云南黑颈长尾雉分布及栖息地类型调查

黑颈长尾雉是鸡形目鸟类中的濒危物种,分布局限于印度东北部、缅甸北部、泰国西北部和中国西南部。在中国,该雉仅栖息于广西西部和云南中部、西部及南部地区。１９９２年至１９９５年在云南对黑颈长尾雉的分布及栖息生境进行了专门的调查,共有１３县１８个地点记录到黑颈长尾雉分布。通过访问还获得一些可能有黑颈长尾雉分布但需进一步证实的地点。黑颈长尾雉在云南的栖息生境主要有热带季雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、暖温性针叶林、     

白颈长尾雉生物学研究进展及展望

白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)是地栖生活的大型森林鸟类,为我国特有珍稀鸟类。由于白颈长尾雉栖息地片段化与丧失,导致该物种种群数量减少及局部地区种群灭绝,为有效保护该物种。国内外学者针对白颈长尾雉生态学和生物学开展了大量研究。文章从种群生态、栖息地、迁移及活动区、食性及觅食、繁殖生态、遗传及生理、濒危原因与保护对策等方面对白颈长尾雉的研究成果进行了综述。同时,对白颈长尾雉下一步的研究工作提出了建议。     

基于MaxEnt模型的广西黑颈长尾雉潜在栖息地预测与保护空缺分析

了解物种生境的空间分布以及和环境因子的关系,对物种的保护有重要意义。黑颈长尾雉Syrmaticus humiae作为在广西壮族自治区分布的鸟类,通过查阅文献与分布名录得到其分布点,以GIS空间技术运用Max Ent模型对区内黑颈长尾雉的生境适应性和其主要影响因子进行分析,模型评价结果为优秀水平。通过划分出的适宜生境和现有保护区进行保护空缺分析。模型预测黑颈长尾雉的生境适宜区主要分布在广西的西北区域,适宜生境总面积为6 771.84 km~2,已建立的保护区覆盖了16.72%的适宜生境,尚有4 985.86 km2的适宜生境在保护区之外。为更有效地实行保护,应对保护空缺区域进行填补。     

官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地适宜性评价

2009年4月-2009年5月和2009年12月-2010年1月,在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti) 繁殖期和越冬期的栖息地进行调查。通过实地调查,结合已有研究结果,确定了官山自然保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地适宜性评价因子,即植被类型、海拔、坡度和坡向等4个栖息地因子。基于"被利用生境-可获得生境比较法",以对各评价因子不同梯度的资源选择指数为依据,确定了白颈长尾雉适宜性评价准则。应用ArcGIS 9.3空间分析功能和栖息地片断化指数,对官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地进行了适宜性评价。结果表明:在官山自然保护区适宜白颈长尾雉繁殖的栖息地斑块有502个,总面积为3307 hm²,占保护区总面积的28.6%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.365和0.912;适宜白颈长尾雉越冬的栖息地斑块有514个,总面积2755 hm²,占保护区总面积的23.8%,分离度指数和片断化程度指数分别为0.443和0.939。官山保护区白颈长尾雉栖息地片断化较严重,片断化现象在白颈长尾雉越冬期加剧。因此,迫切需要采取措施白颈长尾雉现存栖息地进行保护,特别是要高度重视其越冬栖息地的保护。     

长尾雉的地理分布及其系统关系的初步分析

全世界共有长尾雉５种,其中白颈长尾雉分布于浙江、安徽、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、广东、广西和贵州等９省;黑颈长尾雉分布于广西和云南,国外还分布于泰国、缅甸和印度等地;白冠长尾雉分布于河北、安徽、河南、湖北、湖南、四川、贵州、云南、陕西和甘肃等１０省;黑长尾雉分布于台湾省;铜长尾雉分布于日本．长尾雉的起源中心可能在武陵山脉,并有可能先分化出白颈长尾雉祖种和白冠长尾雉祖种;黑长尾雉、黑颈长尾雉和白颈长尾雉可能由白颈长尾雉祖种分衍产生;铜长尾雉和白冠长尾雉可能由白冠长尾雉祖种分衍产生．     

云南白尾梢虹雉的分布与保护

1999—2003年在云南对白尾梢虹雉(Lophophorus sclateri)的分布及栖息生境进行了调查,确证11个分布点,另有3个点可能有分布。白尾梢虹雉在云南的栖息生境主要有高山草甸、高山亚高山箭竹林及亚高山针叶林3种类型。栖息生境承载量小、种群增长慢、人类活动干扰以及宣传不力是白尾梢虹雉濒危的主要因素,据此提出开展驯养繁殖、加强禁止偷猎的法制宣传,以及加强基础研究的保护建议。     

哀牢山自然保护区南华片黑颈长尾雉春季觅食地植物群落特征与选择

2008年4月25日—5月16日以系统取样法调查了哀牢山自然保护区南华片黑颈长尾雉(Syramticus humiae)觅食地的植物群落,共记录到植物133种,隶属86属49科。相关性分析结果显示,不同坡位,黑颈长尾雉的出现频率与常绿阔叶林的分布显著相关,这意味着黑颈长尾雉的垂直分布与活动范围受常绿阔叶林分布的影响。黑颈长尾雉偏好选择常绿落叶林。植物重要值排序和物种组成的除趋势对应分析结果表明,觅食地的植物种类组成与常绿阔叶林的相似性较高,而与其他林型分异较大。常绿阔叶林植被的层间组合可提供良好的隐蔽,林内蕨类的茎叶和壳斗科植物的坚果可提供食物。多样性比较结果显示,觅食地植物多样性显著高于华山松林和落叶阔叶林,因此这两种林型均欠缺黑颈长尾雉的植物性食物。故植物多样性和食物丰富度影响觅食地选择。植被因子比较及除趋势对应分析结果表明,除常绿阔叶林,觅食地的乔木盖度较其他林型的高,植被因子与其他林型相似性程度不一。落叶阔叶林乔木稀疏,植被因子与觅食地相似性低且放牧干扰大;华山松林乔木矮小,灌木少;针阔混交林的植被因子与觅食地相似,但人为干扰严重。故隐蔽条件与人为干扰是影响黑颈长尾雉觅食地选择的重要因素。相异性分析结果显示,研究区大部分地区能满足黑颈长尾雉生存基本要求,但最适宜其生存的地区很少。     

深山中的隐士——白颈长尾雉

正白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti),俗称横纹背鸡,由于它喜欢在地面活动,故又名地鸡,为鸡形目(Galliformes)雉科(Phasianidae)的鸟类[1],为中国特有种[2]。白颈长尾雉为国家I级重点保护野生动物;在《世界自然保护联盟红色名录(IUCN)》中被列为近危(NT)物种;在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中被列为易危(VU)物种,在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》中被列为附录I的物种。白颈长尾雉主要分布于我国湖南、安徽南部、江西、浙江、福建、广东和广西等地的低山丘陵地区的阔叶林、混交林、针叶林、竹林和林缘灌丛地带。     

再引入黑颈长尾雉夏季栖息地选择

2008年6～7月,在广西岑王老山国家级自然保护区采用样带法对再引入黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)的栖息地选择进行了研究。共测定了7条样带上的22个栖息地样方和17个对照样方的24个生态因子。结果表明,再引入黑颈长尾雉的夏季栖息地偏向于选择海拔低、坡位低、乔木较低和灌木较高、落叶盖度较大、灌木层盖度大、草本高且盖度大的阔叶林、针阔混交林或者针叶林;逐步判别分析的结果显示坡位、草本层盖度是重要的生态因子,由这两个变量构成的方程在对栖息地和对照区进行区分时,正判率可以达到77.3%,这种选择与黑颈长尾雉的隐蔽条件和食物密切相关。     

白颈长尾雉

白颈长尾雉分布于长江以南、北纬24—31°的华东和华南地区,多栖于海拔300一800米的山谷林地内,以阔叶林和混交林为其最适栖息地。 白颈长尾难道常3—4只成小群活动,其活动以早晚为主,并形成两个日活动高峰。当然该雉的活动受到气候条件.食物基地、季节变化和人类活动等因素影响。 由于滥浦乱猎和栖息地的破坏,白颈长尾雉的数量十分稀少,已处于濒危状态。     

Relationships between species richness of vascular plants and terrestrial vertebrates in China: analyses based on data of nature reserves

The relationship between plant diversity and animal diversity on a broadscale and its mechanisms are uncertain. In this study, we explored this relationship and its possible mechanisms using data from 186 nature reserves across China on species richness of vascular plants and terrestrial vertebrates, and climatic and topographical variables. We found significant positive correlations between species richness in almost all taxa of vascular plants and terrestrial vertebrates. Multiple regression analyses indicated that plant richness was a significant predictor of richness patterns for terrestrial vertebrates (except birds), suggesting that a causal association may exist between plant diversity and vertebrate diversity in China. The mechanisms for the relationships between species richness of plants and animals are probably dependent on vertebrate groups. For mammals (endothermic vertebrates), this relationship probably represents the integrated effects of plants on animals through trophic links (i.e. providing foods) and non-trophic interactions (i.e. supplying habitats), whereas for amphibians and reptiles (ectothermic vertebrates), this may be a result of the non-trophic links, such as the effects of plants on the resources that amphibians and reptiles require.     

The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China

Invasive alien species have become one of the most serious environmental issues in the world. Data of taxon, origin, pathway, and environmental impacts of invasive alien microorganisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, herbs, trees, and, marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems of China were analyzed during 2001 and 2003, based on literature retrieval and field survey. There were 283 invasive alien species in China, and the number of species of invasive alien microorganisms, aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, and mammals were 19, 18, 170, 25, 33, 3, 10, and 5, respectively. The proportion of invasive alien species originated from America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania were 55.1, 21.7, 9.9, 8.1, and 0.6%, respectively. Methods for estimation of direct economic losses to agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding, fishery, road and water transportation, storage, water conservancy, environment and public facilities, and human health were established. Methods for estimation of indirect economic losses caused by invasive alien species to service functions of forest ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems were also established. The total economic losses caused by invasive alien species to China were to the time of USD 14.45 billion, with direct and indirect economic losses accounting for 16.59% and 83.41% of total economic losses, respectively.     

基于红外相机的中国哺乳动物多样性观测网络建设进展

中国哺乳动物多样性观测网络(China BON-Mammal)为中国生物多样性观测网络(China BON)下属子网, 由生态环境部组织建设, 南京环境科学研究所为牵头单位。观测网络以陆生大中型哺乳动物为观测对象, 基于红外相机技术设置了统一的规程方案与技术标准, 2017-2019年在全国18个省区以县域为单元, 选择74个代表性保护地作为观测样区开展红外相机观测。截至2019年底, 观测网络共收集红外相机照片200多万张, 其中野生动物有效照片30万张, 共观测到哺乳动物11目28科132种、鸟类16目56科408种, 其中国家I级重点保护野生动物45种(兽类33种、鸟类12种), 并发现多个物种分布新记录和珍稀濒危物种。同时, 观测网络平台研发了哺乳动物观测数据库用于图像数据的存储和分析。最后, 本文对目前取得的成果及存在的问题进行分析, 计划将进一步加强数据的处理分析与共享, 进而更好地促进生物多样性保护工作。     

Animals for the Gods: Magical and Religious Faunal Use and Trade in Brazil

Religious beliefs and practices have long influenced human perceptions and uses of nature. Animals in particular play a prominent role in magico-religious practices and given the historical and cultural depth of these relationships, understanding human-faunal relations is often fundamental to the cause of meaningful wildlife conservation. This study investigates the domestic and wild harvested species used for spiritual and religious purposes by adherents of the Afro-Brazilian religion Candomblé. Introduced by enslaved Africans, this belief system combines animal and plant traditions derived from Africa with many others assimilated from Amerindians. We identified a total of 129 species of animals (or animal derived products) used and/or sold for magico-religious purposes; of these, 34. 8?% (n?=?45) are included in some list of threatened species. Most animals reported were mammals (n?=?29), followed by mollusks (20), fishes (19), birds (18) and reptiles (16); the majority (78?%) of reported species were wild-caught from terrestrial habitats (62?%), followed by marine and estuarine (24?%), and freshwater (14?%). We identified an extensive commercial network of collectors, middlemen/distributors, shop owners, and consumers. Rarity of a given species was often positively associated with economic value. Considering the ubiquity and underground nature of these practices, future conservation strategists are encouraged to work with Candomblé practitioners.     

The status and causes of alien species invasion in China

Data of classification, origin, pathway and environmental impacts of invasive alien micro-organisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, weeds, trees, and marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems of China, were analyzed, based on literature retrieval, field survey and consultation. Some 283 invasive alien species were recorded in China, including 19 invasive alien micro-organisms, 18 aquatic plants, 170 terrestrial plants, 25 aquatic invertebrates, 33 terrestrial invertebrates, 3 amphibians and reptiles, 10 fish, and 5 mammals. Of the invasive alien species, 55.1% originated from North and South America, 21.7% from Europe, 9.9% from Asia, 8.1% from Africa and 0.6% from Oceania. Many institutions and individuals in China lack adequate knowledge of ecological and environmental consequences caused by invasive alien species, with some ignorance of the dangerous invasion in the introduction of alien species. For instance, 50.0% of invasive alien plants were intentionally introduced as pasture, feedingstuff, ornamental plants, textile plants, medicinal plants, vegetables, or lawn plants, 25% of alien invasive animals were intentionally introduced for cultivation, ornament, or biological control, In addition, more efforts are being made in the introduction of alien species, and little attention is paid on the management of introduced alien species, which may cause their escape into natural environment and potential threats to the environment. There were also gaps in quarantine system in China. All microorganisms were unintentionally introduced, through timber, seedling, flowerpot, or soil; 76.3% of alien invasive animals invaded through commodity or transportation facility because of the failure of quarantine. Therefore, quarantine measures should be strictly implemented; and meanwhile the intentional introduction of alien species should be strictly managed and a system of risk assessment should be implemented.     

Fear responses of Japanese monkeys to scale models

This study investigated fear responses of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) to scale models. Fear responses of participants were assessed using rating scores assigned by judges. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with scale models of objects in furniture, vehicle, and mammal categories. Overall, the participants expressed stronger fear responses to mammal objects as compared to the other two kinds. In Experiment 2, participants were presented with scale models of furniture, new mammals, and animals composed of insects, birds, fish, and reptiles. As a whole, the participants showed stronger fear responses to the new mammal and animal objects than to furniture objects. Fear responses to mammal and animal objects were comparable. These results suggest that Japanese monkeys show stronger fear responses to objects possessing perceptual properties of animals, as opposed to objects that do not possess such properties.     

The origin of homoiothermy--unsolved problem

The analysis of allometric dependence of energy expenditure on body mass among reptiles, birds and mammals has shown that standard metabolic rate of reptiles when they are warmed up to the temperature of homoiothermic animals is an order of magnitude lower than that of birds and mammals. Basal metabolism is originated as special feature historically related to the metabolism during active behavior, rather than thermal regulation. Facultative endothermy was not advantageous for large animals because of long time needed to warm up the body. The ancestors of birds and animals escaped negative consequences of van't-Hoff equation by choosing constant body temperature. Heat conductivity of reptile's covers is so great, that it cannot keep endogenous warm of resting animal at any temperature of the body. Reptile "dressed" in covers of bird or mammal would be able to keep warm under conditions of maximal aerobic muscular activity and body temperature similar to that of homoiothermic animals. The base of chemical thermoregulation in birds and mammals is a thermoregulatory muscle tonus which remains unknown. One can suppose that during evolution of birds and mammals the saltation-liked origin of endothermy "fixed" the level of metabolism typical for running reptile and transformed in into the basal metabolism. This event took place at the cell and tissue level. The absence of palaeontological evidences and intermediate forms among recent species does not allow easy understanding of homoiothermy origin.     

A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates

Cats are generalist predators that have been widely introduced to the world's ~179 000 islands. Once introduced to islands, cats prey on a variety of native species many of which lack evolved defenses against mammalian predators and can suffer severe population declines and even extinction. As islands house a disproportionate share of terrestrial biodiversity, the impacts of invasive cats on islands may have significant biodiversity impacts. Much of this threatened biodiversity can be protected by eradicating cats from islands. Information on the relative impacts of cats on different native species in different types of island ecosystems can increase the efficiency of this conservation tool. We reviewed feral cat impacts on native island vertebrates. Impacts of feral cats on vertebrates have been reported from at least 120 different islands on at least 175 vertebrates (25 reptiles, 123 birds, and 27 mammals), many of which are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. A meta‐analysis suggests that cat impacts were greatest on endemic species, particularly mammals and greater when non‐native prey species were also introduced. Feral cats on islands are responsible for at least 14% global bird, mammal, and reptile extinctions and are the principal threat to almost 8% of critically endangered birds, mammals, and reptiles.     

Pattern of evolutionarily distinct species among four classes of animals and their conservation status: a comparison using evolutionary distinctiveness scores

The percentage of species with high evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) scores in four different classes was related to conservation concern. We considered the number of species belonging to the upper level of the distribution of ED scores, and the overall distribution of ED scores in each category of concern assigned by IUCN. Generalized linear and mixed models were used to explore the relationship between variables, separately for each animal class. Overall values of ED score were higher for Squamates, Rhynchocephalia and amphibians than mammals and birds. However, the frequency distribution of ED scores was similar among classes, with a leptokurtotic distribution. Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals showed a markedly right skewed distribution, with a similar proportion of species in each equal category of the distribution. In all classes, the number of species with the highest ED score (positioned in the upper 20% of the frequency distribution of the variable) was very small ranging between 0.01 and 0.05%. ED score was slightly but negatively correlated with IUCN conservation status in amphibians, but unrelated in the other three classes. The bird population trend was unrelated to ED score of bird species in both USA and Europe. Also, the population’s trend for selected mammal species was unrelated to the ED score of those species. Our results provide more evidence that distribution shape of ED of animal forms is uniform among classes, with only very few species characterized by highest ED scores in each group. Surprisingly, ED score and IUCN conservation status were unrelated in the four classes examined. Finally, our study underlines that declining animals are not necessarily the most evolutionarily distinct species.     

A Preliminary Investigation on the Status of the Wildlife Trade in Guangxi,China

1IntroductionWildlifetradeisamain~mpetustoutilizewildlife.Thechangeinspeciesandvolumein-volvedinthewildlifetrademayreflectconservationstatus,dynamicsandexploitedlevelofwildliferesources.Thestudyonwildlifetradeisthetheoriticalbasisonwhichproposalsastolimittradeonrareorendangeredspeciescanbemade,andwithwhichfuturemonitoringofthetradecanbecompared.Theresultalsocanbeusedtoevaluateconservationeffectsofprotectionmeasuresandlawsforbiodiversityconservation.Itisofgreatsignificanceinguid-ingsustainable…