牛脊柱畸形综合征检测方法的建立与应用

牛脊柱畸形综合征(Complex vertebral malformation, CVM)是近年来新发现的致死性牛常染色体隐性遗传缺陷病。由于编码UDP-N-乙酰葡糖胺载体的SLC35A3基因发生G→T的突变而引起本病的发生, 可引起胎牛死胎、流产、早产。为了解我国正常的荷斯坦牛(黑白花奶牛)的CVM携带和发生情况, 建立、应用创造酶切位点PCR(Created restriction site PCR, CRS-PCR)、等位基因特异性PCR(Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, AS-PCR)检测方法检测了表型正常的436头荷斯坦母牛和93头荷斯坦公牛, 检测到3头CVM携带者, 其中杂合母牛1头, 杂合公牛2头, 携带率分别为0.60%、2.20%。此方法简便、可靠, 为奶牛CVM有害基因的分型和筛选提供了新的方法和思路, 为我国奶牛的分子选育提供了可靠的理论依据。     

可直接克隆PCR产物的克隆载体的构建

本文描述一种构建与PCR产物直接连接的克隆载体的方法。以高拷贝克隆载体pUC118为骨架载体,在pUC118质粒氨苄抗性基因的Eam1105 I 酶切位点上,以点突变的方式封闭Eam1105 I 酶切位点。经转化大肠杆菌JM109证实,该改造过的pUC118质粒,可使宿主细胞仍具有氨苄抗性。将一人工合成的具有两个Eam1105 I 酶切位点的互补寡聚核苷酸链（两端具有BamH I 接头）插入已封闭Eam1105 I 酶切位点的pUC118*载体的BamH I 位点,构成新的克隆载体,此质粒命名为pUC118E。该载体经Eam1105 I 酶切后,可产生3′末端突出一个T碱基的T-载体,能与PCR产物直接连接。 Abstract:A new method for construction of a cloning vector (T-vector) for direct ligation with PCR products was described.The T-vector derived from pUC118 in which the unique restriction site of Eam1105 I in the region of Ampr gene was deleted and an artificial DNA fragment flanking two Eam1105 I was introduced at the site of BamHI.The modified vector was named as pUC118E.A T-vector with 3′over hang end of a single T can be obtained via digesting of pUC118E with Eam1105I.PCR products can be easily cloned with this T-vector.     

Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis on chicken extracelluar fatty acid binding protein gene and its associations with fattiness trait

Fattiness is an important parameter to estimate meat quality, which has high heritability. In this experiment, F2 chickens derived from Broilers crossing to Silky were used to study the effect of extracellular fatty acid binding protein (EX-FABP) gene on abdominal fat accumulation. 1.6 kb of the 5' region of the gene was amplified by six pairs of primers, and then single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by the technique of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and then confirmed by sequencing. There were four nucleotides variations found, A-G at -1807, C-A at -1805, T-C at -1011 and a C insertion at -1000 respectively. The result of least square analysis suggests that the birds with BB genotype defined by the second pair of primer have a higher abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat percentage than the birds with the other genotypes (AA and AB). It implied that EX-FABP gene could be a candidate locus or linked to a major gene to significantly affect abdominal fat traits in chicken.     

PCR-RFLP 方法测定 ras 癌基因点突变

曾使用 PCR-RFLP 方法分析过 c-Ha-ras 癌基因第12密码子的点突变.因N-ras 基因第12位密码子、K-ras 基因第12和13位密码子无已知的限制性内切酶的酶切位点,不能使用 PCR-RFLP 方法分析这些位点的突变.在 PCR 引物的3′端引入一个误配的碱基使之正好成为某限制性内切酶的酶切位点,这样便能使用PCR-RFLP 技术分析 c-Ha-ras 基因第61位、N-ras 基因第12位、K-ras 基因第12和13位密码子的点突变.     

辽宁绒山羊IGF-Ⅰ基因5＇调控区多态性与产绒性状相关

根据表型性状选取少量辽宁绒山羊个体,直接进行类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ（IGF-Ⅰ）基因5＇调控区克隆测序以确定单核苷酸多态（SNP）位点,共发现4个SNPs,分别是G→C（388bp）、A→G（668bp）、A→C（719bp）、G→A（752bp）的突变,导致5＇调控区305～800bp中比野生型个体减少一个CdxA转录因子结合位点,但C/EBP的值（89.2）高于野生型（88.5）.然后通过引入错配碱基创造酶切位点技术和多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法,对520只辽宁绒山羊进行基因型检测,结果表明,每个SNP位点在本群体中都有AA（野生型）、AB和BB（突变型）三种基因型,且4个SNPs位点共有13种单倍型组合.将不同SNP的基因型及单倍型组合与绒产量、绒纤维细度和绒纤维长度进行关联分析发现,SNP2位点的AA基因型绒纤维细度极显著低于AB型和BB型（P〈0.01）,而SNP4位点AA基因型产绒量显著高于AB型和BB型（P〈0.05）,单倍型组合H7H7与产绒量和绒纤维细度均有显著相关（P〈0.05）.IGF-Ⅰ基因可能是影响绒山羊产绒性状的主要候选基因.     

辽宁绒山羊IGF-Ⅰ基因5''调控区多态性与产绒性状相关

根据表型性状选取少量辽宁绒山羊个体,直接进行类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)基因5'调控区克隆测序以确定单核苷酸多态(SNP)位点,共发现4个SNPs,分别是G→C(388 bp)、A→G(668 bp)、A→C(719 bp)、G→A(752 bp)的突变,导致5'调控区305～800 bp中比野生型个体减少一个CdxA转录因子结合位点,但C/EBP的值(89.2)高于野生型(88.5).然后通过引入错配碱基创造酶切位点技术和多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,对520只辽宁绒山羊进行基因型检测,结果表明,每个SNP位点在本群体中都有AA(野生型)、AB和BB(突变型)三种基因型,且4个SNPs位点共有13种单倍型组合.将不同SNP的基因型及单倍型组合与绒产量、绒纤维细度和绒纤维长度进行关联分析发现,SNP2位点的AA基因型绒纤维细度极显著低于AB型和BB型(P<0.01),而SNP4位点AA基因型产绒量显著高于AB型和BB型(P<0.05),单倍型组合H7H7与产绒量和绒纤维细度均有显著相关(P<0.05).IGF-Ⅰ基因可能是影响绒山羊产绒性状的主要候选基因.     

Molecular cloning and structural analysis of human norepinephrine transporter gene（NETHG）

A cDNA molecule encoding a major part of the human Norepinephrine transporter(hNET) was synthesized by means of Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) technique and used as a probe for selecting the human genomic NET gene.A positive clone harbouring the whole gene was obtained from a human lymphocyte genomic library through utilizing the “genomic walking” technique.The clone,designated as phNET,harbours a DNA fragment of about 59 kd in length inserted into BamH I site in cosmid pWE15.The genomic clone contains 14 exons encoding all amino acid residues in the protein.A single exon encodes a distinct transmembrane domain,except for transmembrane domain 10 and 11,which are encoded by part of two exons respectively,and exon 12,which encodes part of domain 11 and all of domain 12.These results imply that there is a close relationship between exon splicing of a gene and structureal domains of the protein,as is the case for the human γ－aminobutyric acid transporter(hGAT) and a number of other membrane proteins.     

比格犬MC4R基因多态性与体重相关性的研究

为了分析比格犬黑素皮质素受体-4基因多态性与犬体重的关系, 根据犬MC4R基因DNA外显子序列, 设计MC4R基因特异PCR引物1对, 犬DNA经PCR扩增, 克隆和测序, 寻找和确定犬MC4R基因的多态性位点, 分析多态性与犬体重的关系。结果在比格犬MC4R基因中发现2处单碱基缺失突变, 1个单碱基颠换变异, 存在Psh AⅠ酶切位点, 并基于PshAⅠ酶切位点建立了PCR-RFLP技术。统计分析显示犬MC4R基因型与体重显著相关, 可以考虑将MC4R基因作为犬体重的候选基因。     

FGF5基因对内蒙古绒山羊绒毛性状的影响

根据FGF5基因已知DNA序列设计了2对引物, 采用PCR-SSCP和PCR-RFLP技术, 在内蒙古绒山羊群体中进行基因多态性检测, 结果发现FGF5基因外显子1存在限制性内切酶BglⅠ多态位点。对其不同基因型个体PCR回收产物进行测序, 测序结果发现该SNP是由碱基序列C→T的突变而引起的。基因型和基因频率统计, 该实验群体以等位基因A具有明显的优势, χ2检验表明该SNP位点的基因频率处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态; 对该SNP与绒毛性状关联分析, 表明该SNP对绒纤维伸直长度(P<0.01)和含绒量(P<0.05)有显著影响, 而对其他各绒毛性状的影响不显著(P>0.05)。AB基因型个体绒纤维伸直长度(P<0.01)和含绒量(P<0.05)显著高于AA基因型个体。     

Application of created restriction site PCR-RFLP to identify <Emphasis Type="Italic">POT1</Emphasis> gene polymorphism

Protection of telomeres protein 1 (POT1) plays pivotal roles in protection of chromosome ends and regulation of telomere length with other telomere binding proteins; its genetic polymorphisms are associated with many diseases. In this study, we explored a novel PCR-RFLP method for typing the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1034794 of the human POT1 gene. A new restriction enzyme site was introduced into a POT1 gene amplification product by created restriction site PCR (CRS-PCR). One primer was designed based on changed sequence; after PCR amplification, a new restriction enzyme site for AluI was introduced into the PCR products. One hundred and seventy eight samples from Han Chinese individuals were tested to evaluate this new method. The 3′-end of the forward primer was next to the polymorphic site, and the third base from the 3′-end was the mismatched base A. The final PCR product contained the AGCT sequence (AluI recognition site) when the ancestral POT1 alleles were amplified. The data obtained with the new method perfectly matched those obtained with the sequencing method. Thus, CRS-PCR is a new low-cost and high-efficiency alternative for rs1034794 typing.     

Investigation on BRCA1 SNPs and its effects on mastitis in Chinese commercial cattle

The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the bovine breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene was associated with mastitis resistance in Chinese commercial cattle. A total of 51 SNPs were screened from public data resources and DNA sequencing. Three SNPs (c.5682G>C,c.26198C>T and c.46126G>T) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and created restriction site PCR (CRS-PCR) methods and 21 combinations of these SNPs were observed. The single SNP and their genetic effects on somatic cell score (SCS) were evaluated and a significant association with SCS was found in c.46126G>T. The mean SCS of individuals with genotype KK was significantly lower than those of genotypes KL and LL. The results of combined genotypes analysis of three SNPs showed that HHLLNN genotype with the highest SCS was easily for the mastitis susceptibility, whereas GGKKMM genotype with the lowest SCS was favorable for the mastitis resistance. The information provided in the present study will be very useful for improving mastitis resistance in dairy cattle by marker-assisted selection (MAS).     

A multiplexing single nucleotide polymorphism typing method based on restriction-enzyme-mediated single-base extension and capillary electrophoresis

Millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in recent years. This provides a great opportunity for large-scale association and population studies. However, many high-throughput SNP typing techniques require expensive and dedicated instruments, which render them out of reach for many laboratories. To meet the need of these laboratories, we here report a method that uses widely available DNA sequencer for SNP typing. This method uses a type II restriction enzyme to create extendable ends at target polymorphic sites and uses single-base extension (SBE) to discriminate alleles. In this design, a restriction site is engineered in one of the two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers so that the restriction endonuclease cuts immediately upstream of the targeted SNP site. The digestion of the PCR products generates a 5'-overhang structure at the targeted polymorphic site. This 5'-overhang structure then serves as a template for SBE reaction to generate allele-specific products using fluorescent dye-terminator nucleotides. Following the SBE, the allele-specific products with different sizes can be resolved by DNA sequencers. Through primer design, we can create a series of PCR products that vary in size and contain only one restriction enzyme recognition site. This allows us to load many PCR products in a single capillary/lane. This method, restriction-enzyme-mediated single-base extension, is demonstrated by typing multiple SNPs simultaneously for 44 DNA samples. By multiplexing PCR and pooling multiplexed reactions together, this method has the potential to score 50-100 SNPs/capillary/run if the sizes of PCR products are arranged at every 5-10 bases from 100 to 600 base range.     

Identification of complex vertebral malformation carriers in Holstein cattle in south China

Complex vertebral malformation (CVM) is a recently described monogenic autosomal recessive hereditary defect of Holstein dairy cattle that causes premature birth, aborted fetuses and stillborn calves. Guanine is substituted by thymine (G>T) in the solute carrier family 35 member A3 gene (SLC35A3). A valine is changed to a phenylalanine at position 180 of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetyl-glucosamine transporter protein. CVM is expected to occur in many countries due to the widespread use of sire semen. We developed a created restriction site PCR (CRS-PCR) method to diagnose CVM in dairy cows. This was tested on 217 cows and 125 bulls selected randomly from a Holstein cattle population in south China. Five Holstein cows and five Holstein bulls were identified to be CVM carriers; the percentages of CVM carriers were estimated to be 2.3, 4.0 and 2.9% in the cows, bulls and entire Holstein cattle sample, respectively.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">BRCA1</Emphasis>: a new candidate gene for bovine mastitis and its association analysis between single nucleotide polymorphisms and milk somatic cell score

Bovine mastitis is a very complex and common disease of dairy cattle and a major source of economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. In this study, the bovine breast cancer 1, early onset gene (BRCA1) was taken as a candidate gene for mastitis resistance. The main object of this study was to investigate whether the BRCA1 gene was associated with mastitis in cattle. Through DNA sequencing, Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Created Restriction Site PCR (CRS-PCR) methods, three SNPs (G22231T, T25025A, and C28300A) were detected and twenty-four combinations of these SNPs were observed. The single SNP and their genetic effects on somatic cell score (SCS) were evaluated and a significant association with SCS was found in C28300A. The mean of genotype EE was significantly lower than those of genotypes EF and FF. The results of combined genotypes analysis of three SNPs showed that BBDDFF genotype with the highest SCS were easily for the mastitis susceptibility, whereas AACCEE genotype with the lowest SCS were favorable for the mastitis resistance. The information provided in the present study will be very useful for improving mastitis resistance in dairy cattle by marker-assisted selection.     

Allele-specific PCR amplification due to sequence identity between a PCR primer and an amplicon : is direct sequencing so reliable?

PCR-direct sequencing (DS) is thought to be a very reliable method of determining DNA sequence and genotyping. Under certain conditions, however, DS can generate inaccurate results. Here we report a case of erroneous DS, in which a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human PAX9 gene was mistyped due to allele-dependent PCR amplification. Examination of the amplified region showed that the 5' eight bases of one of the PCR primers were identical to the eight bases of the reverse strand downstream of the SNP, and the ninth base matched one of the alleles. Altering the primer so that it matched the other allele reversed the allele-specific inhibition. Reducing the base-pairing abolished the inhibition. Thus, the SNP was responsible for the difference in annealing efficacy of the primer and was therefore critical for the allele dependency. The allele-specific inhibition presented here can occur with any PCR primer sequence that encompasses a site that is polymorphic in the gene sequence. This phenomenon needs to be considered as a possibility when interpreting results from all PCR-based experiments. Sequence similarity between PCR primers and internal amplified regions should be considered for all methods for mutation detection and genotyping using PCR.     

Conversion of barley SNPs into PCR-based markers using dCAPS method

Molecular genetic research relies heavily on the ability to detect polymorphisms in DNA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent form of DNA variation in the genome. In combination with a PCR assay, the corresponding SNP can be analyzed as a derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker. The dCAPS method exploits the well-known specificity of a restriction endonuclease for its recognition site and can be used to virtually detect any SNP. Here, we describe the use of the dCAPS method for detecting single-nucleotide changes by means of a barley EST, CK569932, PCR-based marker.     

A single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping method using phosphate-affinity polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

To date, various methods have been developed to facilitate the genotyping of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of inherited diseases. The most commonly used method for SNP genotyping is an allele-specific hybridization procedure using an expensive fluorochrome-labeled oligonucleotide probe and a specialized fluorescence analyzer. Here, we introduce a simple and reliable genotyping method using a 1:1 mixture of 5'-phosphate-labeled and nonlabeled allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The method is based on the difference in mobility of the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated PCR products (in the same number of basepairs) on phosphate-affinity polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The phosphate-affinity site is a polyacrylamide-bound dinuclear zinc(II) complex, which preferentially captures the 5'-phosphate-labeled allele-specific product compared with the corresponding nonlabeled product. The obtained DNA migration bands can be visualized by ethidium bromide staining. We demonstrate the genotyping of a SNP reported in a human cardiac sodium channel gene, SCN5A, using this novel procedure.     

Sequence variants of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">LCORL</Emphasis> gene and its association with growth and carcass traits in Qinchuan cattle in China

Molecular marker-assisted selection is a better way to satisfy the growing customer requirement with the development of beef cattle growth and breeding research. For now, quantitative trait locus (QTL) for cattle growth and carcass traits, just like body height, body length and carcass weight have been detected on bovine chromosome 6. In this study, ligand-dependent nuclear receptor corepressor-like (LCORL) was selected as the potential positional candidate gene located in chromosome 6 which is closely connected with the bovine growth and carcass traits. A total of 450 Qinchuan beef cattle were used to detect mutations in exon and its neighbouring region, and the promoter region of the bovine LCORL gene. The methods for SNPs detection were polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and created restriction site PCR (CRS-PCR), and the results of this study show that there were two variations in intron regions, the other four variations were located in the promoter region. Linkage disequilibrium analysis and haplotype analysis indicated that L78-Q4 had strong linkage disequilibrium, A T G C G C (16.2%) and G C G C A T (16.7%) had higher haplotype frequencies, G C A C A C (0.8%) and G T A C A T (0.7%) had lower haplotype frequencies. Correlation analysis indicated that SNP g. INT + 52098A >G was significantly associated with slaughter weight and carcass weight. Based on the research, we selected LCORL as the candidate gene that can contribute to improved marker-assisted selection for the meat performance of Qinchuan beef cattle.     

Quantitative PCR approach to SNP detection and linkage mapping in Caenorhabditis elegans

I report a method for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection and linkage mapping in Caenorhabditis elegans using automated oligonucleotide design and fluorescence-based quantitative PCR detection. Nine hundred twenty-three oligonucleotide pairs were designed to produce small products of <150 bp for efficient amplification in a PCR, with one oligonucleotide of each pair overlapping a SNP site at the 3'-most nucleotide. A subset of the pairs were tested, and efficient allelic discrimination was obtained for SNPs between N2, the canonical laboratory strain, and CB4856, a strain isolated from Hawaii commonly used for mapping studies. Linkage mapping is demonstrated using the unc-119 locus of C. elegans. This quantitative PCR method provides an inexpensive, uniform, and automatable detection alternative for genetic mapping strategies in C. elegans or other organisms.