Performance of a new invariants method on homogeneous and nonhomogeneous quartet trees

An attempt to use phylogenetic invariants for tree reconstruction was made at the end of the 80s and the beginning of the 90s by several researchers (the initial idea due to Lake [1987] and Cavender and Felsenstein [1987]). However, the efficiency of methods based on invariants is still in doubt (Huelsenbeck 1995; Jin and Nei 1990). Probably because these methods only used few generators of the set of phylogenetic invariants. The method studied in this paper was first introduced in Casanellas et al. (2005) and it is the first method based on invariants that uses the "whole" set of generators for DNA data. The simulation studies performed in this paper prove that it is a very competitive and highly efficient phylogenetic reconstruction method, especially for nonhomogeneous models on phylogenetic trees.     

The use of Markov chain models in studying the evolution of the proteins

In a recent paper Giulio & Caldararo (1987) used a Markov chain model to study the evolution of proteins. Unfortunately, their use of a first-order Markov chain model at the amino acid level is incorrect. The model has to be applied at the codon level [Jorre & Curnow (1975a)] followed by amalgamation of the codon states corresponding to each amino acid and of the three codons specifying termination. The model is correctly applied in this paper. The results obtained do not differ substantially from those obtained by Giulio & Caldararo (1987). The interpretation of the results as supporting the neutralist view of protein evolution is criticized.     

浙江常山辉埠上奥陶统三衢山组钙藻化石一新种

本文阐述了ＣａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉｅｌｌａＰｏｎｃｅｔ,１９８７与ＤａｓｙｐｏｅｌｌａＳｔｏｌｌｅｙ,１８９３两属之间的关系,并描述了浙江省常山县辉埠地区上奥陶统三衢山组上段钙藻化石一新种Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉｅｌｌａｈｕｉｂｕｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,其与ＣａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉｅｌｌａｐｏｔｔｅｒｉＰｏｎｃｅｔ,１９８７的区别在于前者叶状体较小,皮层薄,＂中央茎＂和边缘细胞较大。     

长白山露水河林业局森林景观格局动态

基于1987、1995、2003年长白山露水河林业局森林资源二类调查资料,利用ArcGIS和FRAGSTATS等软件,在景观水平和斑块水平上分析了1987—2003年该区景观格局变化及其与森林经营机制之间的关系.结果表明:研究期间,研究区森林景观破碎化程度加剧、景观异质性程度加大;1987—2003年,研究区斑块数增加979块,最大斑块面积比例逐渐下降,由1987年的28.7%降至2003年的12.7%;由于经营方式的转变,该区景观基质由1987年的阔叶混交林转变为1995年后的混合景观基质;景观破碎化程度在1995—2003年的变化趋势较1987—1995年有所减缓;期间,该区阔叶混交林的平均斑块面积下降最多、边界分割程度最高,表明天然次生林受人类干扰最大.     

THE LATE MIOCENE CERVIDAE FROM HOUNAO,YUSHE BASIN, SHANXI

FamilyCervidaeGray.l82lSubfamiIyMuntiaeinaePoe0ck,l923GenusMetaceroulusTeilhardetTramert,l937MetaceroulUBlepidusHu,I962(Pl.I,1-4)MaterialAskullwithbrokenantlers(V9337),twopieces0fmandibIes(v9360).RemarksThespecimensarequitesimilartothetypespecimen0fMetacerbu-luslepidus:skullratherbroadandflattened,pedicleswiththesame1engthandpr0-longatedonthefrontalsbyaridge,thedimensionsandthegeneralappearanceofteetharequitesimilar.Butthefirstbifurcationontheantlersofthespecimen(V-9337)is,broaderandc…     

中国假笼头菌一新种

假笼头菌属(Pseudoclathrus)是刘波和鲍运生(1980)根据模式种——柱孢假笼头菌(P．Cylindrosporus Liu et Bau)所建立的新属。 1987年,本文作者报道了雷公山假笼头菌(P．Leigonshancnsis Zhou et Zhang)一新种,本文再报道该属的另一新种——安顺假笼头菌Pseudoclathrus anshunensi Zhou et Zhang。本新种不同于柱孢假笼头菌之处主要是,新种具4条柱状臂,臂无脊沟,柄露于菌托外。而柱孢假笼头菌具6个柱状臂,每条臂均具纵脊沟,柄藏于菌托内;与雷公山假笼头菌的区别在于雷公山假笼头菌具5—6条薄带状的臂,臂肉桂色,担子果大,担孢子也较大,而新种具4条柱状臂,橙黄色,担子果和担孢子均较小。模式标本存放于贵州农学院植病教研组真菌标本室。     

A method for lake ecosystem health assessment: an Ecological Modeling Method (EMM) and its application

Ecosystem health is a newly proposed concept that sets new goals for environmental management. Its definition, indexing and assessment methods are still being perfected. An Ecological Modeling Method (EMM) for lake ecosystem health assessment is proposed in this paper. The EMM's procedures are: (1) to analyze the ecosystem structure of a lake in order to determine the structure and complexity of the lake's ecological model; (2) to develop a model having ecological health indicators, by designing a conceptual diagram, establishing model equations, estimating model parameters and being integrated with ecological indicators; (3) to compare the simulated and observed values of important state variables and process rates (i.e. model calibration) in order to evaluate the applicability of the model to lake ecosystem health assessment; (4) to calculate ecosystem health indicators based on the developed model; and (5) to assess lake ecosystem health according to the values of the ecosystem health indicators. The EMM was applied, as a case study, to the ecosystem health assessment of a eutrophic Chinese lake (Lake Chao) between April 1987 and March 1988. A relative order of health states from poor to good was determined as follows: August–October 1987 > April–May 1987 > June–July 1987 > November–December 1987 > January–March 1988. These results compared quite favourably with the actual current conditions at Lake Chao. The EMM method, therefore, was suitable in assessing lake ecosystem health at Lake Chao.     

Issues on creating an autonomous region for the Cordillera,Northern Philippines

One of the most novel aspects of the 1987 Philippine Constitution is the provision of autonomous regions in the Cordillera and in Muslim Mindanao. Since late 1986, the Cordillera Studies Center has been interested in studying the institution of Cordillera autonomy. The Center was desirous of starting serious work on conceptualizing the research on Cordillera autonomy, in view of the constitutional timetable for implementing autonomy in the Cordillera (as well as in Muslim Mindanao). Thus, even before the research began in July 1987, the Center received a small grant to hold a conference, ‘Issues on Cordillera Autonomy’, in May 1987 (Rood 1987). In the first three sections of this report, I provide a background to autonomy, up to the time of consideration by Congress of the Draft Organic Act (January 1989). I then discuss some of the Center's early research results, by way of explicating some of the issues involved in setting up an autonomous region in the Cordillera.     

Turnover and dispersal in urban Merlins Falco columbarius

Information on the turnover of territorial occupants, the natal dispersal (movements from birthplace to breeding place) and breeding dispersal (breeding place to breeding place) of raptors is very limited, because such data only become available as a result of the long-term study of marked populations (e.g. Newton 1986). Over the last two decades, Merlins Falco columbarius have colonized urban centres on the Canadian prairies for breeding and wintering (Oliphant & Haug 1985, James et al. 1987a). In Saskatoon, for example, the breeding Merlin population has increased from one pair in 1971 to 27 pairs in 1987 and is still increasing. This population has already achieved the highest recorded nesting density for this species (Oliphant & Haug 1985). Similar urban populations exist in Regina, Moose Jaw, Calgary, and Edmonton. In this paper, we report on the annual turnover, adult mortality, natal dispersal, and breeding dispersal of this population.     

Analysis of Square Contingency Tables with Ordered Categories by a New Method of Applying the 1-Weight Modified Marginal Homogeneity Models

For square contingency tables with ordered categories, this note proposes a new method of applying Tomizawa's (1987) 1-weight modified marginal homogeneity models and applies to the 4×4 tables on unaided vision analysed by Tomizawa (1987) and by Stuart (1955). A possible explanation which is derived from fitting those models is first obtained using this new method.