长白山不同海拔树木生长对气候变化的响应差异

以长白落叶松和红松为例,探讨了长白山地区不同海拔树木生长对气候变化的响应。利用长白山北坡不同海拔4个长白落叶松样点和6个红松样点的树轮宽度资料建立差值年表,通过聚类分析、相关分析和响应分析等方法,研究树木生长特征及其气候响应。结果表明:两个树种年表的平均敏感度、树轮宽度指数的年际变率、信噪比等特征值较高,反映年表含有较强的环境信息。随海拔升高,长白落叶松年表特征值呈先下降后增加的趋势,红松年表特征值则呈先增加后下降的趋势。聚类分析将长白落叶松年表分成高、低海拔两类,红松年表分成高、中、低海拔三类。树木生长对气候响应存在海拔差异。高海拔长白落叶松生长受当年气温影响;低海拔长白落叶松生长对气候存在"滞后响应"。高海拔红松不仅受降水限制,且对气温有"滞后响应";中海拔红松不仅受气温限制,且对降水有"滞后响应";低海拔红松生长主要受气温限制。     

长白山北坡不同海拔红松径向生长-气候因子关系对气温突变的响应

树木径向生长受复杂环境的影响。为预测气候变化背景下未来红松(Pinus koraiensis)径向生长动态变化,在长白山北坡采集3个海拔梯度(745、1134、1280 m)红松树轮样芯,运用树木年轮学研究方法,分析不同海拔红松径向生长-气候因子关系对气温突变的响应差异。结果表明:(1)通过对采样点附近气象站气温数据的M-K检验发现,年均温在1987年发生显著突变;(2)低海拔红松径向生长主要受当年生长季6—7月降水的影响,中、高海拔红松径向生长主要受当年7月平均最低气温的影响;(3)气温突变以后,低海拔红松径向生长-气候因子关系较为稳定,中海拔红松径向生长对前一年11月降水量的响应关系发生显著改变,高海拔红松径向生长对当年5月降水量的响应关系发生显著改变。因此,气温突变背景下,低海拔红松树轮年表更适用于区域气候重建等研究。同时随着气温持续升高,低海拔红松径向生长可能呈现下降趋势,中、高海拔红松径向生长可能呈现先增加后下降的趋势。     

昌岭山两个优势树种径向生长对气候变化的响应

在气候变暖背景下,树木径向生长对气候变化的响应存在不稳定性。利用采自祁连山东部余脉昌岭山两个优势树种油松和青海云杉的树轮样芯,建立树轮宽度标准年表,通过分析树轮宽度年表与气候要素的相关关系,探讨两个树种径向生长对气候变化的响应。结果表明：（1）油松年表比青海云杉年表包含更多的气候信息,其平均敏感度、标准差、信噪比和样本对总体的代表性等统计量均高于青海云杉标准年表。（2）气候要素对不同树种径向生长限制程度不同,油松径向生长主要与降水（前一年9月和当年3-8月）和气温（前一年9月）有关,但对降水的响应更为敏感,而青海云杉径向生长则受到气温（当年9月）和降水（前一年9月、当年3月和7月）的共同作用。（3）气温突变后,油松和青海云杉年表与各气温要素的相关性显著增强,而青海云杉年表与气温要素的相关性变化更明显,指示了青海云杉径向生长对气温的响应更不稳定。（4）生长季平均最低气温的升高诱导的干旱胁迫是油松和青海云杉树木径向生长-气温响应变化的主要原因。     

罗霄山南部4个针叶树种生长特征及其气候响应对比分析

为了解影响罗霄山南部树木径向生长的主要气候要素, 该研究运用树木年轮气候学研究方法, 建立罗霄山南部4个针叶树种的树轮宽度标准化年表, 阐明影响该区域4个针叶树种径向生长的主要气候要素, 研究各树种在气温突变前后的径向生长特征及其对气候要素响应的异同。结果表明: 年表特征参数显示, 福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii)与其他树种相比, 其树轮宽度年表所包含的气候信息可能较少。与气候要素的相关分析显示, 铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)的径向生长同时受气温和降水的影响: 与上年10月的降水量呈显著正相关关系, 与气温的响应总体上呈负相关关系; 资源冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis)仅与上年8月的降水量呈显著正相关关系; 马尾松(Pinus massoniana)与上年3月和当年1月的最高气温呈显著正相关关系, 与上年7月和当年8月的最低气温呈显著负相关关系; 福建柏仅与当年3月的降水量呈显著正相关关系。气温发生突变后, 4个树种树轮宽度指数的变化趋势相同, 均呈下降趋势, 除资源冷杉外, 各个树种的径向生长对气候要素的响应总体上有所增强, 且升温后产生的干旱胁迫抑制了各树种的生长。     

长白山北坡不同年龄红松年表及其对气候的响应

运用树木年轮气候学方法,研究了长白山北坡红松(Pinus koraiensis)不同年龄年表特征及其与气候因子间的关系,以期揭示年龄因素对年表的潜在影响。结果表明,平均年龄为63a的红松低龄年表与平均年龄为184a的高龄年表对气候的响应明显不同:低龄红松径向生长与当年1、2月月平均温度负相关(P<0.05),同时也受到上年及当年多个月份的月平均最高温度或最低温度的影响,但与降水的相关性未达到显著水平;高龄红松径向生长则与月平均温度间的关系不明显,而与当年1、2、4、6、7、9月的月平均最高温度正相关,与当年4月、9月的月平均最低温度负相关,同时受到上年5月及当年5月月总降水量的影响。因此,年龄因素对红松年表的气候响应方面存在一定影响,且高龄年表对气候响应的敏感性更高,包含有更多的气候信息。     

西昆仑山两种针叶树种径向生长及其对气候变化的响应

利用西昆仑山的雪岭云杉和昆仑圆柏树芯样本,建立其树轮宽度年表。通过分析两种针叶树种树木径向生长特征与气候要素的相关关系,探讨了树种间的树木生长气候响应异同及响应关系的稳定性。结果表明：研究区域内的雪岭云杉和昆仑圆柏年表间存在显著正相关。两种针叶树种在1994年气温突变前树轮宽度年表指数和基部断面生长增量（BAI）呈上升趋势,在气温突变后年表和BAI则呈下降趋势,并且昆仑圆柏的树木径向生长速率高于雪岭云杉。与气候要素的相关性分析结果表明,雪岭云杉径向生长与上年生长季（5—6月和8—10月）和当年生长季（3—6月和10月）气温呈显著负相关,而昆仑圆柏径向生长与上年10月和当年生长季前期（4—6月）气温呈显著负相关;两者均与当年春季降水呈显著正相关。滑动相关分析结果显示,上年和当年生长季气温对两个树种树木径向生长的负响应在增强,特别是在当年生长季前期更为显著。此外,当年生长季前期降水对树木径向生长的促进作用也在增强。在有可能的气候突变年份（1994年）之后,两种针叶树种对气温和降水的响应敏感性均有所增强,并且雪岭云杉对气温的响应敏感性强于昆仑圆柏,而对降水响应敏感性要弱于昆仑圆柏。     

长白山北坡不同林型内红松年表特征及其与气候因子的关系

运用树木年轮学的基本原理和方法,选取了长白山北坡保存完好的典型性植被阔叶红松林,探讨了杨桦红松林和椴树红松林内建群种红松(Pinus koraiensis)径向生长对气候要素的响应.结果表明,长白山北坡红松的径向生长对降水较为敏感,杨桦红松林和椴树红松林中,红松年轮宽度均与当年7月以及上一年9月的降水呈显著正相关关系.不同林型内红松的生长与气候因子的关系也有差异.椴树红松的年轮宽度还与上年7月的降水显著负相关,与当年3、4月份的平均气温呈显著正相关.而杨桦红松林内红松年轮宽度和平均温度没有显著的相关关系.特征年分析进一步验证了响应函数相关分析的结果,即当年生长季以及上年生长季末的降水充足促进了红松的径向生长;椴树红松林中,初春温度的升高有利于红松的生长.     

长白山东坡不同海拔长白落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应

为了解高山林线附近树木生长对气候变化的敏感性, 选取长白山东坡火山喷发后形成的过渡性植物群落长白落叶松(又称黄花落叶松) (Larix olgensis)林为研究对象, 并建立不同海拔高度长白落叶松的3个年轮宽度年表, 研究不同生境长白落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应, 并利用冗余分析对不同海拔的年轮指数与气候因子的关系做进一步分析。主要结果如下: (1)高海拔年轮年表的统计特征更显著, 比低海拔径向生长对气候因子的响应更加敏感; (2)高海拔径向生长主要受上年生长季前期和生长季气温的限制, 尤其是上年6月和8月气温的限制作用, 低海拔径向生长主要与降水量有关, 受当年9月降水量和当年8月帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)的共同影响; (3)林线内树木对气候响应的敏感性强于林线外, 林线外小生境的异质性及干扰事件频发可能掩盖了树木对气候因子的敏感性, 林线下方可能是检验林线处树木生长对气候响应平均状态的最佳位置; (4)不同海拔年轮年表与气候因子的冗余分析与响应函数分析的结果基本一致, 进一步证明了冗余分析可以有效地量化树轮指数与气候因子的关系。该研究为全球变暖背景下长白山东坡长白落叶松林的管理及该区域气候重建提供了基础数据。     

玉龙雪山不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长对气候变异的响应

为研究滇西北高原树木径向生长与气候关系随海拔的变化规律, 分别在玉龙雪山低、中、高海拔采集丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)年轮样本, 建立了不同海拔丽江云杉树轮宽度残差年表, 将年轮指数与气候因子进行响应分析、冗余分析以及滑动响应分析。结果表明: 玉龙雪山丽江云杉径向生长受气温和降水共同影响, 但不同海拔径向生长响应模式存在差异。其中当年1-3月降水与不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长均呈显著正相关关系; 当年生长季后期降水与中、低海拔树木生长呈显著负相关关系, 与高海拔树木生长呈显著正相关关系; 中、低海拔树木生长还受当年春季干旱胁迫; 而当年7月气温升高促进高海拔丽江云杉生长。冗余分析与响应分析结果基本一致, 说明冗余分析能够有效量化树轮宽度指数与气候因子的关系。滑动响应分析显示气温和降水在小时间尺度上的变化也会影响树木生长。结合不同海拔丽江云杉生长对气候因子的响应模式及未来气候预测, 玉龙雪山高海拔丽江云杉生长将得到加强, 而中、低海拔丽江云杉生长则表现出不确定性。     

Radial growth responses of Picea likiangensis to climate variabilities at different altitudes in Yulong Snow Mountain,southwest China

为研究滇西北高原树木径向生长与气候关系随海拔的变化规律, 分别在玉龙雪山低、中、高海拔采集丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)年轮样本, 建立了不同海拔丽江云杉树轮宽度残差年表, 将年轮指数与气候因子进行响应分析、冗余分析以及滑动响应分析。结果表明: 玉龙雪山丽江云杉径向生长受气温和降水共同影响, 但不同海拔径向生长响应模式存在差异。其中当年1-3月降水与不同海拔丽江云杉径向生长均呈显著正相关关系; 当年生长季后期降水与中、低海拔树木生长呈显著负相关关系, 与高海拔树木生长呈显著正相关关系; 中、低海拔树木生长还受当年春季干旱胁迫; 而当年7月气温升高促进高海拔丽江云杉生长。冗余分析与响应分析结果基本一致, 说明冗余分析能够有效量化树轮宽度指数与气候因子的关系。滑动响应分析显示气温和降水在小时间尺度上的变化也会影响树木生长。结合不同海拔丽江云杉生长对气候因子的响应模式及未来气候预测, 玉龙雪山高海拔丽江云杉生长将得到加强, 而中、低海拔丽江云杉生长则表现出不确定性。     

不同去趋势方法对树轮气候信号识别的影响

树木生长受到气候因子、随年龄增长的内在生长趋势、环境干扰和其他扰动信号的影响。目前存在不同的去趋势方法对树木年轮进行去趋势以识别树木生长中的气候信号。以往的研究多基于单个方法识别树轮气候信号，而不同去趋势方法识别的树轮气候信号可能会有一定的差别。为了对比不同去趋势方法对树轮气候信号识别的影响，我们基于国际年轮数据库网站获取中国西部地区68个点的树轮宽度数据，采用最常用的"signal-free"方法（SsfCrn）、线性和负指数函数法（std）、67%样条函数法（spline）、firedman方法、以及基于经验模式分解去趋势方法（EEMD）5种去趋势方法分别建立树轮年表，并对比分析同一地点的不同年表对气候响应的异同。结果表明：不同去趋势方法得到的年表对温度、降水以及相对湿度等气候因素的响应具有明显差异。其中，SsfCrn去趋势方法建立的年表对温度（月平均温、月最低温、月平均最低温）响应中相关最高的样点在所有样点中占比最高；EEMD去趋势方法建立的年表对降水量、相对湿度和月最高温响应中相关最高的样点在所有样点中占比最高；firedman去趋势方法建立的年表对月平均最高温响应中相关最高的样点在所有样点中占比最高。研究结果表明SsfCrn，EEMD和firedman方法在识别树轮气候信号方法具有一定的优势。在不同研究区域中，不同去趋势方法建立的年表对不同气候条件响应有差异，因此选择不同的去趋势方法识别树木生长趋势，分析哪种方法可以更好的反应气候变化对树木生长的影响显得尤为重要。     

Annual Growth Ring Patterns in Brachystegia spiciformis Reveal Influence of Precipitation on Tree Growth1

The availability of exactly dated tree‐ring chronologies is limited in tropical regions. However, these chronologies could contribute widely to studies of the influence of natural and human‐induced factors on tropical forests. We examine the potential for building a chronology based on three sites in the miombo woodland of western Zambia. Brachystegia spiciformis Benth., a dominant species from this vegetation type, is used. Response of the chronology to several climatic factors is examined. All specimens showed very clear growth rings, and cross‐dating between radii of a tree was successful for all trees. Site chronologies could be constructed after cross‐dating of growth ring series of individual trees. The mean growth ring curves of the three sites were significantly similar, allowing for the construction of a regional chronology. Correlation function analysis between the tree‐ring chronology and regional climatic variables revealed that climate at the core of the rainy season, in December and January, has an explicit influence on tree growth. Where precipitation and relative humidity in these months influence tree growth positively, temperature correlates in a negative way. Some 20 percent of the variance in the B. spiciformis tree‐ring chronology is accounted for by wet season rainfall. The successful cross‐dating and correlation between a tree‐ring chronology and climate demonstrated in this study indicate annual ring formation in B. spiciformis trees and sensitivity to climatic conditions.     

Effect of climate on tree growth in the Pampa biome of Southeastern South America: First tree-ring chronologies from Uruguay

Tree-ring research in the highland tropics and subtropics represents a major frontier for understanding climate-growth relationships. Nonetheless, there are many lowland regions – including the South American Pampa biome – with scarce tree ring data. We present the first two tree-ring chronologies for Scutia buxifolia in subtropical Southeastern South America (SESA), using 54 series from 29 trees in two sites in northern and southern Uruguay. We cross-dated annual rings and compared tree growth from 1950 to 2012 with regional climate variability, including rainfall, temperature and the Palmer Drought Severity Index – PDSI, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Overall, ring width variability was highly responsive to climate signals linked to water availability. For example, tree growth was positively correlated with accumulated rainfall in the summer-fall prior to ring formation for both chronologies. Summer climate conditions were key for tree growth, as shown by a negative effect of hot summer temperatures and a positive correlation with PDSI in late austral summer. The El Niño phase in late spring/early summer favored an increase in rainfall and annual tree growth, while the La Niña phase was associated with less rainfall and reduced tree growth. Extratropical climate factors such as SAM had an equally relevant effect on tree growth, whereby the positive phase of SAM had a negative effect over radial growth. These findings demonstrate the potential for dendroclimatic research and climate reconstruction in a region with scarce tree-ring data. They also improve the understanding of how climate variability may affect woody growth in native forests – an extremely limited ecosystem in the Pampa biome.     

Characteristics of a multi-species conifer network of wood properties chronologies from Southern Australia

Progress in quantitative wood anatomy has resulted in a growing number of increasingly understood proxies from the tree-ring archive. Much of this work has been based on tree species in the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we present and examine a relatively dense network of wood property chronologies (wood density, tracheid radial diameter, cell wall thickness and ring width) from several species in Tasmania, southern Australia. We ask how the relationships amongst the different types of chronologies differ within and amongst species. We also consider how each chronology responds to monthly climate. In general terms, and similar to findings in the Northern Hemisphere, relationships between the various wood properties and climate are stronger than those between climate and ring width chronologies. An important exception to this is the highest elevation Lagarostrobos franklinii site. Additionally, strongest response to climate for the wood properties generally occurs for the concurrent growing season compared to the prior growing season for ring width. Relationships amongst the various chronology types differ for the various species, with L. franklinii also showing some variation in these relationships by site (possibly associated with elevation). Results suggest there is considerable value in further exploring the potential for developing anatomical wood chronologies for climate reconstruction from other species for which ring widths do not exhibit a strong climate signal.     

Climate Influences on the Radial Growth of Centrolobium microchaete,a Valuable Timber Species from the Tropical Dry Forests in Bolivia

In this study, we use tree‐ring records to determine the climate factors controlling the growth of Centrolobium microchaete, a high‐value timber species from the tropical dry Chiquitano forest in Bolivia. We present the first tree‐ring chronologies from C. microchaete for Concepción and Santa Mónica, Bolivia. Statistical analyses show that the chronologies are of good quality and have a significant common signal between trees. The growth of C. microchaete is strongly influenced by climatic conditions during late spring–early summer. Abundant precipitations concurrent with below‐average temperatures during this period of the year favor tree growth. Climate variations in late spring–early summer explain >40 percent of the total variance in C. microchaete tree growth during the interval 1943–2005. Minor differences in tree responses to climate recorded between the two stands may reflect differences in the extent of the dry season and in soil water capacity between sites. Although the chronologies cover the past 180 yr, adding samples from older individuals would permit the extension of these records further back in time. The strong climate dependency of tree growth suggests that predicted future climate changes in the region could have a significant influence on C. microchaete tree growth during the 21st century.     

Climate response of cork growth in the Mediterranean oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands of southwestern Portugal

In the Mediterranean climate regions, drought events are expected to affect the growth of forests ecosystems by changing trees growth rates and eventually inducing shifts in their growth patterns. Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is a strictly western Mediterranean tree species periodically harvested for its bark, the cork. So far, cork oak has received limited attention for dendroclimatological studies due to its typical faint and erratic tree wood rings. Moreover, its distinct cork rings chronologies have been completely neglected. In this study we introduce an approach using cork ring chronologies dated back 9–10 years for climate response. Despite enhancing interannual variability and increasing statistical response to short-term climatic variability, still poorly understood, this study will possibly allow infer long-term climate response. We analyzed the cork ring chronologies of 55 cork samples collected in mature (under exploitation) trees in three distinct locations in southwestern Portugal. Cork growth recorded a high climate signal, with highly significant and coherent responses to the yearly climate-related sources of variation. We successfully assessed trends of cork growth via correlation analysis including selected climate variables among mean monthly temperature, monthly precipitation and, on an annual basis, eight precipitation indices. The high mean sensitivities and inter-series correlations found for cork ring chronologies combined with the significant variance explained by climate variables suggest that climate is likely one dominant signal that affects cork growth, but local environmental stresses can decisively affect this (climate) signal. Assuming cork growth as a proxy for cork oak growth, it seems conceivable that despite the trees being highly resistant to drought stress, cork oak woodlands in southwestern Portugal would have to face lesser growth in a global warming scenario.     

川西米亚罗林区主要树木生长对气候响应的差异

为分析青藏高原东缘半湿润区不同树种树木生长对气候变化的响应规律,于川西米亚罗林区海拔3000 m左右(低海拔)采集铁杉、岷江冷杉、紫果云杉,海拔4000 m左右林线位置(高海拔)采集岷江冷杉、四川红杉,共计182棵树木年轮样芯,建立了不同树种的树轮宽度年表,对不同树种的年轮指数与各月气候因子进行相关分析.结果表明： 在低海拔处,树木生长与4、5月气温呈负相关,与4、5月降雨呈正相关,受到春季干旱胁迫的影响;但树种之间存在显著差异： 铁杉的生长受春季干旱胁迫影响最严重,岷江冷杉次之,紫果云杉所受影响很小.在高海拔处,树木生长主要受生长季温度的影响,岷江冷杉年轮指数与当年2、7月最低气温呈显著正相关,与上一年10月最高气温亦呈正相关;四川红杉年轮指数与5月最高气温呈显著正相关,但与2月均温、3月最低气温呈显著负相关.近几十年青藏高原东北缘气候有干暖化趋势,如果这种趋势持续发生,低海拔紫果云杉长势将超过铁杉和岷江冷杉;高海拔处的升温更有利于岷江冷杉的生长.     

Climate–tree growth relationships of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in the Southeastern Coastal Plain, USA

Knowledge of tree growth/climate response relationships is important to dendroecological studies and dendroclimatic reconstructions, particularly in the Southeastern Coastal Plain where few such studies have been attempted. To this end, we developed tree-ring chronologies of total ring width, earlywood width, and latewood width from longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) at three sites in the Southeastern Coastal Plain to examine the climate–growth relationships for this tree species. The length of these chronologies is unprecedented for southern pine chronologies in the Southeast. We compared the tree-ring chronologies to monthly temperature, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and Palmer hydrological drought index (PHDI) data from the pertinent climate divisions. We found that PDSI and PHDI have the highest correlation with longleaf pine growth, and the strongest relationships between longleaf pine growth and these variables occur between July and November. Precipitation in the spring and summer was also positively related to growth at all sites. The relationship between temperature and growth was the weakest among all climate variables, but warm summer temperatures had a consistent, negative relationship with longleaf pine growth. The climate signal in the latewood was generally more robust than for total ring width and earlywood width.     

大兴安岭北部樟子松树木生长与气候因子的关系

 在大兴安岭北部漠河(MH I、MH II 2个样点)、塔河蒙克山(MKS)、满归(MG)地区共采集樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)年轮样芯139个, 成功地建立了MH I、MH II、MKS和MG 4个样点的樟子松差值年表, 最长达377年(1631–2007年, 有效年表为1743–2007年)。樟子松年轮指数与气候因子的响应函数分析表明, 气温是这4个样点樟子松径向生长的主要限制因子。但4个样点限制其生长的月份有所差异, 漠河的2个样点樟子松年轮指数与6月气温负相关, 满归和塔河蒙克山樟子松年轮指数与前一年10月气温正相关。樟子松年表与区域气候的冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)基本与响应函数分析的结果一致, 进一步验证了气温对大兴安岭北部樟子松生长的限制作用。该研究为全球变暖下大兴安岭北部樟子松林的经营管理及区域气候重建提供了基础数据。     

Biases in RCS tree ring chronologies due to sampling heights of trees

The Regional Curve Standardization (RCS) is one of the most employed standardization methods to remove biological signals in long tree ring chronologies. The approach assumes that an overall age-related growth trend typify all tree ring series to be included in a standardized tree ring chronology. Although several potential problems of the method have been examined, the influence of varying the sampling height along tree stems has not been evaluated. Considering that age-related growth trends may vary with stem height, biases may arise when combining samples from unknown or variable sampling heights, a frequent situation with subfossil logs. In this study we perform a detailed stem analysis of 15 lakeshore black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) trees in the taiga of eastern Canada to describe how the age-related growth trend varies with stem height and evaluate associated biases in RCS chronologies built from living and subfossil trees. Results show that the age-related growth trends vary markedly and systematically along stems, potentially generating large methodological biases in RCS chronologies, especially near the recent chronology end. These biases may lead to erroneous reconstructions of recent climatic trends and cause false divergence between tree ring and climate series. We have developed a correction procedure that appears efficient in removing these biases from chronologies built with the lakeshore trees and associated subfossil logs.