近代人群头骨颞线的分型和变异

颞线作为头骨表面咀嚼肌颞肌的附着痕迹,其形态变异对探讨人类体质特征及咀嚼功能具有一定意义。为了解颞线在现代人群中的变异情况,本文选取亚洲、非洲和欧洲278例近现代成年人头骨为研究材料,通过对颞线的颞弧形态、宽度、发育程度、粗糙度及末端位置的观察和分析,明确颞线的分类及其定义标准,获取颞线各种表现形式的侧别、性别和地区间变异的数据,为体质人类学的研究提供参考资料。研究结果显示：1）颞线无显著侧别间差异;2）颞弧形态和发育程度无显著性别和地区间差异;3）顶部颞线宽度及粗糙度有显著性别间差异：男性顶部颞线整体较宽,粗糙型个体大多为男性;4）额部和顶部颞线宽度及粗糙度有显著地区间差异：超宽条带状颞线只出现在云南和华北地区标本,欧洲地区标本脊状颞线和粗糙型比例较高,非洲地区脊状颞线比例较高但粗糙型较低;5）颞线末端止于枕骨的类型极少;6）颞线宽度在额部和顶部及其与颞弧形态显著相关,颞线发育程度在额部与顶部显著相关。     

Morphology and relationships of the orangutan fatty cheek pads

The present paper examines the anatomical relationships as well as possible developmental and functional relationships of the fatty cheek pad characteristic of the adult male orangutan. The research involves the dissection of 11 orangutans of both sexes in a variety of age categories. All specimens possess either a fat pad or a subcutaneous connective tissue fascial compartment in the lateral face extending superiorly from slightly above the inferior border of the mandible to the temporal region. In immature specimens as well as adult females, fat deposits within the connective tissue compartment are scarce or nonexistent, whereas pubescent male specimens or older possess accumulations of fibro-fatty tissues in this region. The extensive fat accumulations of the adult male cheek flange are related to age and sex and to modifications in related facial musculature, especially mm. platysma, zygomaticus, orbicularis oculi, and orbitotemporalis and frontalis. These muscles are clearly related to the cheek pad structures in both sexes but appear to assume a supportive role in the males. The cheek pad has no direct bony attachments, but its mass may have a significant effect on facial morphology. The development of the cheek pad is temporally variable and its function remains speculative although the presence of a fully developed flange may be related to behavioral modifications.     

河南新安中中新世利齿猪一新种

本文记述了河南新安中中新世利齿猪一新种: Listriodon xinanensis sp. nov.,讨论了中国各种利齿猪的分类位置和新种的变异; M. Pickford 和 A. F. Wilkinson(1975)把印度不同大小的两种猪 Listriodon pentapotamiae 和 Listriodon theobaldi 看作是不同性别的同一种的观点,可能是不正确的.     

中国古人类进化连续性新辩

本文通过对一些形态特征的分析说明研究人类起源和进化应该注意的一些思维方法的问题,并且为多地区进化说增添了新的证据:1)中国更新世头骨共同具有的眼眶及其外侧下缘形状等特征在近代头骨中已有所改变,在考虑其意义时不应该忽略时间和基因交流起过的作用;2)中国更新世头骨的共同特征并不因为它们也可见于其他地区而丧失其意义,因为证明连续性的共同特征不需要是地区独有的;3)铲形门齿的结构在近代人中变弱,不削弱它作为连续进化证据的价值,这种弱化的现象是人类进化过程中形态纤巧化的一种表现;4)在辩论时不要对有关形态作不正确的观察和曲解对方的观点和论据;5)头骨正中矢状突隆、下颌圆枕、夹紧状鼻梁和第三臼齿先天性缺失等四项特征在近代非洲人中阙如,却存在于东亚近代人,本文的分析认为这种现象增强多地区进化说的说服力。     

Craniometric variability in two populations of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Spain

Two populations of roe deer from Spain, approximately 300 km apart from each other and currently recognized as separate subspecies. were studied to analyse the nature of the morphological differences between these populations and to assess the validity of its taxonomic division. Sixty-one skulls of roc deer from the Occidental Cantabric Mountains (OCM) and 17 from the Northern lberic Mountains (NIM) were used. No significant sexual dimorphism allowed pooling of male and female samples, on which a large set of 53 measurements was taken. Skulls from the OCM population are, on average, 1·9% larger than those from the NIM population. Twenty-five out of the 53 characters showed some degree of significant differences between means of both populations, though only four showed highly significant differences. Mandible characters were the most variable traits, showing also significant differences between populations. Eight principal factors were extracted. explaining a total of 84·7% of the sample variance. An ANOVA of factor scores from each population revealed significant differences in PF 1 and PF 3. Interpretation of these two factors suggests that morphological differences between both populations can be summarized as specimens from OCM having larger mandibles and broader neurocranium than specimens from NIM. Mandible differences might reflect morphological adaptations to favour the consumption of ligneous plants, which are more frequently eaten by the OCM roe deer population, whereas a broader neurocranium might be related to antler size. It is concluded that biometric differences observed in skulls from these two populations only reflect minor morphological adaptations to different habitats, thus. there is a lack of morphological data to support the taxonomic distinction of the OCM population as a separate subspecies.     

Craniometric variation in Norwegian wolverines Gulo gulo L.

Craniometric variation in Norwegian wolverines was analysed using univariate and multivariate techniques. The wolverine skull seems to be full-grown after about 9 months in both sexes although some dimensions continued to grow at a slow rate after the first year. Size allometry was studied in skulls older than 11 months. Allometric coefficients were calculated from different methods. The multivariate allometric coefficients were found to reflect the same allometric patterns as were found from the reduced major axis and from the direction cosines of PCI, whereas the coefficients seem to be underestimated by the least-square regression method. Sexual dimorphism was found to be highly significant, males being the larger sex. The female skulls were found to be relatively broader and to have a relatively higher coronoid process than the male skulls. It seems that the females have a relatively stronger feeding apparatus than the males, which leads to less absolute differences in strength, as reflected in a very high degree of dietary overlap. Two discriminant functions were calculated which both classified the material into their correct sex with nearly 100% accuracy. Geographical variation between samples from Nordland and Finnmark counties were studied. No significant multivariate variation was found between the female skulls. The male variation was highly significant; the Nordland skulls seem to have longer carnassials than those from Finnmark.     

香港地区现代人头骨的研究：性别和地区类型的判别分析

本文报告了香港地区现代中国人头骨测量性状的性别差异情况和香港与太原的男性头骨的差异情况。在此基础上,使用判别分析的方法建立了各自的判别函数,正判率分别达到93.1％和85.3％。它们分别适用于华南头骨的性别鉴定和华南与华北男性头骨的区分。     

Craniometric variation in Norwegian wolverines Gulo gulo L.

Craniometric variation in Norwegian wolverines was analysed using univariate and multivariate techniques. The wolverine skull seems to be full-grown after about 9 months in both sexes although some dimensions continued to grow at a slow rate after the first year. Size allometry was studied in skulls older than 11 months. Allometric coefficients were calculated from different methods. The multivariate allometric coefficients were found to reflect the same allometric patterns as were found from the reduced major axis and from the direction cosines of PCI, whereas the coefficients seem to be underestimated by the least-square regression method. Sexual dimorphism was found to be highly significant, males being the larger sex. The female skulls were found to be relatively broader and to have a relatively higher coronoid process than the male skulls. It seems that the females have a relatively stronger feeding apparatus than the males, which leads to less absolute differences in strength, as reflected in a very high degree of dietary overlap. Two discriminant functions were calculated which both classified the material into their correct sex with nearly 100% accuracy. Geographical variation between samples from Nordland and Finnmark counties were studied. No significant multivariate variation was found between the female skulls. The male variation was highly significant; the Nordland skulls seem to have longer carnassials than those from Finnmark.     

太行山猕猴髋骨异速增长和性别判定研究

目的是了解太行山猕猴髋骨性差特征及异速增长模式。太行山猕猴髋骨标本66例(雄21例,雌45例)。选择髋骨4个比值变量。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0。组间均值比较采用单因素方差分析。性别判别分析采用逐步判别法。结果表明:成年太行山猕猴大部分髋骨变量性差显著(P0.05)。根据髋骨变量的异速增长分析可以得到3种模式。回归模型检验有统计学意义(P<0.01)。用少量髋骨变量可以有效地识别性别,性别正确判别率是87.0%。结论:髋骨变量的性差与异速增长模式主要与雌性髋骨变量青春期异速增长有关,髋骨的形态特征是猕猴运动功能与生殖功能交互作用的结果。     

Craniometric variation in the Eurasian badger, Meles meles

A multivariate examination of cranial variation within and between European populations of Meles meles (L.) revealed that populations from Ireland, Great Britain, Norway, and the Slovak Republic could be differentiated both by cranial form and by the degree of sexual dimorphism exhibited. Irish material was characterized by low sexual dimorphism, particularly when compared to Slovak specimens. Badgers from the British Isles had larger skulls than other samples and were more similar to each other than they were to badgers from mainland Europe. Size played a greater role in differentiating samples of female badgers than it did in males. Significant variation occurred within the British Isles, with individual samples being highly differentiable. There was, however, little relationship between morphological similarity and geographic proximity. We contend that macrogeographical (between-country) variation in the species is primarily determined by historical factors and adaptation to current conditions, while microgeographic (within-country) variation is a result of selectively neutral processes.     

Intraspecific variability and sexual dimorphism in the skulls ofPan troglodytes verus

A collection of skulls ofPan troglodytes verus from Liberia was analysed according to specific characters of morphology and sexual dimorphism based on osteological data. Morphologic characters of both sexes are described somewhat in detail. Measurements were taken. Morphometric data show a high range of intraspecific variability within our collection. It shows that the mean metric divergence between both sexes is rather slight, skulls of males in our sample are on the average 3.7% larger than those of females.     

A comparison of fox skulls from Wales and South-East England

Seven different measurements of fox skulls from animals of known sex were recorded for 571 fox skulls from Wales and South-East England. A multivariate technique, discriminant function analysis, is used to classify the skulls according to sex and regional origin. Differences detected suggest that male skulls tend to be larger, and that skulls from Wales are larger than those from South-East England. The classifications are presumed to reflect true differences between sexes and regions.     

内蒙古凉城县忻州窑子墓地东周时期的人骨

忻州窑子墓地是近年来内蒙古中南部地区重要的考古发现之一,该墓地出土人骨标本是内蒙古中南部地区东周时期最具有代表性的古代人类标本,在探讨该时期中原王朝北扩疆土与北方民族南下冲突融合的历史过程问题上具有重要的学术价值。本文对出土的31例东周时期的颅骨标本(男性21例,女性10例)进行了体质人类学的研究,根据颅骨形态特征的差异,我们将该墓地的人群分为两组,即忻州窑子A组和忻州窑子B组。经过对比分析可知,忻州窑子A组居民的颅骨形态特征与先秦时期的"古蒙古高原类型"居民十分一致,忻州窑子B组居民则与"古中原类型"居民较为接近。忻州窑子墓地中未见有不同文化系统的葬俗,但在人群构成上却包括了两类体质特征差异显著的群体,佐证了这一时期该地区古代人群的构成具有强烈的融合性与多源性。     

Variability of palmprint ridge density in a North Indian population and its use in inference of sex in forensic examinations

Fingerprints and palmprints are unique to an individual, and these biometric characters are used in the identification of individuals. In the recent past, ridge density (ridge count in a defined area) has been explored for its applicability in inference of sex from the fingerprints and palmprints recovered at the crime scene. The present research aims to study the variability of palmprint ridge density in a North Indian population, and its significance in inference of sex in forensic examinations. The sample consisted of 157 healthy young adults (110 females and 47 males) from Shimla city in North India. Bilateral palmprints were taken from all the participants following standard methods. The palmprints were manually analyzed in four defined areas of each palmprint that included the central prominent part of the thenar eminence (P1), the mount distal to the axial triradius on the hypothenar region (P2), the mount proximal to the triradius of the second digit (P3) and the mount proximal to the triradius of the fifth digit (P4). The ridge density was calculated diagonally using a square measuring 5 mm × 5 mm. The sex differences in palmprint ridge densities were statistically analyzed for each of the designated areas using statistical considerations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was done to test the overall ability of the palmprint ridge densities obtained from each area in inference of sex. The mean palmprint ridge density was found to be significantly greater in females than in males in all the four defined areas of the palmprint. Ridge densities in P3 and P4 areas of the palmprint showed statistically significant bilateral differences in both males and females. The study observed variations in the ridge density between the four designated areas of the palmprint. Based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC), maximum sexing potential for the palmprint ridge density was observed in the P4 area, followed by P3 area on both right and left sides. ROC analysis of the total palmprint ridge density indicated that the sexing accuracy from the right and left palmprint ridge densities was 70.2% and 71.8% respectively. The study shows variability of palmprint ridge density among sexes and in different regions of the palm on both sides. In view of the considerable overlapping in male and female values and lower levels of accuracy obtained in ROC analysis, the present research concludes that the palmprint ridge density cannot be used as an effective tool in inference of sex. However, in absence of other more reliable means/evidence, it still can be considered as a supportive trait in sex inference.     

Distribution and abundance of the salmonid parasite Parvicapsula minibicornis (Myxozoa) in the Klamath River basin (Oregon-California, U.S.A.)

The distribution and abundance of the myxosporean parasite Parvicapsula minibicornis in the Klamath River mirrored that of Ceratomyxa shasta, with which it shares both its vertebrate and invertebrate host. Assay of fish held at sentinel sites and water samples collected from those sites showed that parasite prevalence was highest below Iron Gate dam, which is the barrier to anadromous salmon passage. Above this barrier parasite levels fluctuated, with the parasite detected in the free-flowing river reaches between reservoirs. This was consistent with infection prevalence in the polychaete host, Manayunkia speciosa, which was greater than 1% only in populations tested below Iron Gate dam. Although a low prevalence of infection was detected in juvenile out-migrant fish in the Trinity River, the tributaries tested did not appear to be a significant source of the parasite to the mainstem despite the presence of large numbers of infected adult salmon that migrate and spawn there. Rainbow trout became infected during sentinel exposure, which expands the host range for P. minibicornis and suggests that wild rainbow trout populations are a reservoir for infection, especially above Iron Gate dam. High parasite prevalence in the lower Klamath River is likely a combined effect of high spore input from heavily infected, spawned adult salmon and the proximity to dense populations of polychaetes.     

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SPOTTED DOLPHINS (STENELLA ATTENUATA) IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN

We analyzed 4 meristic and 32 morphometric cranial traits of 612 adult specimens of spotted dolphins ( Stenella attenuata ) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for sexual dimorphism. Eleven 5" latitude/longitude blocks with five or more of each sex were assessed with a two-way ANOVA for sex and geographic differences. Interaction between these two factors was found for six measurements, suggesting that the degree of sexual dimorphism varies geographically for a few characters (although in no discernible geographic pattern). Sexual dimorphism was demonstrated for 23 of the 36 characters, with differences ranging from 0.00 to 5.88 percent. Females characteristically had a longer rostrum, while males generally had larger skulls overall. In terms of number of characters, the extent of sexual dimorphism demonstrated for skulls of spotted dolphins goes considerably beyond that shown for any other small delphine. A discriminant function involving a combination of 10 characters enabled us to identify correctly the sex of more than 75 percent of the specimens. A procedure for correcting specimen measurements is outlined that would enable an investigator to combine male and female specimens in geographic variation studies. A term (zwitter) is proposed for use when referring to specimens where measurements have been corrected to take into account differences between the sexes.     

Study of the cuspal ridges of the upper first molars in a modern Japanese population

Materials used were dental casts of the upper first molars of modern Japanese subjects, comprising 29 males and 25 females. Their molar occlusal surfaces were photographed by moiré contourography using the standard trigonal plane. The ridges of a cusp, comprising a central ridge and mesial and distal accessory ridges, were identified from the patterns of the moiré fringes. The central ridge was observed in all cusps except for the hypocone in both sexes. Frequencies of the mesial and distal accessory ridges of trigonal cusps were over 90% except for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone, and those of the hypocone were under 25% in both sexes. These values were generally higher in males than in females, especially for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone. The running pattern of the cuspal ridges showed little difference between sexes. The oblique ridge which was higher than the central groove formed a saddle-like structure. This ridge was observed in all materials, but its heights and structural components varied remarkably. In this study, the distal accessory ridge of the metacone was found to be incorporated into the oblique ridge in about 13% of cases. Variability in the running pattern of the ridges within a single cusp was highest in the hypocone and lowest in both the paracone and protocone. The results obtained are considered to represent the stability or reductive tendency of cusps in the upper first molars.     

Bioanthropological analysis of human occipital condyles using geometric morphometric method

Sex differences are present in all parts of the body, including the skeletal system. Several methods are used to analyze the sex differences of skeleton, while more recently, a new method called geometric morphometry has been used. The aim of this study was to examine the sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles on human skulls originating from the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina using the geometric morphometric method.Material and methodsThe study was conducted on 214 human skulls of known gender from Bosnian population. For analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles, we used geometric morphometry, where all the skulls were scanned to obtain three-dimensional skull models. On the obtained models, we marked anthropometric points on occipital condyles in a Landmark Editor program from which we exported data in the form NTSYS file and analyzed it in MorphoJ program.ResultsFirst principal component PC1 describes 26.917% of total variability, the second principal component PC2 describes 20.992% of total variability, while the first eight principal components together describe 100% of total variability. The greatest variability between the male skulls and female skulls was present in the anterior-posterior diameter (length of occipital condyles). Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the occipital condyles was possible with 69.50% accuracy for male skulls and with 60.27% accuracy for female skulls. The size of the occipital condyles showed a statistically significant effect on sexual determination. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the occipital condyles without affecting size enabled the determination of gender with with 65.96% accuracy for male skulls and with 63.01% accuracy for female skulls.ConclusionAnalysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles using geometric morphometry showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of occipital condyles between the sexes. The accuracy of sex determination based on occipital condyles was higher for male gender.     

Age, growth and reproduction of Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis from the Qingyi Stream in the Huangshan Mountains

Identifying the life-history strategies of fish and their associations with the surrounding environment is the basic foundation in the conservation and sustainable utilization of fish species.We examined the age,growth,and reproduction of Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis using 352 specimens collected monthly from May 2009 to April 2010 in the Qingyi Stream.We found the sex ratio of this study population was 0.58:1(female:male),significantly different from expected 1:1.Females and males both comprised four age groups.The annuli on the scales were formed during February and March.No obvious between-sex difference was observed in length-weight and length-scale-radius relationships.The total length in back-calculation significantly increased with age for both sexes,but did not differ significantly at each age between the two sexes.An inflection point was observed in the growth curves given by the von Bertalanffy growth function for total weight.At this inflection point,fish were 3.95 years.Both sexes reach their 50% sex maturity at age 2,when females and males were 94.7 mm and 103.0 mm total length.The temporal pattern of the gonado-somatic index corresponded to a spawning period that occurred from April through July.The non-synchronicity of egg diameter in each mature ovary during the breeding period suggested these fish may be batch spawners.The absolute fecundity increased significantly with total length and weight,whereas no significant correlation was observed between the relative fecundity and body size.