旱区流域水土环境质量的综合定量评价模型

现有流域水土环境质量的评价方法大多根据评价区评价指标量化值与评价等级标准建立评价模型.评价区不同,评价模型也不相同,计算工作量较大.本文根据给定的水土环境质量评价等级标准,采用随机技术模拟生成足够数量的评价指标序列,应用人工神经网络模型,以评价指标生成序列和其所属的评价等级值建立一种通用的评价模型,其特点是不需要构造评价指标集和评价等级值间的函数关系和计算权重值,减少了建立模型的工作量.以西北地区水资源开发利用程度最高的石羊河流域进行实例研究,表明该模型可操作性强,可用于流域水土环境质量评价.     

基于BP人工神经网络的小城镇生态环境质量评价模型

针对中国小城镇生态环境质量综合评价存在的问题，以生态环境质量指标体系作为神经网络的输入、以生态环境等级评分作为输出，基于BP人工神经网络，建立了具有20个隐含层节点、3层网络的小城镇生态环境质量评价模型；以生态环境指标的各级评价标准作为模型的训练样本，以训练样本数量的10%以及各指标各等级的临界值、中间值作为检验样本，以研究区生态环境质量的实际监测值作为预测样本，利用MATLAB软件对BP人工神经网络进行训练，并对鄂州市杜山镇生态环境质量等级进行了模式识别.结果表明：利用BP人工神经网络方法对小城镇生态环境质量进行预测是可行的、可靠的，它不仅能很好地评价区域生态环境质量，而且能够与区域生态环境的实际特征相结合.     

可鲁克湖流域生态环境质量诊断

为查清可鲁克湖流域生态环境质量及其演化特征,依据环境生态学相关理论,运用综合调查、遥感解译与反演、统计分析等技术手段,选取自然地理、气象、土地利用/覆盖和社会经济4个方面的15个因子,采用因子分析和熵值法计算指标权重,建立流域土壤质量模型和生态环境质量诊断模型,分析2000、2005、2010和2015年可鲁克湖流域土壤与生态环境质量的变化特征。结果表明: 2000、2005、2010和2015年,可鲁克湖流域生态环境质量均值依次为21、47、54和72,呈稳定上升趋势,生态环境质量等级由较差转为良好,土壤质量整体处于中等水平;空间上,北部山区和流域下游湿地及河流周边区域的生态环境质量明显转好。流域生态环境质量变化是人类活动与自然因素共同作用的结果,土壤质量与湖泊面积是指示流域生态环境的关键因子,可鲁克湖最小生态需水量是维持流域生态环境良性发展的基本保障。     

南瓮河自然保护区生态环境质量遥感评价

运用遥感技术,科学、快速地评价区域生态环境质量,能够为区域生态环境的保护、治理和规划等提供科学依据.本研究以1990、2000和2015年的Landsat TM/OLI/TIRS为数据源,使用主成分分析方法确定湿度分量、归一化植被指数、地表温度和干度指数4个指标的权重,运用遥感生态指数(RSEI)评价模型,对南瓮河自然保护区1990—2015年的生态环境进行评价.结果表明: 遥感生态指数能够较好地反映研究区生态环境质量状况及其时空分异;1990—2015年,保护区 RSEI均值由0.55上升至0.83,生态环境质量优良以上区域面积所占百分比逐年增加,这与该等级中森林所占比例增加有关;保护区生态环境质量变好的区域所占比例高达91.4%,这与保护区的建立及相关工程与非工程防护措施的实施密切相关;核心区、缓冲区北部生态环境质量下降的主要原因是火灾的发生导致森林植被遭到破坏,而道路附近和试验区的东南部生态环境质量的下降与人类活动的干扰密不可分.     

全球四大湾区生态环境综合评价研究

全球四大湾区既是经济发达区,也是生态环境脆弱区,对全球可持续发展至关重要。粤港澳大湾区的生态环境问题正在限制其可持续发展,有碍于全面建成国际一流湾区目标的实现。然而,过去的研究对生态环境方面关注较少,缺少湾区生态环境综合评价体系的构建。通过综合国内外统计和遥感多源数据,建立四大湾区生态环境评价数据库;围绕生态质量,环境质量和资源利用效率建立指标体系,构建湾区生态环境综合评价指数。结果表明：2015年,生态环境综合评价,东京湾区 > 旧金山湾区 > 纽约湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区;生态质量,纽约湾区 > 旧金山湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区 > 东京湾区;环境质量,旧金山湾区 > 东京湾区 > 纽约湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区;资源利用效率,东京湾区 > 旧金山湾区 > 纽约湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区。2005-2015年,粤港澳大湾区环境质量增速缓慢,在生态质量和资源利用效率增幅排名首位。旧金山湾区和纽约湾区优势在生态和环境质量,短板在资源利用效率;东京湾区在资源利用效率方面优势明显,短板在生态质量;综合来看,粤港澳大湾区与其他湾区都存在差距。研究建议粤港澳大湾区从生态空间、生态环境治理和资源利用方面,吸取发达国家湾区的经验。     

基于人工神经网络的生态环境质量遥感评价

利用ETM遥感数据提取反映生态环境的植被、土壤亮度、湿度,MODIS地表温度产品提取的热度指数、气象指数及其它地学辅助信息作为神经网络的输入,野外调查标准兴趣区的遥感本底值评分值作为网络输出,建立一个3层结构的BP神经网络生态环境遥感本底值预测模型.利用MATLAB软件对网络进行训练和研究区生态环境遥感本底值的预测输出,并将预测结果按照生态环境遥感本底值分级评分标准进行等级划分.结果表明,总体分类精度达87.8%.利用神经网络方法对生态环境遥感本底值进行预测是可行的.采用先预测再分级的方法不仅能很好地评价区域生态环境质量,而且能够和区域生态环境类型紧密的结合起来.     

BP神经网络在沙棘生态功能评价中的应用

BP人工神经网络技术在环境评价领域中已经得到越来越广泛的运用,将该法引入到陕蒙砒砂岩区沙棘生态功能综合评价的研究中,以沙棘生态功能评价指标标准值作为样本输入,综合评价级别作为网络输出,建立了一个含有4个输入神经元节点、6个隐含神经元节点和1个输出神经元节点的BP人工神经网络等级模型.将目标年(2008年)各评价指标实际数据作为输入,得到输出值是0.44,大于Ⅱ级标准,研究结果表明:砒砂岩区种植十年沙棘后,其生态效益很好,对砒砂岩地区的生态环境改善作用显著.BP神经网络的评价结果与较成熟的AHP-模糊综合评价结果一致,证明将BP人工神经网络模型用于沙棘生态功能评价是可行的,且评价结论客观.     

干旱地区生态环境需水评价研究——以民勤县为例

为科学准确的评价半干旱地区生态环境需水状况,对生态环境需水评价概念进行概括,以"自然—水资源—社会经济—生态"复合系统为研究角度,建立1目标、4准则, 29指标的半干旱地区生态环境需水评价体系,将熵值理论引入层次分析法结合计算指标权重以消除主观经验对结果的影响,以半干旱地区民勤县为例,使用模糊综合评价法对该地区2006—2015年的生态环境需水及其子系统状况进行评价分析。结果表明:①对半干旱地区生态需水评价指数影响最大的是"水资源"子系统与"生态"子系统;缺水量、年平均水资源量、生态用水量占比、地均水资源量及人均水资源量为影响力最大指标。②近十年民勤县的生态环境需水处于"较差"转向"一般"的阶段,与各子系统的协调度逐年变好,说明该地生态治理取得了成效。该方法可应用于类似半干旱地区的生态环境需水评价,为半干旱地区制定水资源调控战略及生态需水研究奠定一定的理论基础。     

投影寻踪模型在区域生态环境质量评价中的应用

大量相关因子的简化和降维处理是生态环境质量评价的关键问题之一。而投影寻踪模型可将多个指标投影到线性空间,实现指标的降维处理。本文以巢湖流域生态环境质量综合评价进行了实证分析,巢湖流域生态环境质量为3级,其中合肥市和六安市所属区域生态环境质量为3级,巢湖市为4级。研究表明,应用投影寻踪模型进行区域生态环境质量评价人为干扰少,操作简便,便于在生产实践中应用,为区域生态环境质量评价提供了一条新途径。     

干旱荒漠区生态环境质量遥感动态监测——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

利用遥感生态指数(RSEI)对区域生态变化进行评价,可以快速、高效、客观地获取研究区生态环境变化状况.本研究以两期Landsat数据为数据源,计算研究区绿度、湿度、热度、干度4个生态因子的遥感生态指数,并基于主成分分析法确定其权重,对古尔班通古特沙漠2006—2017年间的生态环境时空格局进行定性和定量评价.结果表明: 湿度和绿度对古尔班通古特沙漠生态环境质量起正面作用,而热度和干度对生态环境质量起负面作用,其中代表绿度指标的归一化植被指数(NDVI)的贡献最大.2006—2017年间,古尔班通古特沙漠的RSEI有所下降,其均值从0.294下降至0.243,降幅达20.1%,研究区的生态环境状况呈现整体变差的趋势.古尔班通古特沙漠中部生态环境较为稳定,东北部植被覆盖密集区及南缘灌溉区生态环境质量变好,沙漠南部及西北部区域生态环境质量变差.     

基于GIS的山西省矿产资源规划环境影响评价

基于目前我国矿产资源规划编制过程中的环境评价,提出了一种基于GIS(Geographic Information System)技术,实现矿产资源规划环境影响定量评价方法。在对规划区环境现状进行大尺度综合评价的基础上,利用GIS的空间分析功能,有针对性的实现规划区敏感环境保护目标的筛选、环境影响范围的确定和矿产资源开发对环境保护目标影响程度的定量表达。结合山西省矿产资源规划方案,根据山西省各区域资源开发对敏感保护目标的影响特征,在定量计算各区域环境现状综合评价分级的基础上,分别对其生态环境、水环境、地质环境等方面的影响进行评价和预测,结果显示:山西省矿产资源规划空间布局总体合理,不会对敏感环境保护目标造成严重破坏,但部分矿产资源开采区距离保护目标较近,需要在矿产资源规划实施中加以保护。提出的评价方法较好地兼顾矿产资源开发与区域环境保护,可以有效地提高矿产资源规划环境评价结果的准确性和科学性;该方法可以综合地、定量地评价矿产资源规划对不同环境保护目标的影响程度和范围,为矿产资源规划方案的修订提供有价值的参考。     

Extending effectiveness to efficiency: Comparing energy and environmental assessment methods for a wet cooling tower

Improving the environmental performance and energy efficiency of cooling towers requires systematic evaluation. However, methodological challenges emerge when applying typical environmental assessment methods to cooling towers. Hence, this paper compares the methods, analyzes their strengths and weaknesses, and proposes adaptions for evaluating cooling towers. As a case study, we applied five methods for assessing the wet cooling system of the high-performance data center in Stuttgart. These are material flow analysis (MFA), life cycle inventory, life cycle assessment (LCA), exergy analysis, and life cycle exergy analysis (LCEA). The comparison highlights that the LCA provides the most comprehensive environmental evaluation of cooling systems by considering several environmental impact dimensions. In the case of the wet cooling tower, however, electricity and water consumption cause more than 97% of the environmental impacts in all considered impact categories. Therefore, MFA containing energy flows suffices in many cases. Using exergy efficiency is controversially debated because exergy destruction is part of the technical principle applied in cooling towers and, therefore, difficult to interpret. The LCEA appears inappropriate because construction and disposal barely affect the exergy balance and are associated with transiting exergy. The method comparison demonstrates the need for further methodological development, such as dynamic extensions or the efficiency definition of cooling towers. The paper highlights that the methodological needs depend on the specific application.     

Environmental Risk Controllability and Management of VOCs during Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The environmental risk controllability assessment system and its method of controlling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during remediation of contaminated sites are established in this article based on soil vapor extraction (SVE) technology. According to the properties of VOCs and the technical and operational characteristics of the site remediation process, the environmental risk controllability index system includes environmental risk identification, risk source analysis, and risk assessment. Environmental risk management during site remediation was focused on technical control methods and engineering control technologies. Specifically, acceptance based on risk management was suitable for low-risk levels such as RRI3 and RRI4. Furthermore, control methods for high-level risk (RRI1 or RRI2) could be developed along with transformation and control, combined with the necessary emergency risk plan.     

Combining risk assessment, life cycle assessment, and multi-criteria decision analysis to estimate environmental aspects in environmental management system

Purpose

The rating of environmental aspects plays a central role in the ISO 14001 environmental management system (EMS) and EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme because it is the basis for the identification of an organization's environmental targets. The existing methods for the assessment of environmental aspects are grouped into three categories: risk assessment-based (RA-based), life cycle assessment (LCA)-based, and criterion-based methods. The first category accurately determines abnormal, or accidental aspects, as well as the probabilistic causality of aspect?Cpathway?Creceptor?Cimpact relationships, but when evaluating environmental impact, it cannot provide a sound theoretical basis. The second category provides a theoretical foundation for the assessment of environmental impact, due to LCA, but cannot adequately represent the probabilistic aspect?Cpathway?Creceptor?Cimpact relationship. The third category puts emphasis on the significance criteria, but the scoring methods are too simple. To combine the benefits of these three categories of research, this study proposes an integrated framework, combining RA-, LCA-, and criterion-based methods.

Materials and methods

The integrated framework incorporates LCA techniques for the identification of the causal linkage for aspect?Cpathway?Creceptor?Cimpact, uses fuzzy logic to assess aspects, considers fuzzy conditions, in likelihood assessment, and employs a new multi-criteria decision analysis method??multi-criteria and multi-connection comprehensive assessment (MMCA)??to estimate significant aspects in EMS.

Results and discussion

The proposed model is verified, using a real case study??a waste-recycling factory. The results show that this method successfully prioritizes the environmental aspects. Compared with criterion-based methods, the case study demonstrates that the proposed method provides a more solid theoretical basis.

Conclusions

This study integrates RA, LCA, and MMCA, to assess environmental aspects. The method identifies the probabilistic causality of aspect?Cpathway?Creceptor?Cimpact relationships, enhances the theoretical foundations, and strengthens decision-making.     

Weighting across safeguard subjects for LCIA through the application of conjoint analysis

Background  

Many types of weighting methods, which have integrated the various environmental impacts that are used for life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA), were proposed with the aim of developing the methodology as a useful information resource for decision making, such as in the selection of products. Economic valuation indexes, in particular, have attracted attention, as their assessment results are easy to understand and can be applied in conjunction with other assessment tools, including life-cycle costing (LCC) and environmental accounting. Conjoint analysis has been widely used in market research, and has recently been applied to research in environmental economics. The method enables us to provide two types of assessment results; an economic valuation and a dimensionless index. This method is therefore expected to contribute greatly to increasing the level of research into weighting methodology, in which an international consensus has yet to be established. Conjoint analysis, however, has not previously been applied to LCIA.     

美国、加拿大环境和健康风险管理方法

对目前美国和加拿大多个部门使用的风险评价与风险管理方法进行了全面回顾和综合分析,论述各种不同方法的特征,深入探讨各种管理方法的基础、利弊、使用经验,辨识环境、人类健康和职业健康风险综合方法中应该包含的要素,阐述风险管理目标的确定方法,以期为中国的环境风险管理提供经验。     

Uncertainty Analysis and Toxicity Classification in Life-Cycle Assessment Using the Case-study of Gas Purification Systems

This comprehensive thesis structures the decision-making process for making a choice of the most adequate gas purification system (GasPS). Various gas purification technologies (biofilter, activated carbon filter, catalytic oxidation, thermo-reactor) have been evaluated based on an industrial case-study for waste gas streams. The ecological performance was quantified using the life-cycle impact assessment methods Eco-Indicator 95 and Swiss Ecopoints (environmental scarcities). Both life-cycle impact assessment methods have been improved by a new classification method for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which considers the environmental fate and exposure as well as the toxicity of these compounds. For life-cycle assessment, a detailed quantitative uncertainty analysis was carried out using Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the uncertainty analysis, developing statements about the significance of the results and of relative differences between various GasPS alternatives has been possible. The eco-efficiency of the investigated GasPSs was finally characterised based on four indicators: Net Ecological Benefit (NEB_N), Ecological Yield Efficiency (lgEYE), Net Present Value (NPV), and Ecological-Economic Efficiency (EEE).     

外来有害生物风险评估方法研究进展

外来有害生物给生态环境、农业生产、人类健康带来的影响和造成的经济损失越来越受到人们的关注。与此同时,对外来有害生物风险评估方法的研究及其应用也在逐步深入。通过对多指标综合评估法、农业气候相似距法、地理信息系统、生态气候模型评价、模糊综合评判等方法的分析,概述了外来有害生物风险评估方法的含义和利弊,探讨了不同外来物种在不同环境条件下的适生性,综述了国内外评估方法应用的研究进展,对该研究领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

手机信令数据在粤港澳大湾区大气环境风险管理中的应用研究——以江门市为例

粤港澳大湾区是国际化程度、资源整合能力、经济价值和效益都极高的区域，必须高度重视其环境风险问题，避免区域生态系统和人民群众健康受到威胁。人类活动密集区的突发环境事件风险源和受体的涉及面广、来源复杂，利用传统统计数据和技术手段开展的环境风险评价越来越体现出其时效性弱、精准性差的缺点。尝试引入手机信令数据及其模拟分析的人口数据，并将其嵌入到网格化环境风险分析法中，对粤港澳大湾区的江门市大气环境风险进行评估，刻画区域环境风险空间分布特征，精准识别区域环境风险类型。研究方法是在遵循《行政区域突发环境事件风险评估推荐方法》的前提下，通过对比分析统计数据与手机信令数据得到的江门市人口空间分布、大气环境风险易损性及环境风险值，结果表明虽然两者的总体趋势是一致的，但利用手机信令数据得到的环境风险等级结果更精细化、分辨率更高、时效性更强、数据处理更高效。研究表明，基于手机信令数据开展分析显著提高了环境风险评估的风险受体人口分析精度，可为预测及管理区域环境风险提供准确参考，实现突发环境事件应急处置区域具体化、最小化，从而减小应急处理成本。     

我国农业环境损害鉴定评估标准体系研究

标准化是解决环境损害"鉴定难"问题的关键措施,更是环境损害鉴定评估走向独立化的重要标志。农业环境损害鉴定评估作为起步最早、需求量最大、成长较快的分支,已经具备标准体系的雏形。通过国内外标准比较与需求分析,提出了标准化建设的原则和定位,构建了标准体系框架。研究认为,我国农业环境损害鉴定评估标准体系应:(1)以损害受体和技术流程为纵向横向坐标;(2)围绕损害确认、因果关系判定以及损失评估,以规范农产品、农业环境要素以及生态系统的损害识别、症状诊断、损害溯源、监测检测方法、损失量化等技术要求为主要内容;(3)是一个由基础标准、技术导则、技术规范、技术指南组成的有机整体。