烟粉虱生物型对浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄主选择及个体发育的影响

为探讨寄生蜂在Q型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci替代B型烟粉虱的过程中是否起作用, 我们在实验室条件(温度27±1℃, 光周期16L∶8D, 相对湿度RH 70%～80%)下, 观察了浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia寄生B型和Q型烟粉虱若虫的行为, 研究了浅黄恩蚜小蜂对B型和Q型烟粉虱若虫的选择性、 烟粉虱生物型对浅黄恩蚜小蜂取食数量及个体发育的影响。结果发现, 浅黄恩蚜小蜂体外检测时间在B型和Q型烟粉虱若虫间差异不显著, 而寄生Q型烟粉虱若虫时的体内检测和产卵时间(190.2±14.6 s）显著高于寄生B型时所用时间(140.0±7.5 s)。在非选择条件下, 浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生B型烟粉虱若虫的数量(8.1±0.5头)及总产卵量（9.3±0.6粒）显著高于仅提供Q型烟粉虱的寄生数量(6.3±0.5头)及总产卵量(7.0±0.6粒); 而被寄生若虫单头着卵量在处理间差异不显著。在选择性条件下, 该蜂寄生B型烟粉虱若虫量(3.1±0.4头)、总产卵量(3.8±0.5粒)及被寄生若虫单头着卵量(1.2±0.1粒)都显著高于寄生Q型烟粉虱时的情况(1.8±0.3头、1.8±0.4粒、0.7±0.1粒)。被寄生蜂取食的B型与Q型烟粉虱数量间差异不显著, 但对于同一生物型而言, 交配过的雌蜂能够取食更多的烟粉虱若虫。以B型烟粉虱为寄主时, 浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌蜂卵-黑蛹(7.2±0.1 d)、黑蛹-羽化(5.2±0.1 d)的发育时间与以Q型烟粉虱若虫为寄主时的相应发育时间(7.3±0.1 d, 5.6±0.1 d)间无显著性差异。以B型烟粉虱为寄主时寄生蜂的羽化率（73.55%±1.42%）与以Q型烟粉虱为寄主时的羽化率（68.42%±13.01%）间差异不显著。这些结果表明, 虽然浅黄恩蚜小蜂发育时间、 羽化率在烟粉虱2种生物型间无显著差异, 但该小蜂倾向于B型烟粉虱若虫作为寄主, 而且, 以B型烟粉虱若虫为寄主时, 小蜂的产卵量和寄生若虫数量均增加。但田间浅黄恩蚜小蜂的存在是否有助于Q型烟粉虱成为B型和Q型混合种群的优势种群, 还需进一步研究。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性(英文)

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明:两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1~4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。     

可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂对高温下不同龄期黑豆蚜的寄生及其适合度表现

研究寄生蜂对寄主不同龄期的寄生策略通常采用适温下（≈25℃）培养的寄主进行试验。 为探究蚜茧蜂对高温下生长的寄主蚜虫的寄生反应及其适合度表现,在30℃条件下饲养寄主孤雌胎生无翅黑豆蚜Aphis fabae Scopli,获得不同龄期若蚜和刚羽化的成蚜,分别提供给可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus ambiguous Haliday寄生,观察蚜茧蜂的寄生率以及后代性比、体型大小和发育时间等适合度相关特性。结果表明： 可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂对1至4龄若蚜及成蚜均寄生,但偏向寄生较早龄期的若蚜,对成蚜的寄生率为28.0％,显著低于对1龄（400％）和2龄（42.8%）寄主若蚜的寄生率。后代雌蜂比例和体型随寄主龄期（体型）增大而减小,而发育历期则呈现“中间低,两头高”的格局。后代性比、体型大小及发育历期等适合度表现与此前适温（≈25℃）下得到的结果截然相反。因此推测,寄主黑豆蚜体型或龄期可能不是或不全部是可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂评价寄主质量的依据,其他与寄主蚜虫内共生菌动态相关的线索（如行为的,化学的等）可能才是其评价寄主质量的依据。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性（英文）

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明: 两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1～4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。     

Wolbachia感染对拟澳洲赤眼蜂寿命、生殖力和嗅觉反应的影响

研究了通过共享同一寄主卵,短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum体内共生的Wolbachia被水平传递到拟澳洲赤眼蜂T. confusum体内后,Wolbachia对新宿主拟澳洲赤眼蜂的影响。结果表明： Wolbachia的侵染能使拟澳洲赤眼蜂进行不完全的产雌孤雌生殖,增加拟澳洲赤眼蜂子代雌性比例,但却导致了雌蜂寿命缩短和繁殖力降低的生理损失。Wolbachia感染的当代处女蜂及其建立的种群连续5代(F₁～F₅),其子代雌蜂百分率分别为79.17%、76.60%、68.66%、72.58%、68.15%和64.06%,基本上呈现出逐代降低的趋势,并越来越接近对照的63.85%。处女蜂及F₁～F₅代雌蜂的平均寿命分别为4.33、5.50、5.60、6.68、7.32和7.50天,而未感染交配雌蜂寿命为7.59 天;处女蜂及F₁～F₅代雌蜂平均产卵量分别为11.33、70.00、86.41、93.90、102.92和124.38粒/雌,除F₅代外,均显著低于未感染交配雌蜂的产卵量134.81粒/雌。用四臂嗅觉仪测定了Wolbachia新宿主拟澳洲赤眼蜂对寄主小菜蛾的嗅觉反应,结果表明Wolbachia的侵染具轻微干扰拟澳洲赤眼蜂嗅觉反应的负面影响。未感染Wolbachia的拟澳洲赤眼蜂及Wolbachia供体短管赤眼蜂对寄主小菜蛾具较强的嗅觉反应,其雌蜂在小菜蛾腹部鳞片正己烷提取液和小菜蛾卵表正己烷提取液处理区内滞留时间显著或极显著长于对照区。而感染Wolbachia的拟澳洲赤眼蜂F₂代和F₃代雌蜂,尽管在小菜蛾腹部鳞片正己烷提取液处理区内滞留时间比对照区长,但没有达到显著水平;其F₂代雌蜂在小菜蛾卵表正己烷提取液处理区内滞留时间与对照区相比,也没有达到显著水平。随Wolbachia在拟澳洲赤眼蜂种群中垂直感染代数的增加,拟澳洲赤眼蜂对寄主小菜蛾的嗅觉反应恢复正常,在Wolbachia感染后的 F₄～F₆代,雌蜂在两种提取液处理区内的滞留时间均显著或极显著长于对照区。     

双斑恩蚜小蜂形态学特征、生活习性及其寄生行为

双斑恩蚜小蜂EncarsiabimaculataHeratyetPolaszek是烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)的主要寄生性天敌之一。作者对双斑恩蚜小蜂的形态特征进行了描述。在实验室条件下,对双斑恩蚜小蜂的生活习性、寄生行为进行了观察。双斑恩蚜小蜂成蜂26℃时平均寿命约为7d,每雌产卵量273粒,雌蜂比例占据绝对优势,雌雄性比约为8∶1。双斑恩蚜小蜂的寄生过程大致分为寄主定位、寄主检查、穿刺、产卵、清扫、梳理和休憩等几个阶段。     

转cry1Ab基因水稻对非靶标昆虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响

通过室内饲养实验及水稻氨基酸和碳、氮含量测定,比较研究了转cry1Ab水稻克螟稻 (KMD1和KMD2)与其亲本秀水11对非靶标害虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响。 结果表明,以克螟稻为食可对白背飞虱的产卵期和每雌产卵量产生一定影响。 以KMD2为食的白背飞虱的产卵期为7.6天,每雌产卵量为95.0粒,均显著低于以母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱的12.7天和167.5粒。但是,以KMD1为食的白背飞虱仅产卵期（8.6天）显著变短, 其每雌产卵量与以其母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱无显著差异。稻苗氨基酸含量分析结果表明KMD2引起白背飞虱种群生殖力显著下降可能与其游离氨基酸的总量和丙氨酸含量的显著下降以及谷氨酸含量的显著上升有关。因此,转cry1Ab水稻可对白背飞虱种群增长产生影响,但其影响因转cry1Ab水稻品种而异。     

伞裙追寄蝇和双斑截尾寄蝇对草地螟的寄生特性

为认识寄生蝇对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.的寄生特性,调查了河北康保田间两种寄生蝇——伞裙追寄蝇Exorista civilis Rondani和双斑截尾寄蝇Nemorilla maculosa Meigen对草地螟各龄幼虫的寄生率、寄生部位及着卵量,并通过室内饲养对寄生蝇的存活率与寄主龄期、着卵部位及着卵量的关系进行了研究。结果表明： 两种寄生蝇在田间主要寄生草地螟5龄幼虫;寄生蝇可在每头寄主幼虫上着1～8粒卵不等,其中以1粒的居多（45.3%）,2粒的次之（33.6%）,但1头寄主幼虫中仅能羽化出1头寄生蝇;寄生蝇以寄生寄主幼虫头部和胸部较多,腹部较少,并且以寄生侧面居多,背面次之,腹面最少。寄生蝇的存活与寄主幼虫着卵量之间呈相关关系,在着卵量为1粒的寄主幼虫中,寄生蝇的存活率仅为66.7%,在着卵量为2粒及以上的寄主幼虫中,单头幼虫羽化出寄生蝇的比例为100%。     

阿维菌素和哒螨灵亚致死剂量对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群生命表的影响

为了了解阿维菌素和哒螨灵对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov et Nikolski实验种群的亚致死效应, 为新疆土耳其斯坦叶螨的综合防治提供理论依据, 我们在室内通过叶碟饲养的方法, 利用生命表技术研究了阿维菌素和哒螨灵亚致死剂量对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群成螨和卵的影响。结果表明: 阿维菌素和哒螨灵LC₂₀、LC₁₀剂量处理成螨后, 可使成螨的产卵量、平均寿命和卵孵化率显著降低; 卵期、幼螨期、若螨期和产卵前期明显延长, 而成螨期和雌螨寿命又明显低于对照; 对次代种群的影响表现在净生殖率(R₀)、 周限增长率(λ)降低、生存率和平均每雌日产卵率明显降低, 内禀增长率（r_m）由0.37降低至0.17～0.29, 平均世代历期(T)除阿维菌素LC₂₀处理时长于对照外, 其他处理均低于对照, 种群倍增时间(Dt)延长。两种药剂亚致死剂量处理卵后, 内禀增长率（r_m）由0.32降低至0.11～0.22, 净生殖率(R₀)降低, 平均世代历期(T)和周限增长率(λ)降低, 而种群加倍时间(Dt)增长; 幼螨期、若螨期和产卵前期明显长于对照, 成螨期和雌螨寿命显著低于对照; 生存率和平均每雌日产雌率明显降低。这些结果证明, 在亚致死剂量下, 阿维菌素和哒螨灵能够降低土耳其斯坦叶螨种群的发育速率, 这对土耳其斯坦叶螨的综合防治策略的制定有积极意义。     

丽蚜小蜂两个品系寄生行为及对不同寄主植物上烟粉虱的选择性

对丽蚜小蜂两个品系(分别来自北京和美国)寄生烟粉虱的行为和在番茄、黄瓜、甘蓝、茄子及棉花烟粉虱上的发育历期和寄生率进行了研究。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂通过寄主定位、寄主检查、产卵、清扫和梳理等过程对烟粉虱进行寄生,北京品系平均产卵寄生时间为5.0 m in,美国品系为4.2 m in,品系间差异显著。北京品系在棉花烟粉虱上发育历期最短,为17.4 d,甘蓝烟粉虱上发育历期最长,为20.0 d;美国品系在棉花烟粉虱上发育历期最短,为16.3 d,在其余4种寄主植物烟粉虱上发育历期较长(17.3~17.9 d)。2个品系的寄生率均表现为番茄烟粉虱上最高,分别为37.3%和39.0%;棉花次之,分别为32.2%和35.5%;黄瓜上最低,分别为30.2%和29.6%。在寄主植物选择性试验中,2个品系亦表现为寄生番茄烟粉虱时寄生率最高,美国品系为62.7%,北京品系为56.3%,寄生黄瓜烟粉虱时寄生率最低,分别为30.8%和29.0%。     

Growth and development of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): effect of host age

The tiny parasitoid wasp, Encarsia formosa, has been used successfully to control greenhouse whiteflies (GHWFs) in greenhouses in many countries throughout the world. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing methods for artificially rearing this wasp. However, little information is available concerning the regulation of its development including the host-parasitoid interactions that are required for the parasitoid to complete its life cycle. Here we confirm that parasitoid developmental rates differ significantly based upon the host instar parasitized. Development was faster when 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were offered for parasitization than when 1st or 2nd instars were used. Our results show that it is primarily the embryo and the first two parasitoid instars that exhibit prolonged developmental times when 1st and 2nd instar whiteflies are parasitized. Although percent emergence was not affected by host age at the time of parasitization, adult longevity as well as adult emergence pattern varied greatly depending upon the instar parasitized. When 3rd and 4th instar GHWFs were selected for oviposition, adult wasps lived significantly longer than when 1st or 2nd instars were used; also, there was a sharp emergence peak on the 2nd day after emergence was first observed (reduced or absent when 1st or 2nd instar GHWFs were parasitized) and the emergence period was reduced from between 8 and 11 days to 5 days. In general, the younger the host instar parasitized, the less synchronous was parasitoid development. Previous reports that E. formosa will not molt to the 2nd instar until the host has reached its 4th instar were not confirmed. When 1st instar host nymphs were parasitized, 2nd instar parasitoids were detected in 3rd instar hosts. Importantly, however, no matter which instar was parasitized, the parasitoid never molted to its last instar until the host had reached Stage 5 of its last instar, a stage in which host pharate adult formation has been initiated. It appears, then, that a condition(s) associated with host pharate adult formation is required for the parasitoid's final larval molt. Results reported here should facilitate the development of in vitro rearing systems for E. formosa.     

The function of host discrimination and superparasitization in parasitoids

Summary Host discrimination, i.e. the ability to distinguish unparasitized hosts from parasitized ones, and to reject the latter for egg laying is present in many parasitic wasp species. This property is classically considered as an example of contest competition, and is supposed to have a number of functions. However, different species do not react to each other's marks and lay eggs in hosts parasitized by the other species. Apparently the marks used for recognition are specific.Multiparasitization is the best strategy when hosts are scarce and the egg supplies of the parasitoids are not limited. Interspecific host discrimination is not an ESS.Superparasitization within one species would have selective advantage if the number of unparasitized hosts is small and the wasp has a reasonable chance to lay her egg in a host that is not parasitized by herself, and if the chance for her offspring to survive the competitive battle with the first parasitoid larva is not too small. This is shown to be the case.However, marks are not individual and wasps cannot distinguish hosts parasitized by themselves from those parasitized by others. The hypothesis is tested that the egg laying strategy (i.e. the decision to superparasitize) of wasps is dependent on the number of conspecifics that is searching simultaneously for hosts, since this determines the chance that a parasitized host encountered by a wasp is parasitized by herself.It is shown that host discrimination cannot be regarded as a case of contest competition. Other aspects of superparasitization, related to interference and population regulation, sex allocation and encapsulation are briefly discussed.     

抗生素处理对感染Wolbachia的丽蚜小蜂生殖的影响

Wolbachia是一类广泛存在于节肢动物体内, 可以对寄主的生殖力及生殖行为产生影响的共生菌。用抗生素可以有效除去寄主体内的Wolbachia。本实验通过喂食浓度分别为1, 5和10 mg盐酸四环素/mL蔗糖水, 结合PCR检测丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa体内Wolbachia的去除效果; 解剖观察丽蚜小蜂F0代及F1, F2和F3代怀卵量和卵巢管数量, 评价Wolbachia对丽蚜小蜂生殖的影响。结果显示： 抗生素处理去除Wolbachia后F0代蜂的卵巢管数量与未处理蜂之间无显著差异（P=0.12）, 但F1, F2和F3代蜂的卵巢管均为6条, 显著少于F0代蜂的卵巢管数量（P<0.001）。抗生素处理去除Wolbachia后的F0代蜂怀卵量与未处理蜂相比显著下降, 但显著高于经抗生素处理去除Wolbachia后的F1, F2和F3代蜂怀卵量（P<0.001）, 后代（F1, F2, F3）蜂之间怀卵量无显著差异（P=0.59）。去除Wolbachia后, 丽蚜小蜂可以产生雄性后代, 但未见交配行为, 且雌蜂可不经交配而产生雌性后代。结果说明, Wolbachia不仅直接影响丽蚜小蜂的怀卵量, 而且还可以通过影响丽蚜小蜂卵巢管的发育影响丽蚜小蜂的怀卵量; 然而, 去除Wolbachia不改变雌蜂的孤雌生殖方式。     

中国寄生烟粉虱的三种恩角蚜小蜂28S rRNA系统发育分析(英文)

蚜小蜂Bemisia tabaci是烟粉虱的重要天敌, 其中双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata, 丽蚜小蜂E. formosa以及浅黄恩蚜小蜂E. sophia是国内烟粉虱寄生蜂3个优势种。本研究以采自中国华南、 华东、 华北、 西南地区以及马来西亚、 埃及的E. bimaculata、 E. formosa和E. sophia 3个优势种的8个不同地理种群为研究对象, 对其28S rRNA D2和D3扩展区序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明： Encarsia属的恩蚜小蜂其28S rRNA D2和D3序列在种间水平上高度保守; 与丽蚜小蜂相比, 双斑蚜小蜂与浅黄恩蚜小蜂在遗传关系上更为接近。依据28S rRNA和D2序列的系统发育分析结果显示, 同一种的蚜小蜂其种内也存在一定的遗传分化, 比如中国广东的浅黄恩蚜小蜂种群与澳大利亚、 西班牙、 埃及和埃塞俄比亚的浅黄恩蚜小蜂种群接近, 而与泰国的种群的亲缘关系则较远。在系统发育树上, 来自不同国家的（苏丹、 埃及和危地马拉以及澳大利亚）的双斑蚜小蜂种群聚集在同一分支上; 同时, 来自中国衡水和昆明的丽蚜小蜂种群也与来自美国的丽蚜小蜂种群聚集在一起, 却与埃及的种群相距较远。对造成这种同种寄生蜂不同种群之间在遗传距离和地理距离不对称的原因进行了探讨。     

拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主的竞争

综述拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中对寄主竞争的最新研究进展.这类竞争具有四种方式,即标记寄主、杀卵和杀幼、守护寄主和捕食寄主.（1）标记寄主常涉及寄主标记信息素,这是由雌蜂在产卵前、产卵时或产卵后分泌的化学物质.寄主标记信息素常介导拟寄生蜂对已寄生和健康寄主的辨别、减少过寄生和多寄生、减轻种内和种间竞争压力.（2）雌蜂遇到已寄生寄主时,很多种类杀死前一雌蜂遗留的卵和幼虫,再产下自己的卵.雌蜂使用三种方法杀卵和杀幼,即产卵器穿刺、取食和使用有毒物质.通过杀卵和杀幼,产卵雌蜂清除了前一雌蜂遗留的后代,主动改善了寄主品质,从而有利于自身后代的生存.（3）守护寄主在肿腿蜂科、缘腹细蜂科、金小蜂科、缨小蜂科和茧蜂科中均有报道,守护者驱逐入侵者以保护后代及健康寄主.（4）捕食寄主不仅减少了健康寄主数量,且直接导致已寄生寄主中拟寄生蜂卵和幼虫的死亡.雌蜂一般在体内成熟卵量较少时捕食寄主.讨论了研究拟寄生蜂搜索产卵过程中竞争寄主的理论意义和实际应用价值.     

Composite asymmetry as an indicator of quality in the beneficial wasp Trichogramma nr. brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Trichogramma are egg parasitoids that are widely cultured for the control of moth pests in commercial insectaries. Stock quality is often maintained by releasing wasps from a mass culture in an area with target host eggs and initiating fresh stocks from parasitized eggs. Here we test if variability among individuals as measured by fluctuating asymmetry can be used as an additional method of quality control in Trichogramma nr. brassicae by comparing fluctuating asymmetry levels between a random sample of wasps before release and wasps that successfully reach host eggs. Although the asymmetry of individual traits was not associated with wasp fitness, a total asymmetry measure based on combining the uncorrelated asymmetries of nine traits did predict the ability of wasps to reach the eggs.     

Interspecific interference competition between Encarsia formosa and Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in parasitizing Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on five tomato varieties

Abstract Interspecific competition between Encarsia formosa and Encarsia sophia, two major parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci, and the influence of five tomato varieties on competition outcome were investigated under laboratory conditions. E. formosa parasitized more B. tabaci than E. sophia when in single wasp assays on any of the tomato varieties investigated. When B. tabaci nymphs were exposed to both wasp species (either simultaneously or sequentially), the number of B. tabaci nymphs parasitized by either wasp species was significantly decreased compared to the sole access condition. Total mortality of B. tabaci was increased when B. tabaci nymphs were exposed to both wasp species compared to only one wasp species. Thus competition between E. formosa and E. sophia apparently reduced parasitoid offspring numbers, but not the efficiency of biological control. In fact, control efficiency was enhanced in some cases, particularly on tomato variety Huangtuoyuan (HTY). When wasps were allowed sequential access to hosts, interference occurred through host feeding by the second wasp, especially if it was E. sophia. The effect of different tomato varieties was not significant.     

THE NATURAL CONTROL EFFECT OF EGG PARA-SITOIDS ON LITCHI STINK BUG TESSARATOMA PAPILLOSA (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN LITCHI ORCHARD

Abstract  The distribution of eggs of the litchi stink bug Tessaratoma papillosa Drury was observed. By marking the eggs of T. papillosa in an integrated pest managed litchi orchard and in an orchard with chemical control, respectively, the control effect of the egg parasitoids on T. papillosa in the two kinds of licthi orchards was investigated in Guangzhou in 1996. The female T. papillosa began to oviposit in mid-March and laid eggs vigorously from early April to early June, and then successively entered the declining stage of oviposition in 1996 in Guangzhou. 86% of the litchi stink bug eggs were laid in the peak period of oviposion. Two egg parasitoids, Anastatus japonicus and Ooencyrtus phongi , were obtained in the integrated managed litchi orchard. The rate of eggs parasitized by A. japonicus and O. phongi attained to 3.2% -18.4% and 3.2%-30.4%, respectively. The united attack of the two parasitoid wasps destroyed 30.6% - 47% host eggs in the middle and late stages of T. papillosa oviposition. Only A. japonicus was collected in the chemical controlled litchi orchard and the percentage of eggs parasitized by this wasp was only 0.2% -2.8%.     

The influence of parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia on the oviposition behaviour and sex-specific developmental requirements of autoparasitoid wasps

Parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) Wolbachia are bacteria that cause incipient male eggs of parasitoid wasps to develop as females. These microbes may invade populations and lead to fixation of parthenogenesis. In this study, the consequences of fixation of PI Wolbachia on evolution of behaviour and development were addressed in three species of whitefly parasitoids in the genus Encarsia. Most sexual Encarsia are obligate autoparasitoids. In these haplodiploid wasps, fertilized, female-producing eggs are laid in whitefly or scale insect nymphs, while unfertilized, male-producing eggs are laid in immature parasitoids within the homopteran integument. The oviposition behaviour and progeny developmental requirements of unmated females of a sexual autoparasitoid species were compared with two species that were fixed for PI Wolbachia. All species were treated with antibiotics, effectively ‘curing’ the asexual species of Wolbachia infection. As expected, unmated females of the sexual species, E. pergandiella, laid few eggs in whiteflies relative to immature parasitoids, and males emerged exclusively from parasitoids. In contrast, females of one of the parthenogenetic species, E. formosa, laid few eggs in parasitoids relative to whiteflies, and male progeny emerged exclusively from whiteflies. Females of the second parthenogenetic species, E. hispida, were intermediate in their oviposition behaviour. Females laid eggs in both wasps and whiteflies. However, all of the males except one emerged from the whiteflies. The results suggest that the association of autoparasitoids and PI Wolbachia may result in dramatic evolutionary change of both host selection behaviour and developmental requirements of the infected wasps.