三叶木通茎藤及果实性状评价研究

根据湖南、湖北两省野生三叶木通9个茎藤及果实性状的广义方差及主成分分析结果,探讨了三叶木通种源质量及优良品种茎藤、果实性状的选择重点。广义方差分析结果表明：湖北省鹤峰产地的野生三叶木通,9个茎藤及果实性状综合评价为最好,其次是湖北省宜昌、湖南省石门、永定、慈利产地的三叶木通。主成分分析结果表明：在三叶木通优良品种茎藤及果实性状选择中,果皮厚度、单果重、籽重、果皮重及茎藤纹理为第一主成分要素,为首选性状;果实容重、茎藤容重、茎藤色泽及果皮率为第二主成分要素,为比较重要的选择性状;适当注重较深茎藤色泽性状的选择,有可能尽量减少果实容重下降。所以,三叶木通茎藤及果实性状的选择,可以考虑3个主选性状：茎藤纹理及单果重为主体的果实性状、茎藤色泽性状和茎藤容重性状。     

人工栽培条件下三叶木通座果及果实生长特性研究

用栽培三叶木通为试材,研究了其座果及果实生长的特性。结果表明：人工栽培条件下,三叶木通座果（雌花）率可以提高到１３．５％,是野生三叶木通的２ １００％;以先年第１、２次攀援茎第３￣３０节位结果为主;３月底开花,花期３０ｄ左右。花后第２０￣５０ｄ（４月中旬至５月上旬）花序、雌花及幼果（子房）大量脱落,出现明显的脱落高峰。三叶木通果实纵向生长呈双Ｓ曲线布,生长期１５０ｄ左右,可划分成５个时期：受精结实     

药用植物三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata subsp.trifoliata)野生资源的地理分布与调查

野生三叶木通广泛分布于华中、黄河流域以及秦岭地区,具有极高的药用价值,应用前景广阔.由于过度采收造成野生三叶木通资源的急剧下降.利用样方调查的方法,在野生三叶木通集中分布的秦岭和中条山等地对其地理分布和资源状况进行了调查.结果发现,野生三叶木通的密度以及单株和单位面积根、茎、叶的平均重量在不同地区表现出很大的差异.在陕西省镇安县,野生三叶木通具有最大的总储藏量、总年允收量和单位面积总重,分别为2 014.28 kg/hm2、437.3 kg和201.43g/m2.根据三叶木通主产区各省份的森林面积,全国主产区总蕴藏量有223 805.65万t,年允收量有6 209.19万t.需要加强对三叶木通植物野生资源的保护力度,实现野生药用植物资源可持续开发利用的最终目的.     

三叶木通光敏色素A基因的序列及表达分析

光敏色素( phytochrome,简称PHY)是植物体内最重要的光受体,参与调节植物种子萌发、幼苗生长、茎的伸长、子叶伸展直至开花控制等许多生理过程。该研究通过RT-PCR方法首次从三叶木通( Akebia trifoli-ata)中获得了编码光敏色素A的cDNA序列(命名为AktrPHYA1,GenBank登录号为KP864055)。结果表明：该序列由3496 bp组成,包含一个3426 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码1141个氨基酸。 AktrPHYA1编码的蛋白N端为光感受区域,包括一个GAF结构域、一个PHY结构域;C端为光调节区域,C端包括两个PAS结构域、一个组氨酸激酶A结构域和一个类似组氨酸激酶的ATP 激酶结构。同源蛋白比对显示,AktrPHYA1与耧斗菜、荷花的同源蛋白序列一致性分别为83％和82％。遗传进化树分析表明,单子叶植物和双子叶植物的光敏色素A基因分别聚为两支;在双子叶植物中,AktrPHYA1与耧斗菜、荷花PHYA聚在一起,说明三叶木通与耧斗菜、荷花遗传关系较近。 AktrPHYA1在三叶木通茎、叶片、雄花、雌花、种子中均有表达,且在种子中表达最强,在叶片中表达量最低。 AktrPHYA1的组织表达谱暗示了其在植物中可能的功能。该研究结果为三叶木通光敏色素A基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

石漠化生境对三叶木通生长及生理特性的影响

石漠化生境土层浅薄、干旱贫瘠,许多植物难以生存。三叶木通作为石漠化生境适生物种之一,探究其对石漠化生境的应答机制对综合治理石漠化生境具有一定的理论和实际意义。在贵州省贵阳市花溪区和安顺市关岭县两地分别选取石漠化生境和普通生境(对照)种植三叶木通,并进行为期一年的观察,探究石漠化生境对三叶木通根、茎、叶等不同器官的生长和生理特性的影响,并利用主成分分析出三叶木通在石漠化生境的主要响应指标。结果显示,与对照相比,石漠化生境下的三叶木通表现出如下特征：(1)植株较矮、茎较细、叶片数较少等生物量的减少,使其适应石漠化生境;(2)叶片叶绿素a/b (Chla/b)和相对含水量(RWC)呈现降低趋势,从而使叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)均呈下降趋势,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)呈升高趋势,利于适应石漠化生境;(3)丙二醛(MDA)含量和叶片相对电导率(RC)呈现升高趋势,说明石漠化生境对三叶木通细胞膜系统造成损伤(氧化损伤和渗透损伤),而通过其根中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、茎中过氧化物酶(POD)和叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高...     

三叶木通转录组分析及三萜皂苷生物合成途径关键酶基因的发掘

为了解三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata(Thunb.)Koidz.)的三萜皂苷合成途径及其关键酶,本研究对其花、叶、根、茎进行转录组测序,组装获得了57.25 Gb数据,含140 859个unigenes,序列平均长度为1350 bp。KEGG代谢通路富集结果显示,517个unigenes参与三萜皂苷合成相关的3条代谢途径,其中415个unigenes编码三萜皂苷生物合成途径的19个关键酶。对三萜皂苷生物合成过程中的关键酶角鲨烯环氧酶(SE)进行序列分析和同源建模,发现其具有保守的底物结合结构域。将三叶木通茎与花、叶、根的基因表达水平进行比较,发现茎与根相比较其上调基因数目最多,其中295个差异表达基因(DEGs)与三萜皂苷生物合成途径相关。     

湘西地区木通属植物资源的研究(摘要)

木通属ＡｋｅｂｉａＤｅｃｎｅ是木通科植物。我国产 4种和 4变种 ,湘西主要有木通Ａｋｅｂｉａｑｕｉｎａｔａ(Ｔｈｕｎｂ .)Ｄｅｃｎｅ、三叶木通Ａ .ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａｔａ(Ｔｈｕｎｂ .)Ｋｏｉｄｚ.及白木通Ａ .ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａｔａ(Ｔｈｕｎｂ .)Ｋｏｉｄｚ.ｖａｒ.ａｕｓ ｔｒａｌｉｓ(Ｄｉｅｌｓ)Ｒｅｈｄ。1 .湘西地区木通属植物生态地理学研究　根据采样调查 ,白木通是三叶木通的变种 ,在湘西地区分布最普遍 ,它多生长在暗棕土壤上 ,土壤较肥活、疏松、湿润 ,疏林下或灌木丛中 ,土壤腐殖质层厚 5～ 2 0ｃｍ ,ｐＨ6～ 6 .5。三叶木…     

三叶木通果实成熟过程内参基因筛选

为了筛选三叶木通果实成熟过程中最稳定的内参基因,本试验从三叶木通果实转录组数据中搜索出22条候选内参基因,用ge Norm、Normfinder和Bestkeeper三个软件进行分析,分析结果显示RG19(histone h3)与RG5(EF-α)配合使用作为内参基因最稳定。本试验首次提供了在三叶木通果实成熟过程中比较理想的两条内参基因,通过两条内参基因的配合使用,可作为三叶木通果实成熟过程荧光定量试验的稳定参考。     

6种野生攀援植物园林应用综合评析

通过对香花崖豆藤(Millettia dielsiana)、钝药野木瓜(Stauntonia leucantha)、三叶木通(Akebia trifoliate)、哥兰叶(Celastrus gemmatus)、大血藤(Sargentodoxa cuneata)和小血藤(Schisandra propinqua)等野生攀援植物的习性、特点解析以及园林应用综合评析,得出这6种攀援植物的园林综合应用能力的强弱:香花崖豆藤钝药野木瓜三叶木通小血藤大血藤哥兰叶,为丰富本地区城市园林垂直绿化植物种类提供参考。     

大豆小区产量及其相关性状QTL间的上位性和环境互作效应

以晋豆23栽培大豆(Glycine max)为母本、灰布支黑豆(ZDD2315,半野生大豆)为父本衍生出447个RIL群体,通过构建SSR遗传图谱及利用混合线性模型分析方法,对2年大豆小区产量及主要植物学性状进行QTL定位,并作加性效应、加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应分析。结果显示,共检测到12个与小区产量、单株粒重、单株茎重、单株粒茎比、有效分枝、主茎节数、株高和结荚高度相关的QTL,分别位于A1、A2、H_1、I、J_2和M连锁群上。其中小区产量、株高、单株粒重、有效分枝和主茎节数均表现为遗传正效应,即增加其性状的等位基因来源于母本晋豆23。同时,检测到11对影响小区产量、单株粒重、单株茎重、株高和结荚高度的加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应的QTL,发现22个QTL与环境存在互作。实验结果表明,上位效应和QE互作效应对大豆小区产量及主要农艺性状的遗传影响很大。进行大豆分子标记辅助育种时,既要考虑效应起主要作用的QTL,又要注重上位性QTL,这样有利于性状的稳定表达和遗传。     

Diurnal changes in the stem diameter of Norway spruce in relation to relative humidity and air temperature

Summary Changes in the stem diameter of well-watered seedlings of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in a climate chamber were registered using laser technique. Pronounced, reversible changes in stem diameter (maximum 80 m) occurred in connection with shifts between dark and light (280 W/m²) conditions. Diurnal variation in stem diameter (50 m) continued unchanged, in terms of amplitude and phase, after the entire needle mass had been removed. It was found that nearly all of the diurnal variation in stem diameter was caused by changes in relative air humidity at the stem surface. The relationship between stem diameter change and relative air humidity was investigated at three temperatures (5, 15, and 25° C) over a range (40–95%) of relative humidities. In addition, the effect of altering the air temperature (range: 5–25°C) on stem diameter change at a constant relative air humidity (85%) was studied.     

Climate change at northern latitudes: rising atmospheric humidity decreases transpiration, N-uptake and growth rate of hybrid aspen

At northern latitudes a rise in atmospheric humidity and precipitation is predicted as a consequence of global climate change. We studied several growth and functional traits of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L.×P. tremuloides Michx.) in response to elevated atmospheric humidity (on average 7% over the ambient level) in a free air experimental facility during three growing seasons (2008-2010) in Estonia, which represents northern temperate climate (boreo-nemoral zone). Data were collected from three humidified (H) and three control (C) plots, and analysed using nested linear models. Elevated air humidity significantly reduced height, stem diameter and stem volume increments and transpiration of the trees whereas these effects remained highly significant also after considering the side effects from soil-related confounders within the 2.7 ha study area. Tree leaves were smaller, lighter and had lower leaf mass per area (LMA) in H plots. The magnitude and significance of the humidity treatment effect - inhibition of above-ground growth rate - was more pronounced in larger trees. The lower growth rate in the humidified plots can be partly explained by a decrease in transpiration-driven mass flow of NO(3) (-) in soil, resulting in a significant reduction in the measured uptake of N to foliage in the H plots. The results suggest that the potential growth improvement of fast-growing trees like aspens, due to increasing temperature and atmospheric CO(2) concentration, might be smaller than expected at high latitudes if a rise in atmospheric humidity simultaneously takes place.     

中南半岛前期异常气候条件对中国南方稻区褐飞虱灾变性迁入的影响及其预测模型

近30多年来,气候变化对中国褐飞虱的灾变性迁入带来了明显的影响,为了进一步了解虫源地的异常气候变化对我国褐飞虱迁入量的影响,利用1980—2016年中国各植保站提供的褐飞虱虫情资料及同期美国国家环境预测中心(NCEP)提供的全球气象再分析资料,分析了中国褐飞虱境外主要虫源地中南半岛前期异常气候条件对中国南方稻区褐飞虱发生程度的影响,并对褐飞虱发生等级与影响其迁飞的气象因子进行了相关性分析,筛选出关键预报因子,分别应用支持向量机(SVM)、BP神经网络和多元回归分析3种方法对代表站点褐飞虱年发生等级进行了预测,并比较了3种预测模型的优劣。结果表明:(1)中南半岛气候异常区主要分布在北部,异常气候的发生次数在中南半岛呈现出北高南低的特征,并从北向南呈环状递减。(2)中南半岛前期温度偏高(暖冬、暖春)、相对湿度偏大(湿冬、湿春),易引起褐飞虱在中国南方稻区的偏重以上发生;若中南半岛前期气候偏冷(冷冬、冷春)、偏干(干冬、干春),则常导致褐飞虱在中国南方稻区的偏轻以下发生。(3)通过比较3种模型的历史回代率和预测准确率,发现3种模型对褐飞虱的发生程度均有一定的预测能力,其中SVM模型的预测效果最好,BP神经网络次之,多元线性回归模型最差,表明SVM更加适用于生产实际中的褐飞虱发生程度预测。     

古尔班通古特沙漠白梭梭枝干光合及其影响因素

植物枝干光合（P_g）固定其自身呼吸所释放的CO₂，有效减少植物向大气的CO₂排放量。以古尔班通古特沙漠优势木本植物白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）为研究对象，利用LI-COR 6400便携式光合仪与特制光合叶室（P-Chamber）相结合，观测白梭梭叶片、不同径级枝干的光响应及光合日变化特征；同时监测环境因子（大气温湿度、光合有效辐射、土壤温度及含水量等）与叶片/枝干性状指标（叶绿素含量、含水量、干物质含量、碳/氮含量等），揭示叶片/枝干光合的主要影响因子；采用破坏性取样，量化个体水平上叶片与枝干的总表面积，阐明枝干光合对植株个体碳平衡的贡献。研究结果显示：（1）白梭梭叶片叶绿素含量是枝干叶绿素含量的12-16倍，各径级枝干叶绿素含量差异不显著；（2）枝干光饱和点低于叶片，枝干不同径级（由粗至细），暗呼吸速率和枝干光合逐渐减小；（3）光合有效辐射、土壤含水量和空气温湿度是影响叶片光合的主要因子，对枝干光合无显著影响；（4）枝干光合可以固定其自身呼吸产生CO₂的73%，最高可达90%，枝干光合固定CO₂约占个体水平固碳量的15.4%。研究结果表明，忽视枝干光合的贡献来预测未来气候变化背景下荒漠生态系统碳过程，可能存在根本性缺陷，并且在估算枝干呼吸时，需要考虑枝干是否存在光合作用，以提高枝干呼吸的准确性。     

新疆伊贝母有效成分含量与气候因子相关性分析

应用系统相关分析法和灰色关联度分析法,研究伊贝母(新疆贝母Fritillaria walujewii、伊犁贝母F. pallidiflora)有效成分含量与气候因子的相关性,筛选影响其质量的主导因子。结果表明,新疆不同产地气候因子存在较大差异,伊贝母总生物碱和西贝母碱含量与年均气温、地面温度、日照时数、相对湿度、降水量等5个气候因子无显著相关性;西贝母碱苷含量与年均相对湿度有极显著正相关(P<0.01),与年均地面温度有显著正相关(P<0.05),与年均日照时数有显著负相关(P<0.05);水溶性成分腺苷含量与年均降水量和地面温度均有显著正相关(P<0.05);水溶性成分β-胸苷含量与年均气温、相对湿度和地面温度均有显著正相关(P<0.05),与年均日照时数有显著负相关(P<0.05)。上述相关分析结果与灰色关联度分析结果一致。年均气温、降水量、相对湿度和地面温度升高有助于伊贝母中西贝母碱苷、腺苷和β-胸苷的形成与积累,年均日照时数升高则抑制西贝母碱苷和β-胸苷的形成与积累。伊贝母最佳适宜生长的气候条件为年均气温13～27℃,降水量169～288 mm,相对湿度55%～66%,日照时数2140～2547 h,地面温度26～41 ℃。     

海南红豆（Ormosia pinnata)夏季叶片气体交换，气孔导度和水分利用效率的日变化

对野外海南红豆叶片的气体交换、气孔导度和水分利用效率及其相应环境因子的日变化进行测定的结果表明：夏季７月叶片净光光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化曲线呈双峰型,前者的变化主要受光控制,与气温、叶温和湿度的关系不明显;后者与光、气温和叶温成正相关,与湿度成负相关,气孔导度对湿度的敏感性比对光和温度明显很多。分析结果显示,气孔导度和光合速率受环境因子的响应是相对独立的,海南红豆的水分利用效率最高值出现在上午较     

白背飞虱灯下虫量与气象要素关系的相关分析

研究白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera(Horvath)灯下虫量与气象要素之间的关系。相关分析表明(1)白背飞虱灯下虫量与平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和相对湿度的最优曲线估计为Logistic曲线,其中与3个温度要素之间的相关达到极显著水平,与相对湿度的相关关系达到显著水平;(2)灯下诱虫量与降水量、日照时数、温雨系数和晴雨系数的最优曲线估计为幂函数曲线,除日照时数达到显著水平外,其余3个要素均达到极显著水平;(3)对白背飞虱灯下虫量变化影响较大的因子依次为温雨系数、降水量、日照时数和晴雨系数,相应的偏相关系数分别为0.3908,-0.3727,-0.2996和-0.2268;(4)虫量与相对湿度、平均气温、最低气温和最高气温的偏相关系数分别为-0.1229,0.1152,-0.0410和-0.0106,不相关概率为20.5%~91.3%,远未达到5%的显著水平;(5)通过分析,建立白背飞虱灯下虫量预报方程,为及时进行白背飞虱大田防治提供依据。     

Growth environment determines light sensitivity of shoot hydraulic conductance

Acclimation of light sensitivity of hydraulic conductance of shoots of silver birch (Betula pendula) and hybrid aspen (Populus × wettsteinii) to growth environments with three different air humidities was studied. Hydraulic conductance of shoots kept for 1–2 h in darkness (D) or in light (L) was measured by the pressure chamber method, and light sensitivity was defined as a significant difference between D and L shoots. Light sensitivity of shoots grown in three different air humidities was found to vary. Amongst shoots grown in current natural air, only the hydraulic conductance of the whole shoot and that of the leaf blades of birch upper foliage were significantly light sensitive. Amongst shoots grown in decreased air humidity, hydraulic conductance of the whole shoot, the leaf blades, and the stem and petioles of birch upper foliage, the conductance of the whole shoot and the leaf blades of birch lower foliage, and the conductance of the whole shoot of aspen upper foliage were light sensitive. None of the shoots grown in increased air humidity were significantly light sensitive. We predict that light sensitivity will become more widespread among species in regions where air humidity decreases as a result of global climate change, and vice versa. Low white light always caused the same increase in hydraulic conductance as high white light, and blue and white light always caused an increase in conductance about two times greater than red light, indicating that growth environment did not markedly modify the mechanism of light sensitivity.     

Using Covariance to Unravel the Effects of Meteorological Factors and Daily and Seasonal Rhythms

Many factors contribute to the activity of animals in the wild. Whilst daily and seasonal rhythms are likely to be present, and to represent underlying biological functions, these will normally be modified by several factors in the environment. Important amongst these are light, temperature, humidity and whether or not it is raining. There is also the problem that the factors might interact, the effect of, say, time of day, being modified by the concomitant temperature. Separating out the effects of these different factors experimentally can be extremely arduous, if not impossible. An alternative approach is to treat the environmental factors as covariants, and then to separate out their effects from the biological ones by statistical means, using Analysis of Covariance, ANCOVA. The potential of this method is illustrated in the current report by a consideration of exits and entries of a colony of bees from their hive. Hourly measurements of this behaviour were taken during the daylight hours for three consecutive days in 11 consecutive months of the year. At the same time, ambient temperature, light intensity, humidity and whether or not it was raining were recorded. ANCOVA enabled the effects of temperature, humidity, light and rainfall upon the exits from the hive and entries back into it to be separated from the effects of time of day and time of the year. The analyses allowed those climatic variables, in addition to time-of-day and time-of-year effects, that influenced behaviour to be identified. Such climatic variables have not been previously isolated, and this might have lead to a misinterpretation of similar results in the past. Having separated out any effects of climatic variables (the covariates), the interaction between time of day and time of the year could then be investigated. Furthermore it has been possible to quantify the effects upon behaviour of each covariate. Rainfall was shown to decrease activity by more than 80%. For the other variables (temperature, humidity and light intensity), the statistical model allowed for the possibility that an increase in the variable initially produced a rise in activity but that this was followed, if the variable continued to rise, by a fall in activity. For light intensity, only a very modest increase in activity was found, and this continued throughout the range of intensities measured. However, for both temperature and humidity, the effects were more marked and showed 'turning points'. That is, activity increased as the ambient temperature rose until activity peaked at about 33-35°C; after which activity began to fall. Similarly, entries into the hive rose with increasing humidity up to a value of 48%, but fell thereafter. By contrast, exits from the hive increased with increasing humidity throughout the range measured. In the biological system tested, this form of analysis has produced valuable information about the way different factors influence activity in a field study. The results strongly suggest that the proposed methodology has a much wider and more general application. The way in which this type of analysis might be elaborated is discussed.     

Seasonal variation and correlation with environmental factors of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Juglans regia and Ziziphus jujuba

Both the photosynthetic light curves and CO2 curves of Juglans regia L. and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa in three seasons were measured using a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. The maximal net photosynthetic rate （Amax）, apparent quantum efficiency（φ）, maximal carboxylation rate （Vcmax） and water use efficiency （WUE） of the two species were calculated based on the curves. The results showed that Amax of J. regia reached its maximum at the late-season, while the highest values of Amax of Z. jujuba occurred at the mid-season. The Amax of J. regia was more affected by relative humidity （RH） of the atmosphere, while that of Z. jujuba was more affected by the air temperature. Light saturation point （LSP） and Light compensation point （LCP） of J. regia had a higher correlation with RH of the atmosphere, those of Z. jujuba, however, had a higher correlation with air temperature. Vcmax of both J. regia and Z. jujuba had negative correlation with RH of the atmosphere. WUE of J. regia would decrease with the rise of the air temperature while that of Z. jujuba increased. Thus it could be seen that RH, temperature and soil moisture had main effect on photosynthesis and WUE of J. regia and Z. jujuba. Incorporating data on the physiological differences among tree species into forest carbon models will greatly improve our ability to predict alterations to the forest carbon budgets under various environmental scenarios such as global climate change, or with differing species composition.