高等植物叶绿素生物合成的联乙烯还原酶及编码基因研究进展

联乙烯还原酶(DVR)将各种叶绿素中间物质的8-乙烯基转化为乙基,是叶绿素生物合成必不可少的一个关键酶。迄今已在高等植物中检测到5种DVR活性。水稻和玉米的重组DVR蛋白能将联乙烯叶绿素a、叶绿素酸酯a、原叶绿素酸酯a、镁原卟啉Ⅸ单甲酯和镁原卟啉Ⅸ分别转化为相应的单乙烯物质,从而证实了这5种DVR活性。在高等植物中各种DVR活性是由一个基因编码的具有广谱底物专化性的DVR蛋白所催化,但来源于不同物种的DVR蛋白的催化活性可能具有极显著的差异,并且即使是同一个DVR蛋白,对不同的联乙烯底物也可能具有显著不同的催化活性。在此基础上,提出了\"源于一个联乙烯还原酶的叶绿素生物合成多分支路径\"假说。该文对近年来国内外有关高等植物叶绿素生物合成途径中联乙烯中间物质与联乙烯还原酶活性、联乙烯还原酶基因的克隆及重组酶活性检测、联乙烯还原酶的数目与叶绿素生物合成的多分支路径等方面的研究进展进行综述,并讨论了有待进一步探讨的若干问题。     

高等植物脱落酸生物合成研究进展

介绍了近年来在高等植物体内脱落酸生物合成途径和调控方面的研究进展。     

高等植物脱落酸生物合成研究进展

介绍了近年来在高等植物体内脱落酸生物合成途径和调控方面的研究进展。     

高等植物的脱落酸生物合成及其调节

高等植物脱落酸生物合成存在C_(40)途径,但也不排除C_(15)途径。质体是ABA合成的主要部位。ABA的合成取决于遗传基因和环境条件。干旱等逆境引起正常光照下叶片 ABA合成的过程可能包括:胁迫→类囊体光合磷酸化受阻→质体基质酸化→细胞区隔pH梯度破坏→质体ABA外流→反馈抑制消除→基因表达→ABA从头合成。     

高等植物脱落酸的生物合成及其调控

介绍了近年来高等植物体内ABA的合成部位,ABA生物合成缺陷型突变体,ABA生物合成途径及其调控的最新研究进展。     

高等植物脱落酸生物合成途径及其酶调控

脱落酸（ABA）生物合成一般有两条途径：C15直接途径和C40间接途径, 前者经C15法呢焦磷酸（FPP）直接形成ABA;后者经由类胡萝卜素的氧化裂解间接形成ABA, 是高等植物ABA生物合成的主要途径。9-顺式环氧类胡萝卜素氧化裂解为黄质醛是植物ABA生物合成的关键步骤, 然后黄质醛被氧化形成一种酮, 该过程需NAD为辅因子, 酮再转变形成ABA-醛, ABA-醛氧化最终形成ABA。在该途径中,玉米黄质环氧化酶（ZEP）、9-顺式环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶（NCED）和醛氧化酶（AO）可能起重要作用。     

高等植物脱落酸生物合成途径及其酶调控

脱落酸(ABA)生物合成一般有两条途径:C15直接途径和C40间接途径,前者经C15法呢焦磷酸(FPP)直接形成ABA;后者经由类胡萝卜素的氧化裂解间接形成ABA,是高等植物ABA生物合成的主要途径.9-顺式环氧类胡萝卜素氧化裂解为黄质醛是植物ABA生物合成的关键步骤,然后黄质醛被氧化形成一种酮,该过程需NAD为辅因子,酮再转变形成ABA-醛,ABA-醛氧化最终形成ABA.在该途径中,玉米黄质环氧化酶(ZEP)、9-顺式环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(NCED)和醛氧化酶(AO)可能起重要作用.     

叶绿素生物合成的分子调控

介绍了叶绿素生物合成的分子调控研究进展,并对今后这一领域的研究作了展望。     

高等植物脱落酸生物合成的酶调控

高等植物ABA的生物合成开始于细胞质内的甲瓦龙酸 (MVA)或位于叶绿体内的丙酮酸_硫胺素焦磷酸 (TPP) ,经一系列反应最后在质体或胞质中形成的。除胁迫或植物发育中生理变化引起的诱导外 ,ABA的合成还受到一系列酶的调控 ,其中 ,玉米黄质环氧化酶 (ZE) ,9_顺环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶(NCED)和醛氧化酶 (AO)可能起到重要的调节作用。本文介绍近年来ABA生物合成酶调控的研究进展。     

高等植物脱落酸生物合成的酶调控

高等植物ABA 的生物合成开始于细胞质内的甲瓦龙酸（MVA）或位于叶绿体内的丙酮酸_硫胺素焦磷酸（TPP）,经一系列反应最后在质体或胞质中形成的。除胁迫或植物发育中生理变化引起的诱导外,ABA的合成还受到一系列酶的调控,其中,玉米黄质环氧化酶（ZE）,9_顺环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶（NCED）和醛氧化酶（AO）可能起到重要的调节作用。本文介绍近年来ABA生物合成酶调控的研究进展。     

植物花色苷生物合成酶类的亚细胞组织研究进展

花色苷类化合物是类黄酮合成途径的有色末端产物,其合成需要多种酶类催化完成.花色苷生物合成的相关酶在细胞质中被组织成与膜联系的多酶复合体,该复合体对于花色苷生物合成途径的整个效率、专一性和调节具有重要意义.本文对植物花色苷生物合成相关酶的亚细胞定位、所形成的复合体的模型及其存在问题进行了综述.花色苷生物合成多酶复合体的建立将有助于演绎出一个关于细胞代谢的新“三维观”,可为花色苷生产的代谢工程的理性调控创造更有效的手段.     

高等植物中异黄酮合成代谢及其调控

异黄酮是植物次级代谢过程中产生的酚类物质,豆科等植物中含量丰富,在动植物体内有着广泛的生理作用。本文综述了高等植物中异黄酮的合成代谢途径及其关键酶以及调控机理。     

The use of mutants and transgenic plants to study amino acid metabolism

Mutants of higher plants with alterations in amino acid metabolism have now been available for 20 years. Following the realization that at least four distinct classes of herbicides (phosphinothricins, glyphosates, imidazolinones and sulphonylureas) act by the inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis, mutants resistant to the herbicides have also been obtained. More recently, transgenic plants containing altered levels of enzymes of amino acid biosynthesis have been constructed. In this article, we have attempted to review several areas of amino acid biosynthesis including ammonia assimilation, the aspartate pathway, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids and proline.     

A new pathway of chlorophyll biosynthesis from long-wavelength protochlorophyllide Pchlide 686/676 in juvenile etiolated plants

By spectral methods, the final stages of chlorophyll formation from protochlorophyllide were studied using etiolated pea, bean, barley, wheat and maize plants in early stages (4 days) of growth. For these juvenile plants, along with the reaction chain known for mature (7–9-day-old) plants, a new reaction chain was found, which started with phototransformation of the long-wavelength form Pchlide 686/676(440) into Pchlide 653/648(440). (Pchlide 653/648(440) differs from the main known precursor form Pchlide 655/650(448)). The subsequent photoreduction of Pchlide 653/648(440) leads to the formation of Chlide 684/676(440), which is transformed into Chl 688/680(440) in the course of a dark reaction. After completion of this reaction, fast (20–30 s) quenching of the low-temperature fluorescence of the reaction product is observed with the formation of non-fluorescent Chl 680. The reaction accompanied by pigment fluorescence quenching is absent in pea mutants with depressed function of Photosystem II reaction centers. This suggests that the newly found reaction chain leads to the formation of chlorophyll of the Photosystem II core. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genesis of Morphometric Invariants of Higher Plants as a Database for the Genesis of Morphometric Invariants of Vertebrates

A hypothesis is proposed on the uniformity of the information encoding the characteristic traits of higher plant macrostructure (phyllotaxis) and vertebrate macrostructure.     

Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants

Chlorophyll (Chl) has unique and essential roles in photosynthetic light-harvesting and energy transduction, but its biosynthesis, accumulation and degradation is also associated with chloroplast development, photomorphogenesis and chloroplast-nuclear signaling. Biochemical analyses of the enzymatic steps paved the way to the identification of their encoding genes. Thus, important progress has been made in the recent elucidation of almost all genes involved in Chl biosynthesis and breakdown. In addition, analysis of mutants mainly in Arabidopsis, genetically engineered plants and the application of photo-reactive herbicides contributed to the genetic and regulatory characterization of the formation and breakdown of Chl. This review highlights recent progress in Chl metabolism indicating highly regulated pathways from the synthesis of precursors to Chl and its degradation to intermediates, which are not longer photochemically active.     

Environmental Adaptation of the Heterotrophic-to-Autotrophic Transition: The Developmental Plasticity of Seedling Establishment

As self-nourishing autotrophs, plants can produce complex organic compounds from carbon dioxide and inorganic materials using light energy and thus are termed photoautotrophs. Developing seedlings achieve autotrophic growth as they acquire photosynthetic competence during seedling establishment. Various developmental programs tightly regulate the heterotrophic-to-autotrophic transition, which is also influenced by environmental conditions through complicated, interacting signaling pathways. Light provides the primary environmental cue that triggers the autotrophic transition, and the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms are well understood. Other internal and external factors, such as nutrient and water availability, and temperature, contribute to fine-tuning the light-mediated induction of autotrophic transition, showing the plasticity of this process, which allows developing seedlings to adapt to varying environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the molecular events that occur during the autotrophic transition and its adaptation to environmental constraints. We also discuss future prospects and directions in the field.     

褪黑素合成酶基因转化烟草及转化植株抗氧化系统变化

通过根癌农杆菌(含植物表达载体YXu55)介导的转化技术,将褪黑素生物合成酶-芳烷基胺N-乙酰转移酶(Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase,AANAT)与羟基吲哚O-甲基转移酶(Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase,HIOMT)基因导入到烟草(秦烟95)中。对所获得的庆大霉素抗性烟草株系进行Southern blotting和RT-PCR分子生物学检测,结果表明,AANAT-HIOMT基因已成功地整合到烟草基因组中,并且可以在mRNA水平上进行转录。用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定转化株系的褪黑素含量表明,转AANAT-HIOMT基因烟草株系的褪黑素含量均明显高于pZP122(不含AANAT和HIOMT基因的空白质粒)转基因株系和未转基因的对照植株,证明AANAT-HIOMT基因在转基因植株中的表达增强了褪黑素的合成能力。对不同株系抗氧化系统的部分指标进行了测定,并与其亲本对照植株比较,发现AANAT-HIOMT基因在转基因植物中的表达引起超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增加,谷胱甘肽(GSH)浓度...     

Chloroplast Proteomics and the Compartmentation of Plastidial Isoprenoid Biosynthetic Pathways

Recent advances in the proteomic field have allowed high-throughput experiments to be conducted on chloroplast samples. Many proteomic investigations have focused on either whole chloroplast or sub-plastidial fractions. To date, the Plant Protein Database （PPDB, Sun et al., 2009） presents the most exhaustive chloroplast proteome available online. However, the accurate localization of many proteins that were identified in different sub-plastidial compartments remains hypothetical. Ferro et al. （2009） went a step further into the knowledge of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast proteins with regards to their accurate localization within the chloroplast by using a semi-quantitative proteomic approach known as spectral counting. Their proteomic strategy was based on the accurate mass and time tags （AMT） database approach and they built up AT_CHLORO, a comprehensive chloroplast proteome database with sub-plastidial localization and curated information on envelope proteins. Comparing these two extensive databases, we focus here on about 100 enzymes involved in the synthesis of chloroplast-specific isoprenoids. Well known pathways （i.e. compartmentation of the methyl erythritol phosphate biosynthetic pathway, of tetrapyrroles and chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown within chloroplasts） validate the spectral counting-based strategy. The same strategy was then used to identify the precise localization of the biosynthesis of carotenoids and prenylquinones within chloroplasts （i.e. in envelope membranes, stroma, and/or thylakoids） that remains unclear until now.