红Ji木种质资源及深层次开发利用

红Ji木是湖南省80年代以来开发的优良的盆景素格与园林绿化树种,现已列为省级保护植物。本文首先介绍了红Ji木资源及开发利用现状,最后指出：红Ji木有不少新的变异类型和优良株系,但没有分类择优开发,导致良莠混杂、商品价值不高,因此,建立种质资源库和育种基地,不断开发新的品种,增强红Ji木的发展后劲是关键。     

檵木与红花檵木的解剖结构研究

对7个不同地点的野生檵木、野生红花檵木、栽培红花檵木花的解剖结构进行了研究,浏阳大围山野生檵木花的数性遗传结构与其它地区的野生檵木有较大差异,4数性花和5～6数性花各占50%;红花檵木野生和栽培类型均以5数性花数量居多,不同于文献记载的檵木属植物4数性花的分类属征(每朵花花瓣、雄蕊、退化雄蕊及萼片均为4数).利用花的结构遗传变异探讨了红花檵木的起源和品种演化历史.     

红花檵木病害的研究进展

红花檵木为一种珍贵的彩叶园林观赏树种,被广泛应用于城市园林绿化中,近年来,红花檵木病害成为影响其观赏价值和苗木生产的重要因素之一.查阅整理了大量国内外相关研究的文献资料,从红花檵木已知的侵染性病害种类、表现症状及防治措施三个方面进行综述,指出了我国红花檵木病害研究目前存在的问题及研究发展趋势,为红花檵木致病机理、病害监测、科学防治等后续研究工作提供参考.     

漓江流域岩溶区檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种生态位变化

以空间代替时间的方法选取典型样地,采用群落学调查对漓江流域岩溶区立地条件基本一致的檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种的Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠进行研究,揭示檵木群落恢复过程物种的环境资源利用状况和种间关系、种群动态及群落稳定性,为漓江流域岩溶石漠化生态系统的植被恢复和重建提供依据。结果表明:(1)檵木群落不同恢复阶段乔木层主要共有种为檵木、小巴豆,灌木层主要共有种为檵木、红背山麻杆、龙须藤、火棘、白饭树、白马骨、扁片海桐、皱叶雀梅藤、亮叶崖豆藤。(2)乔木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠随着檵木群落的恢复呈现增大的趋势,而灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠变化趋势则相反。(3)在乔灌阶段的乔木层和乔林阶段的灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度均小于1.0,灌木层中主要共有种对间的低生态位重叠值(0～0.6)的种对数随着群落恢复增多,而高生态位重叠值(0.8～0.9)的种对数减少。(4)乔木层中的主要共有种檵木和小巴豆协同发展,在相当长的时间内将共同主导群落的整体恢复方向;灌木层中的主要共有种随着群落的恢复对环境资源需求进一步分化或者生态位进一步分离,檵木的优势地位进一步削弱。     

红花檵木病害的研究进展

红花檵木为一种珍贵的彩叶园林观赏树种,被广泛应用于城市园林绿化中,近年来,红花檵木病害成为影响其观赏价值和苗木生产的重要因素之一。查阅整理了大量国内外相关研究的文献资料,从红花檵木已知的侵染性病害种类、表现症状及防治措施三个方面进行综述,指出了我国红花檵木病害研究目前存在的问题及研究发展趋势,为红花檵木致病机理、病害监测、科学防治等后续研究工作提供参考。     

桂林岩溶石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段地上生物量模型构建及分配格局

通过AIC、BIC准则结合R2选择不同恢复阶段的最佳模型,用校正系数估计值的标准误差、平均系统误差和总相对误差值评价所建立模型的精确性,并用所构建的生物量模型对檵木群落不同恢复阶段群落地上生物量和檵木地上生物量的分配格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)运用5种模型进行回归分析,不同恢复阶段树干和地上生物量估测效果极佳,叶和枝生物量次之。选用模型Ⅳ:W=a+b (D2H)建立乔灌阶段地上生物量的最优模型,选用模型Ⅲ:W=a×Db×Hc建立灌木阶段和小乔林阶段地上生物量的最优模型。(2)利用建立的檵木群落不同恢复阶段立木生物量生长模型对檵木群落的植被生物量进行估算,不同恢复阶段干生物量和地上生物量大小排列顺序为小乔林阶段乔灌阶段灌木阶段;叶生物量和枝生物量大小排列顺序为乔灌阶段小乔林阶段灌木阶段。(3)檵木群落中作为建群种的檵木,其地上生物量大小排列顺序为乔灌阶段小乔林阶段灌木阶段,檵木生物量在檵木群落不同恢复阶段的群落生物量中所占比例在持续下降。这说明随着桂林岩溶石山檵木群落自然恢复演替的进行,生态系统运行的能量基础和营养物质来源随着群落向更高级的演替阶段发展,而檵木的建群种地位可能会被逐步替代而退居亚乔木层。     

桂林岩溶石山檵木种群空间格局及其关联性

种群的空间分布格局及其关联性反映了种群演替方式和对环境因子的适应策略,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值.为了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群的空间分布格局及其关联性,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,采用点格局方法,以Ripley K函数为基础,运用其衍生的成对相关函数和Ripley L函数对檵木种群的空间分布格局以及不同径级之间关联性进行分析.结果表明:檵木种群的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,小径级个体占较大比例,种群自然更新状况良好,属增长型种群;檵木种群3个径级的个体在小尺度上呈聚集分布,但随着空间尺度的增大,聚集强度逐渐减弱,趋向随机分布;檵木种群3个不同径级的个体间在小尺度下均呈现无关联,随着尺度增大,不同径级个体的空间关联性呈现正关联或负关联;檵木种群个体间径级差异越大,它们的空间关联性越弱,甚至可能逐渐转变为负关联.本研究结果有助于了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群在生长发育过程中的生态策略和物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制,从而为岩溶石山森林植被的恢复与重建、保护和经营管理提供参考.     

基于Maxent模型的檵木分布格局模拟

应用最大熵模型（Maxent）模拟檵木（Loropetalum chinense）在末次间冰期（last inter glacial,LIG）、末次盛冰期（last glacial maximum,LGM）和当代（Present）等不同时期的中国潜在分布格局,分析影响其分布的主导生物气候因子。结果显示：（1）历史气候的变迁,檵木由末次间冰期经末次盛冰期进入当代,适生区面积呈现增加趋势。当代适生区面积占比最大,适生程度也较高;（2）训练数据和测试数据的AUC值分别为0.947和0.954,均达到了极高的精度;（3）刀切法检测表明,影响檵木分布的主导环境因子依次为bio14（最干月份平均降雨量）、bio17（极干季降雨量）、为bio19（极冷季平均降雨量）和bio15（湿度变化方差）,其适生值范围分别是23-93 mm,98-300 mm,110-350 mm和42%-65%;（4）较纬度而言,经度是影响我国檵木分布格局的主要因子;（5）我国檵木当代的潜在地理分布主要在北回归线以北的区域,总面积为162.55万km²,占国土总面积的16.93%,高适生区集中于广西北部、江西东部、以及湖南南部、福建东部等地区。本研究较为准确地模拟了檵木在3个不同时期的适生分布,为深入分析檵木现代分布格局的形成提供科学依据。     

桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段种间联结研究

为揭示桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落自然恢复过程中不同阶段主要物种种间相互作用变化规律,该文采用空间代替时间的方法,通过多物种间的总体关联显著性检验、χ2统计量分析和Spearman秩相关检验对桂林喀斯特石山檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要物种进行种间联结分析。结果表明:(1)在灌木阶段,主要物种种间关系呈不显著负相关;在乔灌阶段,乔木层主要物种种间呈不显著负相关,灌木层主要物种种间呈不显著正相关;在小乔林阶段,乔木层和灌木层主要物种种间均呈不显著正相关。随着檵木群落的自然恢复,乔木层和灌木层正联结种对所占比例均呈上升的趋势,但这种正联结关系发展缓慢。(2)χ2统计量分析与Spearman秩相关系数检验均表明,檵木群落不同恢复阶段的乔木层和灌木层大部分物种种对间均未达到显著相关,种间联结较为松散,各个物种独立性较强。上述结果表明所研究的檵木群落3个阶段还是处于群落发展的相对较低的阶段。     

湘南红壤丘陵区不同植被类型下土壤肥力特征

以自然植被恢复长期定位试验为基础,通过分析自然恢复31a后形成的6个植被类型区(樟树、枫树、梓树、白檵木、唐竹、白茅草)、2个同期种植的人工植被区(湿地松、板栗)以及相邻裸地区0—100 cm土层pH值、有机质及主要养分含量的变化,明确了湘南红壤丘陵区不同植被类型对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:(1)白茅草和唐竹区的土壤pH值显著高于裸地区,但枫树和白檵木区的土壤酸化明显。(2)土壤有机质、活性有机质、全P、速效P等指标表现为乔木草本灌木,碱解N、全K、速效K表现为灌木乔木草本,全N表现为乔木灌木草本。(3)土壤综合肥力优劣为:枫树区梓树区白檵木区樟树区唐竹区白茅草区湿地松区板栗区裸地区,自然恢复植被比人工植被更有利于土壤肥力的提高。     

红花檵木与檵木花数性表型变异研究

红花木与木花的数性结构有很大差异 ,木 4数性花占 96 2 %(花瓣、雄蕊、退化雄蕊、萼片均为 4数 ) ;野生红花木 4数性花约占 5 0 %;红花木栽培类型以 5数性花居多 ,不同类型品种花的数性结构亦有差异 ,总体变异规律为 :近期栽培品种双面红类 5数性花 >中期栽培品种透骨红类 >早期栽培品种嫩叶红类。利用花的数性表型变异探讨了品种的演化历史和新品种选育的前景。     

Riverine wetland vegetation: importance of small-scale and large-scale environmental variation

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative importance of small-scale variation in abiotic factors and large-scale spatio-temporal variation on the distribution of wetland vegetation of a section of the Upper St. Lawrence River in Québec. Vegetation data have been classified with agglomerative clustering into 11 community types, from Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum and Fraxinus swamps, to scrubs dominated by Salix petiolaris, Alnus rugosa var. americana or Myrica gale, to Typha, Typha/Lythrum, Carex lacustris and Calamagrostis canadensis marshes. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CANOCO) suggested that peat thickness and water level are the most important abiotic variables correlated with plant community composition. As a whole, small-scale variation accounts for 25.6 % of the species variation. Another 21.6% is explained by large-scale variation based on location data summarizing large-scale spatial distribution, and historical landscape dynamics differentiated into (a) no net loss of wetlands, (b) net loss of wetland, and (c) changes within wetlands, which are correlated with the actual variation in herbaceous and scrubby vegetation. The interaction between small-scale and large-scale variations explains another 1.7 %. In total, 48.9% of the species variation is explained by the two data sets, leaving 51.1% unexplained. Whereas the omission of some abiotic variables is possible, it is hypothesized that the abiotic conditions measured in this study play an important role, especially in the distribution of forested swamps. In addition, past history, particularly that of human interventions, becomes another important factor leading to the observed importance of large-scale spatio-temporal variables. This is particularly true for Alnus rugosa var. americana shrublands. Time lag between a relative stabilization of species distribution and the reduction of natural disturbances (water level fluctuations and fires) could be a possible cause of the importance of spatio-temporal variables and the undetermined portion of species variation.     

Interspecific variation in sapling mortality in relation to growth and soil moisture

To examine the causes of landscape variation in forest community composition, we have quantified sapling mortality as a function of growth and soil moisture for seven dominant species in transition oak-northern hardwood forests of the northeastern USA. We located saplings in sites that encompassed a wide range of variation in soil moisture and light availability. In mesic conditions, the probability of mortality decays rapidly with increasing growth among shade tolerant species and more gradually among shade intolerant species: the rank order of survivorship at low growth rates is Tsuga canadensis > Fagus grandifolia > Acer saccharum > Fraxinus americana > Acer rubrum > Quercus rubra > Pinus strobus . The relationship between probability of mortality and growth does not vary with soil moisture among species insensitive to drought: Tsuga canadensis , Quercus rubra, and Pinus strobus . However, probability of mortality increases substantially with decreasing soil water availability for the other four species. Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia have high mortality rates under xeric conditions even when their growth is not suppressed. Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana exhibited a steady but more gradual increase in the probability of mortality with decreasing soil moisture. Among the five deciduous hardwood species we examined there is a weak inverse relationship between the ability to survive growth suppression, a measure of shade tolerance, and the ability to survive in xeric conditions, a measure of drought tolerance. Tsuga canadensis , however, is tolerant of growth suppression and exhibits high survivorship in xeric conditions, while Pinus strobus is intolerant of growth suppression but insensitive to soil moisture. Species differences in water-dependent mortality are consistent with the species distributions across landscape gradients of soil water availability.     

Use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to differentiate Trichophyton dermatophytes

Abstract Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton species are common human pathogens, the infection of which results in dermatophytosis (also known as ringworm). Several laboratory tests are used routinely for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis, but they are either slow or lacking specificity. Through examination of genomic DNA from Trichophyton dermatophytes and other fungi in arbitrarily primed PCR, it was shown that a random primer 5'-ACCCGACCTG-3' produced bands of 4.3 kb, 1.9 kb, 1.7 kb and 0.7 kb in T. rubrum DNA, bands of 2.5 kb, 1.9 kb and 0.8 kb in T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes DNA, and bands of 2.5 kb, 1.9 kb, 1.5 kb and 0.9 kb in T. tonsurans DNA. This primer amplified bands of different sizes in other fungal DNA. Therefore, based on the distinct band patterns observed in arbitrarily primed PCR using this primer, T. rubrum , T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans dermatophytes could be rapidly differentiated.     

红花深山含笑形态变异与繁殖应用

红花深山含笑是2007年发现并快速繁殖应用的木兰科种类。本文在野外调查的基础上,结合文献资料,对红花深山含笑的发现历程、形态性状变异、繁殖推广应用现状进行分析。结果表明,红花深山含笑是优良的乡土树种,发现时野外数量极少;实生苗间存在一定的性状差异,是资源开发的优良种质资源;目前红花深山含笑繁殖主要以嫁接为主,通过正确的嫁接方法及良好的后期管理可有效繁殖苗木。     

成都地区10种园林灌木叶片结构与抗旱性关系研究

利用石蜡切片法和指甲油印迹法,对成都地区10种常见园林灌木叶片解剖结构的13个指标:主脉厚度、叶片厚度、上下表皮角质层厚度、上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、下表皮气孔密度、气孔长度、气孔宽度、叶片结构紧密度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比(栅海比)进行测定和分析,再用方差分析和主成分分析法选取有代表性的指标,结合隶属函数法对物种间的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果显示,13个指标的变异系数为17.40%～68.20%,在10种园林灌木间差异极显著。10种植物都属于异面叶,组织结构易于辨识(三角梅的下表皮角质层太薄,无法测出数据)。叶片结构紧密度、栅海比、气孔密度、气孔长、气孔宽、栅栏组织厚度可作为评价这10种园林灌木抗旱性的重要指标。抗旱性由强到弱依次为:红花继木、鸭脚木、红叶石楠、栀子、西洋杜鹃、海桐、山茶、雀舌黄杨、三角梅和金边大叶黄杨。其中红花继木、鸭脚木、红叶石楠和栀子属于强抗旱品种,可用于屋顶、边坡等区域种植。     

Patterns of plant species richness in Alpine hay meadows: Local vs. landscape controls

Habitat type and quality are recognised as important local determinants of species richness, but other processes operating at the landscape scale can also affect diversity patterns. The evidence regarding the relative importance of landscape context on vascular plants is diverse, and little is known about the effects of this complex factor in Alpine environments. Hence, the primary purpose of the study was to elucidate the relative effects of the determinants of plant species richness by decomposing the variation into local and landscape components. We sampled 99 hay meadows in the Italian Alps, and recorded 14 explanatory variables ascribed to three sets: two sets of local variables, meadow management and abiotic environment, and a set of landscape variables. Plant diversity was affected primarily by local determinants. Species richness tended to increase in less fertilised meadows, confirming the detrimental effect of intensive meadow management on plant diversity. Site conditions such as steep slopes also enhanced plant species richness, showing a most pronounced positive effect in meadows that were cut less frequently. As to the landscape determinants, a high proportion of urban elements affected species richness negatively probably due to further eutrophication. In contrast, an increased length of meadow edges had a positive effect, particularly in meadows located on shallow soils. Partitioning analyses revealed that the three sets of variables showed relatively large shared effects with each other (over half of the total variation explained). In conclusion, the composition of the surrounding landscape had a lower impact on vascular plant species richness than did meadow management and local abiotic environment.     

华南地区22种园林植物耐旱性分级筛选

以华南地区22种常见园林植物为研究对象，研究人工模拟干旱胁迫环境对植物叶片叶绿素、丙二醛、过氧化物酶、相对电导率等生理指标的影响，通过主成分分析、聚类分析对22种植物耐旱性进行综合分析评价和耐旱等级划分。结果表明：(1) 在干旱梯度胁迫期间，植物叶片的叶绿素含量总体上呈不同程度的下降趋势，少数呈上升趋势，丙二醛含量和相对电导率均呈不同程度的上升趋势，多数植物过氧化物酶活性呈不同程度先升后降趋势，少数呈持续上升趋势。(2) 22种植物耐旱性分为3个等级：A级强耐旱植物4种，包括灰莉(Fagraea ceilanica)、鸭脚木(Schefflera octophylla)、桂花(Osmanthus fragrans var. fragrans)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)；B级中耐旱植物6种，包括翠芦莉(Ruellia simplex)、栀子花(Gardenia jasminoides)、变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)、红车(Syzygium hancei)、红背桂(Excoecaria cochinchinen)、茉莉花(Jasminum sambac)；C级不耐旱植物12种，包括福建茶(Carmona microphylla)、米仔兰(Aglaia odorata)、大红花(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)、琴叶珊瑚(Jatropha integerrima)、龙船花(Ixora chinensis)、黄蝉(Allamanda schottii)、假连翘(Duranta erecta)、红檵木(Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum)、紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)、风车草(Cyperus involucratus)、小花月季(Rosa chinensis var. minim)、铜钱草(Hydrocotyle chinensis)。     

Influence of rocky landscape features and fire regime on vegetation dynamics in Appalachian Quercus forests

Question : How do interactions between rocky landscape features and fire regime influence vegetation dynamics? Location : Continental Eastern USA. Methods : We measured vegetation, disturbance and site characteristics in 40 pairs of rocky and non‐rocky plots: 20 in recently burned stands, and 20 in stands with no evidence of recent fire (‘unburned’ stands). Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the main and interaction effects of fire and rock cover on plant community composition. Results : In burned stands, rock cover had a strong influence on vegetation. Non‐rocky ‘matrix’ forests were dominated by Quercus, and had abundant ground cover and advance regeneration of early and mid‐successional tree species. Burned rocky patches supported greater density of fire‐sensitive species such as Acer rubrum, Sassafras albidum and Nyssa sylvatica and had little advance regeneration or ground cover. Quercus had fewer fire scars and catfaces (open, basal wounds) on rocky patches, suggesting that rocky features mitigate fire severity. In unburned stands, differences between rocky and non‐rocky patches were less distinct, with both patch types having sparse ground cover, little tree regeneration, and high understorey densities of relatively shade tolerant A. rubrum, N. sylvatica and Betula lenta. Conclusion : Under a sustained fire regime, heterogeneity in rock cover created a mosaic where fire‐adapted species such as Quercus dominate the landscape, but where fire‐sensitive species persisted in isolated pockets of lower fire severity. Without fire, species and landscape richness may decline as early‐mid successional species are replaced by more shade tolerant competitors.