化学药物对与人遗传病相关的DNA重复序列不稳定性的影响

DNA重复序列异常扩增或删除会引起多种人类遗传疾病,目前其不稳定性机制还不清楚。为了探索化学药物对重复序列的作用,采用甲基磺酸乙酯和丝裂霉素C连续多次处理含重复序列质粒的菌体,通过检测重复序列长度的变化,发现两种化学药物在不同程度上可以促使含(GAA)42和(ATTCT)43质粒发生删除,而含(GCCT)18质粒的长度没有发生变化。     

微卫星不稳定性与脊柱裂发生的关联性研究

目的:通过对脊柱裂(spina bifida)胚胎脑组织中微卫星不稳定性(microsatellite instability,MSI)的分析,探讨遗传不稳定性是否为此疾病的特征之一,进而研究错配修复系统(mismatch repair,MMR)与脊柱裂发病的分子机制。方法:19例脊柱裂和19例非神经管畸形对照脑组织中提取DNA;尿素变性凝胶电泳法检测标本中MSI发生情况。结果:在19例脊柱裂脑组织中9例MSI阳性,阳性率47.4%。其中2例为高度微卫星不稳定(high frequency microsatellite instability,MSI-H),7例为低度微卫星不稳定(lowfrequency microsatellite instability,MSI-L),其余10例为微卫星稳定(microsatellite stable,MSS),对照组中未出现MSI。选择的5个微卫星位点MSI的阳性率分别为Bat34C4(10.5%)、Bat26(26.5%)、D2S123(10.5%)、D3S1611(5.3%),D2S119(5.3%)。结论:脊柱裂中存在MSI现象,提示MSI、错配修复系统可能与脊柱裂的发生有一定关系。     

微卫星不稳定性与脊柱裂发生的关联性研究

目的：通过对脊柱裂（spina bifida）胚胎脑组织中微卫星不稳定性（microsatellite instability,MSI）的分析,探讨遗传不稳定性是否为此疾病的特征之一,进而研究错配修复系统（mismatch repair,MMR）与脊柱裂发病的分子机制。方法：19例脊柱裂和19例非神经管畸形对照脑组织中提取DNA;尿素变性凝胶电泳法检测标本中MSI发生情况。结果：在19例脊柱裂脑组织中9例MSI阳性,阳性率47.4%。其中2例为高度微卫星不稳定（high frequency microsatellite instability,MSI-H）,7例为低度微卫星不稳定（lowfrequency microsatellite instability,MSI-L）,其余10例为微卫星稳定（microsatellite stable,MSS）,对照组中未出现MSI。选择的5个微卫星位点MSI的阳性率分别为Bat34C4（10.5%）、Bat26（26.5%）、D2S123（10.5%）、D3S1611（5.3%）,D2S119（5.3%）。结论：脊柱裂中存在MSI现象,提示MSI、错配修复系统可能与脊柱裂的发生有一定关系。     

人类神经退行性疾病相关的三核苷酸重复DNA序列不稳定性机制研究进展

三核苷酸重复DNA序列扩增或缺失不稳定性与50多种人类神经退行性疾病有关.与疾病相关的三核苷酸重复拷贝数的增加或减少,影响了特定基因的表达,或因之产生具有细胞毒性的RNA和蛋白质已成为相关疾病的共有病理机制.现有的研究表明,疾病相关的三核苷酸重复拷贝数的改变有可能起因于相关三核苷酸重复DNA序列的异常DNA复制、修复、...     

Mex-3C研究新进展：结合RNA的泛素E3连接酶与染色体不稳定性抑制基因

Mex-3C蛋白（又称RKHD2）具备2个串联重复的KH结构域和1个环指结构域,具备结合RNA的能力,同时也是泛素E3连接酶家族的一员.它可以诱导某些mRNA降解,并且这一过程可以被一种去泛素化酶USP7阻断,据此产生了结合RNA的泛素连接酶的概念并暗示泛素化可能与mRNA降解之间存在某种联系. Mex-3C可能通过利用该特性参与调节某些生理功能.另一方面,结直肠癌细胞MEX3C基因缺陷可以导致染色体不稳定性的产生,由此提出了染色体不稳定性抑制基因的观点.DNA复制应激被证实介导了两者之间的相互作用.本文将从这两个新概念出发介绍Mex-3C现有的研究进展,并指出后续的研究方向.     

谷氨酸受体与药物成瘾的相关研究

谷氨酸是中枢神经系统中最重要的兴奋性神经递质,其受体分为离子型和代谢型,受体激活后通过对Na+、K+、Ca2+等阳离子调节或通过与G蛋白偶联,从而激活一系列信号转导途径,参与记忆形成。药物成瘾是一种慢性、复发性脑疾病,以强迫性药物寻求以及丧失对药物使用控制能力为主要特征。研究表明谷氨酸受体与药物成瘾的发生发展有关,就谷氨酸受体在药物成瘾中作用的研究做一综述。     

结直肠腺瘤的微卫星不稳定状态与相关基因表达的研究

应用微切割-聚合酶链反应-单链长度多态性（PCR-SSLP）的方法,检测59例62个结直肠腺瘤,包括散发性腺瘤及家族性腺瘤性息肉病（FAP）腺瘤在BAT26等16个微卫星基因座在结直肠腺瘤标本的微卫星不稳定性（MSI）状态;并应用免疫组织化学SP法检测β-连接素（β-catenin）、TP53、BAX等的表达情况,初步探讨错配修复（MMR）基因在结直肠癌发生的早期即腺瘤阶段的作用及其意义。结果显示：(1)腺瘤16个基因座的总MSI发生率为14.4%;同一病人的不同腺瘤在某些相同的基因座表现出不同的MSI状态;(2)5例FAP病人均表现为MSI-L,其中有3例在hMSH3基因座表现为MSI阳性;(3)β-连接素在腺瘤和腺癌细胞膜阳性率分别为42.9%和11.4%,表达差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.001）;(4)TP53、D5S346、TCF4(A)9、TGFβRⅡ(GT)3、TGFβRⅡ(A)10等微卫星基因座的MSI改变与相应的免疫组织化学指标TP53、β-连接素、TGFβRⅡ等在腺瘤及腺癌中的阳性表达有密切关系。可以推断：(1)在结直肠癌发生发展的早期即腺瘤阶段即可表现微卫星不稳定性,腺瘤中存在1p染色体的改变、APC基因的改变及TGFβ信号转导途径的异常;(2)随着腺瘤向腺癌的进展,β-连接素的阳性着色由细胞膜转移至细胞内,而且胞浆阳性强度增加;可以推断腺瘤中APC-β-联蛋白-TCF4信号转导途径的异常。Abstract:In order to understand the role of mismatch repair (MMR) gene in colorectal carcinogenesis,microsatellite instability (MSI) status of 16 microsatellite loci of 62 adenomas from 59 patients,including sporadic and familial adeonmatous polyposis (FAP) adenomas were detected by microdissection-PCR-SSLP,and protein expressions of β -catenin,P53,and BAX,etc.were assayed by immunohistochemistry.Results were as following:(1)The overall MSI alteration rate of the 16 loci was 14.4%.Different adenomas from the same patient showed different microsatellite alterations at the same loci;(2)All of the five FAP patients were MSI-L,three of which showed MSI at the locus of hMSH3;(3)The membrane expression rate of β-catenin in adenomas and accompanied carcinomas was 42.9% and 11.4%,respectively (P＜0.001);⑷Microsatellite alterations of the microsatellite loci of TP53,D5S346,TCF4(A)9,TGFβRⅡ(GT)3 and TGFβRⅡ(A)10 were associated with the changes of their protein expressions.It could be concluded the following:(1)Microsatellite instability existed even in the early stage (adenomas) of colorectal tumorigenesis.The alterations of chromosome 1p,APC genes,and the TGFβ signal transduction pathway could also be deduced;(2)In the progression of adenoma to carcinoma,the staining of β-catenin would be transferred from membrane to cytoplasm and then nucleus,and the cytoplasm stain was stronger in carcinoma than that in adenomas.The abnormality of the signal transduction pathway of APC-β-catenin-TCF4 could be concluded.     

雌激素受体β基因CA重复序列多态性与绝经后骨质疏松症的关联性研究

绝经后骨质疏松症(PMO)是一种多基因调控的遗传性疾病。雌激素受体β亚型基因是骨质疏松症的重要侯选基因。此文采用病例对照设计(78名股骨颈PMO病人和122名对照以及108名腰椎PMO病人和92名对照)研究中国人(汉族)雌激素受体β基因(ESR2)第5内含子CA重复序列多态性与PMO的相关性。以CA重复序列平均数22次为界将重复序列基因分为短基因(<22)和长基因(≥22),分别以S和L表示。股骨颈及腰椎(L2-4)部位,病例组中LL基因型和L等位基因者频率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),SL、LL及SL LL基因型者较SS基因型者患PMO风险显著增高(P<0.05);调整年龄、绝经时间、绝经年龄及体质指数后,Logistic回归分析显示ESR2(CA)n多态性仍然与股骨颈(OR4.923,95%CI1.986～12.203,P=0.001)及L2-4(OR2.267,95%CI1.121～4.598,P=0.023)PMO显著相关。结果显示:ESR2基因CA重复序列多态性与股骨颈和L2-4部位PMO独立关联,L等位基因显性影响PMO的发病风险。     

基于高密度脂蛋白代谢与重塑的抗动脉粥样硬化研究及相关药物

动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis,AS）是一种主要因血脂代谢紊乱引发的慢性炎症性血管疾病,以血管内膜下巨噬细胞和血管平滑肌细胞过度蓄脂泡沫化为主要病理特征。高密度脂蛋白（high-density lipoprotein,HDL）通过胆固醇逆向转运（reverse cholesterol transport,RCT）将外周细胞中的胆固醇运输到肝脏然后经胆汁排出体外,从而改善血脂水平和细胞的过度蓄脂,被认为是HDL抗AS的基础。然而,大量流行病学证据表明,虽然血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平与心血管风险呈负相关,但仅仅提高HDL-C水平的治疗策略不一定能增加临床效益。因此,学术界认识到HDL水平不足以反映其RCT能力,而更多取决于HDL功能。本文综述了参与调节HDL功能的各种分子对HDL代谢与重塑过程的影响,以及针对上述过程的相关药物研究进展,为更全面评价HDL的抗AS作用提供理论参考。     

混菌发酵中与普通生酮基古龙酸菌产2-酮基-L-古龙酸相关功能蛋白的研究

目的:在混菌发酵中,筛选与小菌产2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KGA)相关的功能蛋白,并分析蛋白表达量的变化与产2-KGA的关系,寻找影响菌体代谢效率的关键性因素。方法:利用蛋白质组学技术,依据小菌产酸曲线,筛选与小菌产2-KGA有一定相关性的蛋白质,并利用生物信息学数据库,分析其改变与小菌代谢的关联。结果:获得了分辨率和重复性均良好的凝胶蛋白图谱,筛选出与小菌生产2-KGA密切相关的8个蛋白。结论:小菌产2-KGA强度与小菌体内抗氧化蛋白表达水平及糖代谢、能量代谢系统密切相关,推测有活性细胞色素C的含量可能为小菌产2-KGA的限制性因素。     

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Friedreich Ataxia GAA Trinucleotide Repeat

Friedreich ataxia is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder associated with a GAA repeat expansion in the first intron of the gene (FRDA) encoding a novel, highly conserved, 210 amino acid protein known as frataxin. Normal variation in repeat size was determined by analysis of more than 600 DNA samples from seven human populations. This analysis showed that the most frequent allele had nine GAA repeats, and no alleles with fewer than five GAA repeats were found. The European and Syrian populations had the highest percentage of alleles with 10 or more GAA repeats, while the Papua New Guinea population did not have any alleles carrying more than 10 GAA repeats. The distributions of repeat sizes in the European, Syrian, and African American populations were significantly different from those in the Asian and Papua New Guinea populations (p < 0.001). The GAA repeat size was also determined in five nonhuman primates. Samples from 10 chimpanzees, 3 orangutans, 1 gorilla, 1 rhesus macaque, 1 mangabey, and 1 tamarin were analyzed. Among those primates belonging to the Pongidae family, the chimpanzees were found to carry three or four GAA repeats, the orangutans had four or five GAA repeats, and the gorilla carried three GAA repeats. In primates belonging to the Cercopithecidae family, three GAA repeats were found in the mangabey and two in the rhesus macaque. However, an AluY subfamily member inserted in the poly(A) tract preceding the GAA repeat region in the rhesus macaque, making the amplified sequence approximately 300 bp longer. The GAA repeat was also found in the tamarin, suggesting that it arose at least 40 million years ago and remained relatively small throughout the majority of primate evolution, with a punctuated expansion in the human genome. Received: 18 August 2000 / Accepted: 10 November 2000     

Oxidative stress and protease dysfunction in the yeast model of Friedreich ataxia

Friedreich ataxia has frequently been associated with an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. We used the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) model of Friedreich ataxia to study the physiological consequences of a shift from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis. Cells lacking frataxin (Deltayfh1) showed no growth defect when cultured anaerobically. Under these conditions, a significant amount of aconitase was functional, with an intact 4 Fe/4 S cluster. When shifted to aerobic conditions, aconitase was rapidly degraded, and oxidatively modified proteins (carbonylated and HNE-modified proteins) accumulated in both the cytosol and the mitochondria. The ATP-dependent mitochondrial protease Pim1 (Lon) was strongly activated, although its expression level remained unchanged, and the cytosolic activity of the 20S proteasome was greatly decreased, compared to that in wild-type cells. Analysis of the purified proteasome revealed that the decrease in proteasome activity was likely due to both direct inactivation of the enzyme and inhibition by cytosolic oxidized proteins. These features indicate that the cells were subjected to major oxidative stress triggered by oxygen. Accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins, activation of Pim1, and proteasome inhibition did not directly depend on the amount of mitochondrial iron, because these phenotypes remained unchanged when the cells were grown under iron-limiting conditions, and these phenotypes were not observed in another mutant (Deltaggc1) which overaccumulates iron in its mitochondrial compartment. We conclude that oxygen is primarily involved in generating the deleterious phenotypes that are observed in frataxin-deficient yeast cells.     

Characterization of the retinal pigment epithelium in Friedreich ataxia

We assessed structural elements of the retina in individuals with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) and in mouse models of FRDA, as well as functions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in FRDA using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We analyzed the retina of the FRDA mouse models YG22R and YG8R containing a human FRATAXIN (FXN) transgene by histology. We complemented this work with post-mortem evaluation of eyes from FRDA patients. Finally, we derived RPE cells from patient FRDA-iPSCs to assess oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and phagocytosis. We showed that whilst the YG22R and YG8R mouse models display elements of retinal degeneration, they do not recapitulate the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) found in the human disease. Further, RPE cells differentiated from human FRDA-iPSCs showed normal OXPHOS and we did not observe functional impairment of the RPE in Humans.     

来自西尔斯山羊草的抗小麦白粉病基因Pm57抗性丧失突变体的筛选与鉴定

小麦近缘种属来源的抗白粉病基因是培育小麦抗病品种,防治白粉病危害的最重要基因来源。Pm57是位于西尔斯山羊草2S^s#l染色体长臂上的一个外源基因,对小麦白粉病具有苗期和成株期广谱抗性。为了创制Pm57白粉病抗性丧失突变体,利用基于基因突变体的植物抗病基因克隆新兴技术分离Pm57基因,选用0.625%的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对1万粒小麦-西尔斯山羊草Pm57易位系89(5)69种子进行了诱变处理,M1大田密播种植,收获了1598个M2可育株系。初步对其中300个M2株系进行苗期白粉病抗性接种鉴定,并利用2个Pm57基因特异分子标记X2L4g9P4/HaeⅢ和X284274及小麦全国区试品系DUS测试所用的42对SSR核心引物对Pm57抗性丧失突变体进行鉴定,筛选出来自27个M2株系的真实抗性丧失突变体70个,Pm57基因抗性丧失突变体频率达到9.0%。本研究所获得的白粉病抗性丧失突变体为Pm57基因的后续克隆与抗白粉病分子机理研究提供了重要的材料基础。     

Seven New Complete Plastome Sequences Reveal Rampant Independent Loss of the ndh Gene Family across Orchids and Associated Instability of the Inverted Repeat/Small Single-Copy Region Boundaries

Earlier research has revealed that the ndh loci have been pseudogenized, truncated, or deleted from most orchid plastomes sequenced to date, including in all available plastomes of the two most species-rich subfamilies, Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae. This study sought to resolve deeper-level phylogenetic relationships among major orchid groups and to refine the history of gene loss in the ndh loci across orchids. The complete plastomes of seven orchids, Oncidium sphacelatum (Epidendroideae), Masdevallia coccinea (Epidendroideae), Sobralia callosa (Epidendroideae), Sobralia aff. bouchei (Epidendroideae), Elleanthus sodiroi (Epidendroideae), Paphiopedilum armeniacum (Cypripedioideae), and Phragmipedium longifolium (Cypripedioideae) were sequenced and analyzed in conjunction with all other available orchid and monocot plastomes. Most ndh loci were found to be pseudogenized or lost in Oncidium, Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium, but surprisingly, all ndh loci were found to retain full, intact reading frames in Sobralia, Elleanthus and Masdevallia. Character mapping suggests that the ndh genes were present in the common ancestor of orchids but have experienced independent, significant losses at least eight times across four subfamilies. In addition, ndhF gene loss was correlated with shifts in the position of the junction of the inverted repeat (IR) and small single-copy (SSC) regions. The Orchidaceae have unprecedented levels of homoplasy in ndh gene presence/absence, which may be correlated in part with the unusual life history of orchids. These results also suggest that ndhF plays a role in IR/SSC junction stability.