丰水期的藻类丰度要高于枯水期。绝大多数水库在丰水期优势种为蓝藻,而在枯水期的优势种为硅藻。人为导致的水量增减会对季节性变化造成影响。从空间分布上看,每西和珠江三角洲地区主要优势种为蓝藻,而每东地区和东江、韩江流域的主要优势种为绿藻,北江流域的各种类组成比较均匀。     

亚热带水库浮游植物群落季节变化及其影响因素分析——以汤溪水库为例

通过调查汤溪水库2003年水文、水质和浮游植物数据,分析了浮游植物群落季节变化的影响因素。结果表明,汤溪水库浮游植物丰度与群落结构具有明显季节变化。丰水期浮游植物丰度明显高于枯水期,并以7月份最高（〉10^4 cells ml^-1）。全年中,蓝藻（Cyanophyta）与硅藻（Bacillariophyta）比例变化较大,二者呈相反的变化趋势。1月份硅藻占较高比例（63.1％）,蓝藻较低（〈20％）;3、5、7月份蓝藻比例较高（分别为45．6％、55．9％、87．7％）,而硅藻较低（30．1％、25．9％、1．1％）;11月份硅藻与绿藻比例相当（各占40％）,蓝藻低于20％;12月份硅藻与蓝藻比例分别为25．6％与38．2％。3月份和丰水期浮游植物优势种主要为铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）、假鱼腥藻（Pseudoanabaena）和线形粘杆藻（Gloeothece linearis）等蓝藻种类,枯水期的1月、11月和12月主要以曲壳藻类（Achnanthes）、模糊直链藻（Melosira ambigua）、颗粒直链藻（Melosira granulata）和梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）等硅藻种类为优势种。枯水期营养盐可能对浮游植物生长彤成限制,但相关性分析表明,营养盐并不是汤溪水库浮游植物群落季节变化的主要影响凶素。汤溪水库全年水体较稳定,在全年范刚内水动力学对浮游植物群落季节变化没有明显影响,但丰水期5月份至7月份优势种的变化可能主要受水动力学的影响。水温与蓝藻丰度呈显著正相关,与硅藻呈显著负相关,表明水温可能是引起汤溪水库浮游植物群落季节变化的主要因素。     

南亚热带大型贫营养水库浮游植物群落结构与季节变化——以新丰江水库为例

新丰江水库是我国第四大的水库,也是广东省最大的水库和重要的水源地。于2004～2005年2月一次调查了新丰江水库水文、水质和浮游植物分布,分析了浮游植物群落季节动态特征。新丰江水库浮游植物生物量比较低,在0．037—1．497mg·L^-1之间变化。浮游植物种类较多,11次采样共检到158种。在丰度上,水库浮游植物主要以小环藻、蓝纤维藻、小球藻和纤维藻等优势种为主,而在生物量上则以微小多甲藻为优势。浮游植物组成随季节变化而不同,春季以硅藻、甲藻和绿藻为优势类群;夏季以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为优势类群;秋季蓝、绿藻减少而硅藻和甲藻增加。2004年的浮游植物季节性变化更为明显,有从硅藻-绿藻优势（2月和4月份）,到蓝藻-绿藻优势（6月和8月份）,到混合优势（10月份）和金藻优势（12月份）这样一个变化过程。2005年硅藻的相对丰度比2004年高出很多。两年浮游植物组成的差异与两年的降水量有关。水动力学对丰水期（6～8月份）浮游植物组成结构有较大影响,导致硅藻和绿藻相对丰度的增加。与温带贫营养型水库相比,新丰江水库的浮游植物群落具有春季和秋季种类多、夏季的蓝藻种类丰富的特点。从细胞大小分布上看,小于20μm浮游植物是生物量的主要贡献者,其次是大于45μm的浮游植物。在粒径小于20μm的浮游植物中,微小多甲藻是最主要的贡献者。浮游植物群落的大小分布受水动力学条件和营养盐浓度动态的影响。     

贵州高原三板溪水库浮游植物群落动态与环境因子的关系

为探究贵州高原氮限制型大型深水水库浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系,分别于2012年11月(枯水期)、2013年4月(平水期)、8月(丰水期)对三板溪水库上、中、下游浮游植物和环境因子进行采样调查,共检出浮游植物6门87属,主要由绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻构成。浮游植物丰度在枯水期、平水期、丰水期分别为0.064×104~1.17×104、8.21×104~422.47×104和9.08×104~2903.33×104cells·L-1,其中枯水期和丰水期时加池丰度最高,南加丰度最低,平水期则为大坝最高、南加最低。枯水期、平水期、丰水期分别以颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、钝脆杆藻(Fragilaria capucina)和具缘微囊藻(Microcystis marginata)为优势种。浮游植物集中分布于水体表层0~10 m的范围内,并随水深的增加丰度逐渐降低;三板溪水库总磷平均浓度为0.403 mg·L-1,枯水期为0.281~1.139 mg·L-1、平水期为0.394~0.639 mg·L-1、丰水期为0.054~0.736 mg·L-1,总氮平均浓度为1.38mg·L-1。氮磷比(3.7∶1)低于浮游植物生长的最佳氮磷比7∶1,表现出三板溪水库的氮限制型,与大多数淡水水体氮磷营养结构不一致。RDA分析与Pearson相关分析结果表明,水温为影响三板溪水库浮游植物群落动态的关键环境因子、氮磷比为重要的环境因子,氮磷营养盐主要通过促进硅藻及抑制蓝藻来影响浮游植物群落动态。     

广东大中型供水水库的磷污染与富营养化分析

2000年丰水期和枯水期对广东大中型水库的磷污染和富营养化现状进行了调查。结果表明,在调查的20个大中型供水水库中,一半以上的水库受到磷污染,磷污染已成为水库富营养化的重要原因。水库的总磷浓度与水库的营养状态基本一致。水库普遍存在磷限制现象,且枯水期的磷限制现象更为严重。在低温和磷限制条件下,硅藻比绿藻更加有优势。     

广东石岩、大镜山和大水桥三座水库的富营养现状

为了解污染源对水库富营养化的影响,于2000年的枯水期(6～7月)与丰水期(11～12月)对三座污染类型的水库:石岩水库、大镜山水库、大水桥水库进行采样,测定和分析水库的营养盐及浮游生物。根据相关加权的综合营养状态指数评估,石岩水库为富营养型水库,大镜山水库与大水桥水库为中-富营养型水库。这三座水库污染源不同,其富营养特征差异较为明显,特别是营养水平的季节动态不同。石岩水库的主要污染源为城镇生活污水,其主要富营养特点为:各种营养盐浓度、浮游生物丰度及COD值在三个水库中最高,有机污染严重;丰枯两期均有种类较多、丰度较高的耐污藻类--裸藻(Euglena Ehr.);枯水期富营养水平明显高于丰水期。大水桥水库主要受农业活动污染,其主要富营养特点为:受地表径流影响显著,PO₄-P和TP浓度以及浮游生物丰度丰枯两期差异比较明显,均为丰水期高于枯水期;丰水期浮游植物主要以蓝藻为主,枯水期则以硅藻为主。大镜山水库污染来源主要为其调水河流前山河,受工业污水污染比较严重,生活废水的污染也较为突出,其主要富营养特点为:总磷浓度及浮游动物丰度枯丰两期差异较为明显,受河流调水控制。     

Physico-chemical limnology and plankton dynamics of Mazvikadei,a tropical reservoir in Zimbabwe

The limnology of Mazvikadei Reservoir, northern Zimbabwe, was investigated in 2015 to determine whether it had changed since filling in 1990. The reservoir is characterised by low algal biomass, low nutrients (i.e. N and P) and high water clarity/transparency. Fifty-four species of phytoplankton were recorded, comprising Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Desmids, Dinophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta numerically dominated in the hot dry season, whereas Bacillariophyta, Desmids, Dinophyta and Euglenophyta dominated in the cool dry season. Species richness was highest at the onset of the cool dry season, in response to high nutrient concentrations. Phytoplankton abundance and composition were significantly correlated with temperature, nitrates and total nitrogen. Nineteen zooplankton species were recorded, including Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera. Overall, Cladocera were numerically dominant and became most abundant during the cool dry season. Rotifers and copepods dominated during the hot dry season. The zooplankton abundance was correlated with reactive phosphorus and phytoplankton abundance. The trophic state of Mazvikadei Reservoir seems to have stabilised and to have assumed the physico-chemical characteristics and plankton community typical of an oligotrophic lake.     

流溪河水库水动力学对营养盐和浮游植物分布的影响

流溪河水库2001年年降雨量2250mm,其中79％来自4月至9月的丰水期。入库流量变幅4．25～414．00m^3／s,近60％的入库水量流来自吕田河。流域营养盐输送量取决于流域降雨径流强度,吕田河高于玉溪河。由于营养盐被泥沙吸附沉积,丰水期湖泊区营养盐浓度明显低于河流区。浮游植物密度为17～1245cells／ml,以硅藻为主要优势种群。硅藻密度分布与水流流速和透明度的相关程度明显高于与营养盐和温度的相关程度。在丰水期,由于受水流和透明度的强烈控制,尽管营养盐供应比较充足,硅藻密度处于比较低的水平。丰水期硅藻密度稍低于枯水期,河流区明显低于大坝处。浮游植物香农-威纳多样性指数为0．97～2．75。受水库水动力学(水位波动等因素)的影响,最大浮游植物多样性出现于水位波动比较大的8月份,最小值则出现于水位波动最小的6月份。     

鹤地水库浮游植物群落的结构与动态

鹤地水库位于雷州半岛北部(21°42'～22°22'N,109°54'～110°25'E),是一座中营养化的大型水库.为了研究其浮游植物群落的结构与变化特点,在水库设置5个采样点,并于2003年2、7、9、12月对其采样.鹤地水库浮游植物生物量变化为O.156～2.548 mg L~(-1),主要由蓝藻和硅藻组成.5个采样点的浮游植物生物量具有明显的季节变化,且变化趋势相同,即丰水期的生物量高于枯水期,主要是由于丰水期水温较高以及入库河水带入的营养盐.5个采样点的浮游植物生物量从主要入库河流至大坝区呈下降趋势,与磷浓度的降低直接相关.浮游植物优势种主要以热带代表性种类为主,且有明显的季节变化,枯水期主要为硅藻的根管藻(Rhizosolenia sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)以及模糊直链藻(Melosira ambigua)等.丰水期为蓝藻的拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)、湖泊假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica)等,浮游植物优势种类的变化主要受磷浓度的影响.浮游植物前8个优势种的生物量占浮游植物群落生物量的850%～92%,显著低于温带地区浮游植物群落结构稳定的湖泊.     

鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征和影响因素及水质评价

为阐明鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因素, 研究于2017年8月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)在鄱阳湖湖区典型水域设置5个采样点进行浮游生物采样调查。研究期间共鉴定浮游植物8门75属186种, 丰水期与枯水期均以硅藻门和绿藻门为主。共鉴定浮游动物4类76种, 丰水期与枯水期均以原生动物和轮虫为主。方差分析显示: 浮游植物密度与生物量在不同水文期之间的差异均为极显著(P<0.01), 浮游动物丰水期密度高于枯水期, 但无显著差异(P>0.05), 浮游动物生物量(P<0.05)在不同水文期差异显著。冗余分析(RDA)显示: 丰水期透明度和浮游生物呈显著负相关关系, 电导率和浮游生物呈显著正相关。透明度、电导率与营养盐是影响丰水期浮游生物群落结构的主要环境因素, 枯水期水温和溶解氧是驱动鄱阳湖浮游生物群落生态分布的主要环境因素。基于Shannon-Wiener(H′)、Margalef(d)和Pielou(J)等生物多样性指数的水质评价结果表明: 鄱阳湖研究区域水质状态处于寡污-中污之间。研究揭示了2个水文期对通江湖泊浮游生物的影响: 季节变化不改变湖泊浮游生物的物种组成及优势种, 但显著影响浮游生物的丰度及多样性。     

Modelling the effects on phytoplankton communities of changing mixed depth and background extinction coefficient on three contrasting lakes in the English Lake District

1. The process‐based phytoplankton community model, PROTECH, was used to model the response of algal biomass to a range of mixed layer depths and extinction coefficients for three contrasting lakes: Blelham Tarn (eutrophic), Bassenthwaite Lake (mesotrophic) and Ullswater (oligotrophic). 2. As expected, in most cases biomass and diversity decreased with decreasing light availability caused by increasing the mixed depth and background extinction coefficient. The communities were generally dominated by phytoplankton tolerant of low light. Further, more novel, factors were identified, however. 3. In Blelham Tarn in the second half of the year, biomass and diversity did not generally decline with deeper mixing and the community was dominated by nitrogen‐fixing phytoplankton because that nutrient was limiting to growth. 4. In Bassenthwaite Lake, changing mixed depth influenced the retention time so that, as the mixed depth declined, the flushing rate in the mixed layer increased to the point that only fast‐growing phytoplankton could dominate. 5. In the oligotrophic Ullswater, changing the mixed depth had a greater effect through nutrient supply rather than light availability. This effect was observed when the mixed layer was relatively shallow (<5.5 m) and the driver for this was that the inflowing nutrients were added to a smaller volume of water, thus increasing nutrient concentrations and algal growth. 6. Therefore, whilst changes in mixed depth generally affect the phytoplankton via commonly recognized factors (light availability, sedimentation rate), it also affected phytoplankton growth and community composition through other important factors such as retention time and nutrient supply.     

Drivers of phytoplankton diversity in Lake Tanganyika

In keeping with the theme of this volume, the present article commemorates the 50 years of Hutchinson’s (Am Nat 93:145–159, 1959) famous publication on the ‘very general question of animal diversity’, which obviously leads to the more important question regarding the driving forces of biodiversity and their limitation in various habitats. The study of phytoplankton in large lakes is a challenging task which requires the use of a wide variety of techniques to capture the range of spatial and temporal variations. The analysis of marker pigments may provide an adequate tool for phytoplankton surveys in large water bodies, thanks to automated analysis for processing numerous individual samples, and by achieving sufficient taxonomic resolution for ecological studies. Chlorophylls and carotenoids were analysed by HPLC in water column samples of Lake Tanganyika from 2002 through 2006, at two study sites, off Kigoma (north basin) and off Mpulungu (south basin). Using the CHEMTAX software for calculating contributions of the main algal groups to chlorophyll a, variations of phytoplankton composition and biomass were determined. We also investigated selected samples according to standard taxonomic techniques for elucidating the dominant species composition. Most of the phytoplankton biomass was located in the 0–40 m layer, with maxima at 0 or 20 m, and more rarely at 40 m. Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM) and surface ‘blooms’ were occasionally observed. The phytoplankton assemblage was essentially dominated by chlorophytes and cyanobacteria, with diatoms developing mainly in the dry season. The dominant cyanobacteria were very small unicells (mostly Synechococcus), which were much more abundant in the southern basin, whereas green algae dominated on average at the northern site. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) including the main limnological variables, dissolved nutrients and zooplankton abundance was run to explore environment–phytoplankton relations. The CCA points to physical factors, site and season as key determinants of the phytoplankton assemblage, but also indicates a significant role, depending on the studied site, of calanoid copepods and of nauplii stages. Our data suggest that the factors allowing coexistence of several phytoplankton taxa in the pelagic zone of Lake Tanganyika are likely differential vertical distribution in the water column, which allows spatial partitioning of light and nutrients, and temporal variability (occurring at time scales preventing long-term dominance by a single taxon), along with effects of predation by grazers.     

Seasonality of phytoplankton in relation to silicon cycling and interstitial water circulation in large,shallow lakes of central Canada

The main basins of Lake Winnipeg (52°N 97°E) and Southern Indian Lake (57°N 99°W) had similar phytoplankton cycles during their open water seasons. A brief spring algal maximum was followed by an early summer minimum and, subsequently, an extended autumnal increase when highest biomasses were observed. The maxima were dominated by Melosira spp. The seasonal cycle of Melosira followed closely the seasonal cycle of dissolved Si. These basins exhibited a typical phytoplankton cycle for dimictic lakes even though they did not form a significant thermocline (1°C per meter).The lakes were well-mixed because they were shallow and had large wind fetches. Although thermal stability of the water column was always low, it was positive until maximum heat content was achieved at which time it became nil or negative. These lakes heated and cooled rapidly, and sediment heat storage was a substantial fraction of the total heat budget. Because heating and cooling of water and of sediments were out of phase, heat exchange at the sediment surface could control vertical circulation of interstitial water, nutrient exchange across the sediment-water interface and the seasonality of phytoplankton. Thermal gradients in the sediments during the heating season would be quite pronounced (4°C per meter).It is proposed that positive stability in interstitial waters during the heating season would impose molecular diffusive transport on the sediment column. When the lakes begin to cool, the upper interstitial water column would become thermally unstable and circulation would occur within the sediments. This would result in the observed net flux of dissolved Si, and other nutrients, out of the sediments into the overlying waters. As a consequence, in Lake Winnipeg and Southern Indian Lake the highest phytoplankton biomasses and productivity occurred in the late summer and autumn.     

太湖环棱螺(Bellamya sp.)及其与沉水植物的相互作用

选用太湖常见的环棱螺及沉水植物,研究了不同状态下环棱螺营养盐的释放特征,探讨了环棱螺对水体营养盐、透明度和浮游藻类的影响,及其与沉水植物的相互作用.结果表明:在一定温度范围内,环棱螺营养盐的释放速率随温度升高而增加,且进食状态下释放速率高于饥饿状态;环棱螺能在短时间内提高水体透明度,但其营养盐释放又引起局部水体溶解态氮磷含量的增加;适宜的条件下,水体中藻类的再生能力超过环棱螺对其的抑制力;水体营养盐含量增加,促进与环棱螺共存的伊乐藻和轮叶黑藻的生长.在太湖的不同湖区,草型湖区螺类的生物量远高于藻型湖区,这表明沉水植物可能是影响螺类分布的重要生态因子之一.     

Phytoplankton pigments and community composition in Lake Tanganyika

1. A 2‐year (2002–2003) survey of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments is reported for two off‐shore stations of Lake Tanganyika, Kigoma (Tanzania) and Mpulungu (Zambia), and from three cruises between those sites. Chlorophyll a concentrations were low (0.3–3.4 mg m^?3) and average chlorophyll a integrated through the 100 m water column were similar for both stations and years (36.4–41.3 mg m^?2). Most pigments were located in the 0–60 m layer and decreased sharply downward. Chlorophyll a degradation products (phaeophytins and phaeophorbides) were detected at 100 m depth, whereas carotenoids became undetectable. Temporal and seasonal variation of the vertical distribution of pigments was high. 2. The biomass of phytoplankton groups was calculated from marker pigment concentrations over the 0–100 m water column using the CHEMTAX software. On average for the study period, chlorophytes dominated in the northern station, followed by cyanobacteria T1 (type 1, or Synechococcus pigment type), whereas cyanobacteria T1 dominated in the south. Cyanobacteria T2 (type 2, containing echinenone), presumably corresponding to filamentous taxa, were detected in the rainy season. Diatoms (and chrysophytes) developed better in the dry season conditions, with a deep mixed layer and increased nutrient availability. Very large variation in the vertical distribution of algal groups was observed. 3. Our observations on phytoplankton composition are broadly consistent with those from previous studies. Our pigment data provide evidence for the lake‐wide importance of picocyanobacteria and high interannual variation and spatial heterogeneity of phytoplankton in Lake Tanganyika, which may render difficult assessment of long‐term changes in phytoplankton driven by climate change.