云南省2006～2010年非脊灰肠道病毒分子流行病学特征分析

为了解云南省非脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)肠道病毒(NPEV)的基因型分布及分子进化特征,对2006～2010年间从急性迟缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的105株NPEVs进行VP1区部分核苷酸扩增和序列测定。所获得的云南地方株基因序列与各基因型原型株进行核苷酸与氨基酸同源性比较,并与GenBank中选取的代表株构建基因进化关系树。结果分析显示:105株NPEVs分别属于HEV-A、HEV-B、HEV-C,其中HEV-A 18株(7个血清型)所占比例为17.1%;HEV-B 77株(22个血清型)所占比例为73.3%,表明云南省AFP病例中流行的NPEV还是以HEV-B为主;HEV-C 10株(4个血清型)所占比例为9.5%;没有分离到HEV-D组肠道病毒;基因进化树中各种血清型病毒与对应原型株及代表株聚集一起,除CA2、EV90和EV76外,云南地方株与原型株位于不同分支。相同型别的毒株在5年的流行过程中变异程度亦不同,亲缘关系远近不一,表明这些病毒在云南省存在不同的传播链。     

山东省脑膜炎和脑炎病例中埃可病毒6型的基因特征分析

为分析山东省脑膜炎和脑炎病例中埃可病毒6型(Echovirus 6,E6)的基因特征,本研究对山东省2007~2012年间采集的脑膜炎和脑炎病例脑脊液标本进行了病毒分离,阳性分离物采用血清学和分子生物学方法鉴定型别,与国内外其他E6进行同源性分析,并构建VP1完整编码区系统进化树。本研究共分离到6株E6病毒,同源性分析显示:这6株分离株之间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为78.6%~99.8%和95.5%~100.0%,与原型株(D’Amori)核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为为76.9%~78.4%和92.3%~95.1%。系统进化树分析显示:山东省E6分离株可分为A、B、C和D 4个基因簇,这6株分离株属于A、B、D 3个簇。山东省E6分离株之间存在较大的遗传差异,E6在山东的循环存在不同的传播链。     

2017-2021年宁夏急性驰缓性麻痹病例监测系统非脊灰肠道病毒病原鉴定分析

为了解宁夏急性驰缓性麻痹病例中（acute flaccid paralysis,AFP）非脊灰肠道病毒（non-polio enterovirus,NPEV）的流行,本研究对宁夏2017-2021年急性驰缓性麻痹病例监测中分离到的NPEV进行型别鉴定和基因进化分析。按照监测方案要求采用RD细胞和L20B细胞分离病毒,分离到的病毒进行VP1区的全部核苷酸序列测定、基因型别鉴定分析、系统发生学分析。2017-2021年共收到969份粪便标本,其中AFP病例标本290份,密接者标本679份。从969份标本中共分离到55株NPEV,AFP病例中分离率6.16%(9/146,以例计),密接者人群分离率6.7%(46/679)。其中53株鉴定成功,分别属于人肠道病毒HEV-A、HEV-B、HEV-C组,包含16个血清型别,其中HEV-A组24株（45.2%）,5个血清型,以EV-A71、CVA10、coxsackieviruses (CV)CVA4、为主;HEV-B组28株（54.7%）,10个血清型,以echoviruses(ECHO)30、CVB5、CVB3为主,HEV-C组1株为CVA24,...     

2014年安徽省柯萨奇病毒A组16型分离株VP1基因特征研究

研究2014年安徽省手足口病(Hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)患儿中分离的柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsachivirus A 16,CVA16)毒株VP1区基因特征。收集安徽省2014年1月至11月期间413份HFMD患儿咽拭子标本接种敏感细胞分离肠道病毒,用荧光定量RT-PCR鉴定细胞培养物,对CVA16阳性培养物进行毒株VP1区RT-PCR扩增及核苷酸序列测定和基因特征分析,并与国内外参考序列构建基因亲缘性关系树。共分离鉴定出肠道病毒阳性培养物97份,其中CVA16病毒分离株17株,人肠道病毒71型(Human enterovirus 71,HEV71)分离株76株,其它肠道病毒分离株4株,总体病毒分离率为23.49%(97/413)。CVA16基因亲缘性关系分析显示:安徽省2014分离的17株CVA16毒株都属于B1基因型B1b一个分支,它们之间在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上的同源性分布为分别为95.30%~100%和98.70%~100%,但在B1b分支内形成几个传播链。17株CVA16毒株VP1区核苷酸序列与国内云南、湖南、广东、西藏和江苏地区病毒分离株同源性较高,亲缘性关系近,其中与湖南2013年和广东深圳2014年CVA16病毒分离株同源性最高,为96.40%~99.70%。2014年安徽省分离的CVA16病毒分离株属于B1基因型B1b亚型,为优势流行株;在B1b分支内形成多个小的病毒传播链共同流行。     

肠道病毒B组山东地方株的基因型分布

为明确源自急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的HEV-B组病毒山东地方株的基因型分布,探讨其优势基因型的变迁与疾病暴发之间的关系,本研究对山东省1994年~2008年AFP监测系统分离到的HEV-B组病毒进行了VP1区核酸扩增和序列测定。序列测定结果显示HEV-B山东地方株共包括29种基因型,其中CVA 1种(CVA9),CVB 5种(CVB1~5),ECHO 20种以及新型肠道病毒EV73、75、97。其中ECHO11、CVB3、ECHO6、ECHO14、ECHO25是AFP监测系统中最常分离到的B组病毒。同源性比较显示,相同血清型HEV-B山东地方株型内核苷酸同源性最小75.4%,最大99.6%,与原型株核苷酸同源性最小73.8%,最大85.2%,但氨基酸变异不大。研究表明,不同基因型病毒具有不同的时间循环模式,相同基因型毒株内部根据其遗传距离的远近又可划分为不同的基因亚型,从而帮助确定HEV的传播途径和传播范围。     

手足口病病例肠道病毒CVA12型的鉴定及VP1基因特征分析

目的运用分子生物学方法对长沙市1例手足口病(Hand foot and mouth Disease,HFMD)患者咽拭子标本进行未分型肠道病毒的鉴定及VP1基因特征分析。方法采用兼并引物RT-PCR扩增病毒VP1区片段,BLAST比对确定其型别;特异性引物扩增VP1区基因全长,测定序列进行分析。结果所得序列BLAST比对分析为Coxsackievirus A12(CVA12)型肠道病毒;病毒VP1区基因序列全长为888bp,编码296个氨基酸,同源性分析显示与国内外CVA12毒株核苷酸同源性介于81.9%~98.4%之间;氨基酸同源性在95.3%~100.0%之间。与CVA12美国标准株Texas-12核苷酸同源性为81.9%,氨基酸同源性为95.3%。系统进化表明,长沙市CVA12与国内毒株亲缘关系较近,而与日本、美国则亲缘关系较远。结论从1例手足口病轻症病例中鉴定出CVA12型肠道病毒,该病毒VP1区基因进化特征与国内CVA12毒株亲缘关系近。     

山东省柯萨奇病毒B1型VP1区全基因序列分析

为了解柯萨奇病毒B1型(Coxsackievirus B1,CV-B1)山东地方株的分子流行病学特征,本研究对1994年至2015年山东省急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)监测系统、环境污水监测和无菌性脑膜炎病例标本中分离到的CV-B1病毒进行了VP1序列测定、系统发生学分析和同源性分析。共分离到CV-B1病毒53株,其中AFP监测、污水和及脑炎标本各分离到41株、4株和8株。基于VP1完整编码区序列的系统发生学分析显示CVB1山东株与国内其他分离株属于一个大的分支,该分支内无国外分离株,国外分离株构成了其他两个分支。山东株之间的VP1核苷酸同源性为84.4%~100.0%,与其他国家分离株的同源性为77.9%~85.0%。研究结果表明,中国CV-B1分离株与国外株相比有较大的遗传差异,需要加强相关手足口病病毒学监测,关注不同传播链的新的基因亚型的肠道病毒的输入。     

人类肠道病毒74、80和87型山东地方株的鉴定及基因特征分析

随着基于VP1序列分析的分子定型方法的推广应用,许多新型人类肠道病毒(Human enterovirus,HEV)陆续被发现。本研究通过对1989～2010年山东省急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)监测系统分离到的非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒进行VP1完整编码区的序列扩增及分子定型,共发现1株EV74,3株EV80和1株EV87。同源性分析显示EV74、EV80和EV87山东分离株与原型株的核苷酸同源性分别为81.4%,76.4%～81.7%以及80.3%。系统发生学分析显示山东地方株与国内外其他分离株的亲缘关系均较远。这是在中国大陆地区首次发现EV74和EV87,其中EV87山东分离株为全球第2个鉴定出的分离株。这3种新型HEV在AFP监测系统中的分离率较低,提示尚未在我国导致大规模流行。     

山东省急性出血性结膜炎病原学鉴定及其柯萨奇A24病毒基因特征分析

为明确2010年引起山东省青岛市、临沂市急性出血性结膜炎(Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,AHC)流行的病原,采集26例患者的眼结膜拭子标本,分别采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real time-PCR)和细胞培养方法进行检测。Real time-PCR结果显示,17份标本柯萨奇病毒A组24型(Coxsackievirus A24,CVA24)阳性,阳性率为65.39%,肠道病毒70型(Enterovirus 70,EV70)和腺病毒均为阴性;使用Hep-2细胞共分离到10株病毒,通过VP1区基因扩增及核苷酸序列测定,10株病毒均鉴定为CVA24,同源性分析显示其核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.3%～100.0%和99.5%～100.0%,在系统进化树上聚集成一簇,本次分离的毒株与山东省急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的毒株序列差异较大,分别属于5个不同的进化分支。提示CVA24可能为引起两地AHC流行的病原,且属于同一传播链。     

Human SCARB2-dependent infection by coxsackievirus A7, A14, and A16 and enterovirus 71

Human enterovirus species A (HEV-A) consists of at least 16 members of different serotypes that are known to be the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina, and other diseases, such as respiratory disease and polio-like flaccid paralysis. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the major causative agents of HFMD. CVA5, CVA6, CVA10, and CVA12 mainly cause herpangina or are occasionally involved with sporadic cases of HFMD. We have previously shown that human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is a cellular receptor for EV71 and CVA16. Using a large number of clinical isolates of HEV-A, we explored whether all clinical isolates of EV71 and other serotypes of HEV-A infected cells via SCARB2. We tested this possibility by infecting L-SCARB2 cells, which are L929 cells expressing human SCARB2, by infecting human RD cells that had been treated with small interfering RNAs for SCARB2 and by directly binding the viruses to a soluble SCARB2 protein. We showed that all 162 clinical isolates of EV71 propagated in L-SCARB2 cells, suggesting that SCARB2 is the critical receptor common to all EV71 strains. In addition, CVA7, CVA14, and CVA16, which are most closely related to each other, also utilized SCARB2 for infection. EV71, CVA14, and CVA16 are highly associated with HFMD, and EV71 and CVA7 are occasionally associated with neurological diseases, suggesting that SCARB2 plays important roles in the development of these diseases. In contrast, another group of viruses, such as CVA2, CVA3, CVA4, CVA5, CVA6, CVA8, CVA10, and CVA12, which are relatively distant from the EV71 group, is associated mainly with herpangina. None of these clinical isolates infected via the SCARB2-dependent pathway. HEV-A viruses can be divided into at least two groups depending on the use of SCARB2, and the receptor usage plays an important role in developing the specific diseases for each group.     

人类肠道病毒B组73、75和97型山东地方株的鉴定及其基因特征分析

本研究对3例急性弛缓性麻痹患者标本的阳性病毒分离物进行了分子生物学定型。按照文献报道的方法,用扩增人类肠道病毒(Human Enterovirus,HEV)VP1完整编码区通用引物008-013、011-012进行逆转录-聚合酶链反应,反应产物纯化后进行序列测定。所得序列通过BLAST程序进行基因定型,显示3株病毒分别为HEV B组中新型病毒HEV73、HEV75和HEV97。将获得的序列与GenBank数据库中已有的各型病毒株VP1基因序列进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树,结果显示与各自的原型株相比有较大的变异,提示本次发现的HEV B组73、75、97型山东地方株与各型原型株相比具有不同的基因特征,这是在国内首次发现HEV97。     

2010年7～12月肠道病毒B组河南株的血清学分布

本文对河南省2010年7~12月的HFMD监测标本进行了肠道病毒B组的血清型分布研究。来自HFMD病例的阳性病毒分离物进行分子分型方法鉴定并进行VP1完整编码区核苷酸序列测定和分析。所获VP1全序与其他B组各基因型代表株和中国大陆株进行比较并构建系统发生树。共获得14株HEV-B河南株,分为E1、E6 、E11、 E13、 E25、 E30共6个血清型。VP1系统进化分析显示2010年河南HEV-B分离株与原型株亲缘关系较远,E25、E11和E6均与山东株亲缘关系最近,E1和E13均与云南株亲缘关系最近,E30与2008年河南株亲缘关系最近。E6病毒存在两种基因型的共循环现象。     

Environmental Surveillance of Human Enteroviruses in Shandong Province,China, 2008 to 2012: Serotypes,Temporal Fluctuation,and Molecular Epidemiology

Environmental surveillance is an effective approach in investigating the circulation of polioviruses (PVs) and other human enteroviruses (EVs) in the population. The present report describes the results of environmental surveillance conducted in Shandong Province, China, from 2008 to 2012. A total of 129 sewage samples were collected, and 168 PVs and 1,007 nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were isolated. VP1 sequencing and typing were performed on all isolates. All PV strains were Sabin-like, with the numbers of VP1 substitutions ranging from 0 to 7. The NPEVs belonged to 19 serotypes, and echovirus 6 (E6), E11, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), E3, E12, and E7 were the six main serotypes, which accounted for 18.3%, 14.8%, 14.5%, 12.9%, 9.0%, and 5.7% of NPEVs isolated, respectively. Typical summer-fall peaks of NPEV were observed in the monthly distribution of isolation, and an epidemic pattern of annual circulation was revealed for the common serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on environmental CVB3 and E3 strains with global reference strains and local strains from aseptic meningitis patients. Shandong strains formed distinct clusters, and a close relationship was observed between local environmental and clinical strains. As an EV-specific case surveillance system is absent in China and many other countries, continuous environmental surveillance should be encouraged to investigate the temporal circulation and phylogeny of EVs in the population.     

Prevalence of Multiple Enteroviruses Associated with Hand,Foot, and Mouth Disease in Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province,China: Outbreaks of Coxsackieviruses A10 and B3

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has been one of the most common infectious diseases in Shijiazhuang City, as is the situation in China overall. In the National HFMD surveillance system, the pathogen detection was focused on EV-A71 and CVA16, and therefore, information on the other EVs is very limited. In order to identify the circulating EV serotypes in the HFMD outbreaks in Shijiazhuang City during 2010–2012, 4045 patients presented with HFMD were recruited in the study, and clinical samples were investigated. Typing of EV serotypes was performed using the molecular typing methods, and phylogenetic analyses based on entire VP1 sequences of human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), CVA10 and CVB3 was performed. The results revealed that EV-A71 and CVA16 were the 2 most important pathogens but the circulating trends of the 2 viruses showed a shift, the spread of EV-A71 became increasingly weak, whereas the spread of CVA16 became increasingly stronger. CVA10 and CVB3 were the third and fourth most prevalent pathogens, respectively. Co-infection of two viruses at the same time was not found in these samples. Based on entire VP1 region sequences, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that C4a subgenotype EV-A71, B1a and B1b subgenotype CVA16 continued to evolve. The CVA10 strains were assigned to 4 genotypes (A–D), whereas the CVB3 strains were assigned to 5 genotypes (A–E), with clear geographical and temporal-specific distributions. The Shijiazhuang CVA10 sequences belonged to 4 epidemic lineages within genotype C, whereas the Shijiazhuang CVB3 sequences belonged to 2 epidemic lineages within genotype E, which may have the same origins as the strains reported in other part of China. CVA10 and CVB3, 2 pathogens that were previously infrequently detected, were identified as pathogens causing the HFMD outbreaks. This study underscores the need for detailed laboratory-based surveillances of HFMD in mainland China.     

RAPD typing for distinguishing species and strains in the genus Listeria

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was employed in the development of a typing protocol for Listeria isolates, particularly Listeria monocytogenes strains. A single strain of L. monocytogenes was used and 200 random decamer primers were screened for their discriminatory abilities by visualizing the amplification products electrophoretically. Three candidate primers displaying potentially useful banding patterns were selected and tested against 52 L. monocytogenes strains, encompassing 11 serotypes, and 12 other strains representing five other Listeria spp. Thirty-four banding profiles were obtained with one particular primer. RAPD analysis allowed differentiation between Listeria spp. and was found to further subdivide strains of the same serotype. Where only one primer was used strains from different serotypes were occasionally found to produce identical banding profiles. RAPD analysis, which in our hands proved to be reproducible, shows much promise as a molecular alternative to traditional L. monocytogenes typing protocols.     

National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

Hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) is a major public health concern in China. The most predominant enteroviruses that cause HFMD have traditionally been attributed to enterovirus A71(EVA71) and coxsackievirus A16(CVA16). Since its first large outbreak in 2008, the dominant HFMD pathogens are constantly changing. In 2013 and 2015, CVA6 exceeded both EVA71 and CVA16 to become the leading cause of HFMD in some provinces. However, there still lacks a comprehensive overview on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HFMD-related enteroviruses at the national level. In this study, we performed systematic epidemiological analyses of HFMD-related enteroviruses using the data of 64 published papers that met the inclusion criteria, and conducted phylogenetic analyses based on 12,080 partial VP1 sequences identified in China before 31 st June 2018. We found that EVA71 prevalence has decreased sharply but other enteroviruses have increased rapidly from 2008 to 2016 and that one subtype of each enterovirus is represented during the epidemic. In addition, four genotypes EVA71_C4, CVA16_B1, CVA6_D and CVA10_C are the most predominant enterovirus strains and collectively they cause over 90% of all HFMD cases in China according to the phylogenetic trees using representative partial VP1 sequences. These four major enterovirus genotypes have different geographical distributions, and they may cocirculate with other genotypes and serotypes. These results suggest that more molecular epidemiological studies should be performed on several enteroviruses simultaneously, and such information should have implications for virological surveillance, disease management, vaccine development and policy-making on the prevention and control of HFMD.     

Genomic surveillance of coxsackievirus A10 reveals genetic features and recent appearance of genogroup D in Shanghai,China, 2016-2020

Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). To investigate the epidemiological characteristics as well as genetic features of CVA10 currently circulating in Shanghai, China, we collected a total of 9,952 sporadic HFMD cases from January 2016 to December 2020. In the past five years, CVA10 was the fourth prevalent causatives associated with HFMD in Shanghai and the overall positive rate was 2.78%. The annual distribution experienced significant fluctuations over the past five years. In addition to entire VP1 sequencing, complete genome sequencing and recombination analysis of CVA10 isolates in Shanghai were further performed. A total of 64 near complete genomes and 11 entire VP1 sequences in this study combined with reference sequences publicly available were integrated into phylogenetic analysis. The CVA10 sequences in this study mainly belonged to genogroup C and presented 91%-100% nucleotide identity with other Chinese isolates based on VP1 region. For the first time, our study reported the appearance of CVA10 genogroup D in Chinese mainland, which had led to large-scale outbreaks in Europe previously. The recombination analysis showed the recombination break point located between 5,100 nt and 6,700 nt, which suggesting intertypic recombination with CVA16 genogroup D. To conclusion, CVA10 genogroup C was the predominant genogroup in Shanghai during 2016-2020. CVA10 recombinant genogroup D was firstly reported in circulating in Chinese mainland. Continuous surveillance is needed to better understand the evolution relationships and transmission pathways of CVA10 to help to guide disease control and prevention.