水竹（Phyllostachys heteroclada）人工林生物量结构的研究

 根据39块标准地上测定18808株立竹,47个竹鞭样方,38株不同年龄(1—6年)和不同径级样竹,用相对生长量法(allometric method)研究不同水竹人工林地上和地下部分生物量结构;用数理统计方法拟合出竹秆、竹叶、竹枝和竹鞭生物量与胸径的回归方程。地上部分生物总量随径级而增加,竹秆重量按径级分布分别为,1.5径级与林分总重量比为16%;2.0径级为30.5%;2.5径级为26.1%,3.0径级为16.0%。地上部分生物总量随龄级增加而降低,分别为：Ⅰ龄级为31.7%,Ⅱ龄级为22.0%,Ⅲ龄级为17.5%,Ⅳ龄级以上为28.0%。竹鞭中壮鞭占50—60%,竹鞭容积2.0—2.5%,地上部分总量与地下总量比为1.0—1.5,叶面积指数为4—6,每亩产量可达4000—7000斤时,称为高产林分。     

保留密度对杉木人工林生长和生物量及经济效益的影响

在广西凭祥市热带林业实验中心青山实验场的杉木中龄人工纯林(14年生)中,以不间伐为对照(密度1500株·hm^-2),研究不同保留密度(500、750和1000株·hm^-2)对杉木人工林胸径、树高、蓄积生长量和林分生物量及经济效益的影响。结果表明: 500株·hm^-2处理杉木人工林的平均胸径、树高生长量及大径材蓄积量均最高,分别达20.55 cm、15.70 m、18.31 m³·hm^-2。对照林分活立木蓄积量最高(199.63 m³·hm^-2),显著高于500、750株·hm^-2处理。不同处理乔木层生物量、生态系统生物量和经济效益差异显著。1000株·hm^-2处理乔木层生物量(90.72 t·hm^-2)、生态系统生物量(94.97 t·hm^-2)和经济效益(11.84万元·hm^-2)显著高于其他处理。降低林分保留密度虽然能促进杉木胸径和树高的生长,提高林分的出材径级、大径材比例、单木平均材积和生物量,但不能提高活立木蓄积量。1000株·hm^-2处理是杉木中龄林最适保留密度,林分的总蓄积量、乔木层生物量、生态系统生物量和经济效益分别比对照增加2.3%、5.7%、4.7%和5.8%。     

长白山不同演替阶段温带森林林下草本植物对乔木幼苗的影响

为了解次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林林下草本植物对幼苗生长和存活的影响,基于长白山次生针阔混交林样地(Ⅰ)和阔叶红松林样地(Ⅱ),以246个1 m×1 m幼苗样方中乔木幼苗为研究对象,通过去除草本植物的对照试验探究草本植物对乔木幼苗高度生长和存活率的影响。结果表明,(1)群落水平上,草本植物去除有助于林下乔木幼苗的高度生长。次生针阔混交林和阔叶红松林中幼苗高度生长量在除草后较对照组均有显著提高,且阔叶红松林中幼苗高度增长在对照组和处理组中均高于次生针阔混交林。(2)去除草本植物对不同年龄级水平乔木幼苗高度生长影响不同。次生针阔混交林中,去除草本显著促进四年生及以上幼苗高度生长,对一至三年生幼苗影响不显著;阔叶红松中去除草本显著促进一至三年生幼苗高度生长,对四年生及以上幼苗影响不显著。(3)除草处理后,水曲柳幼苗高度生长量在两处样地均显著增加,假色槭幼苗高度增长量只在次生针阔混交林中显著增加,而其他幼苗高度增长量只在阔叶红松林中显著增加。(4)次生针阔混交林中,幼苗存活率与草本多度和物种数呈正相关关系,与草本盖度无相关关系;阔叶红松林中幼苗存活率与草本物种数呈正相关关系,与草本多度和盖度无相关关系。结果表明,草本植物会抑制乔木幼苗高度生长;虽可能在一定程度上有助于改善微生境,但未显著提高幼苗存活率。     

地上竞争对林下红松生物量分配的影响

采用整株收获法研究林下红松地上、地下生物量分配特征及地上竞争对其生物量分配和生物量相对生长的影响。结果表明,(1)将整个树冠划分为等长的上、中、下三层,活枝生物量从上层到下层逐渐增加,而针叶生物量主要集中在树冠中下层且在中下层的分布无显著差异(P>0.05),随着地下生物量逐渐增加,小细根(<2 mm)、粗细根(2-5 mm)的比例逐渐减小,而粗根(>5 mm)所占比例逐渐增大;(2)地上竞争强度与胸径、树高呈显著指数相关(P<0.001),随着竞争强度增大,胸径和树高均逐渐减小,树高胸径比与竞争强度呈显著线性相关(P<0.05),而树冠比率与竞争强度之间无显著相关性(P>0.05);(3)随着竞争强度增大,树干生物量占整株生物量的相对比例逐渐减小,而细根(小细根和粗细根)生物量相对比例逐渐增大,活枝、针叶及粗根生物量相对比例与竞争强度相关性并不显著(P>0.05);(4)红松根冠比均值为0.15且根冠比并不受地上竞争的影响,茎叶比与竞争强度的相关性亦不显著(P>0.05);(5)地上竞争显著影响红松地上各器官生物量的相对生长,且竞争强度与生物量呈显著负相关(P<0.001)。     

长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段林下红松幼苗能量与养分季节动态

为了解林下红松幼苗生长和养分存储季节动态,以长白山原始阔叶红松林(原始林)和次生杨桦林(次生林)林下2年生红松幼苗为对象,研究林下光合有效辐射(PAR)、幼苗生物量、非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)、全氮(N)和全磷(P)等指标的季节变化,分析两林分林下光照的季节动态及其差异对红松幼苗生长和养分积累的影响。结果表明: 原始林和次生林林下月PAR累积量季节变化都呈“双峰”型,夏季为郁闭期,两林分林下光线弱。春季和秋季为阔叶树无叶期,林下光照条件变好,且次生林林下光照明显好于原始林;原始林和次生林红松幼苗的生物量、NSC、全N和全P浓度的季节动态与林下光照的季节变化基本一致,在春季和秋季表现为显著增加,在夏季呈下降趋势。春季幼苗的淀粉浓度增加,夏季淀粉和可溶性糖浓度均逐渐降低,到8月达到最低值,秋季可溶性糖浓度显著升高。春季和秋季次生林林下幼苗的生物量和NSC浓度整体上均显著高于原始林,而夏季两林分差异不显著。因此,春季和秋季的林下光照条件差异是影响原始林和次生林中红松幼苗养分积累和生长更新差异的主要原因。     

遮荫对紫花苜蓿地上生物量和化学计量特征的影响

采用遮荫试验模拟林地不同光照强度,研究紫花苜蓿地上生物量和C、N、P、K化学计量特征,为撂荒地林下间种苜蓿提供科学依据.结果表明：苜蓿地上生物量与光照强度呈显著正相关,遮荫处理显著降低了苜蓿地上生物量;62%遮荫处理下全C、N、P含量最高,分别为373.73、34.38和5.47 g·kg^-1,并且显著高于对照.遮荫对苜蓿地上部分K含量影响不显著.除72%遮荫处理下C/N显著高于对照外,其他各处理与对照差异不显著. N/P、C/P随遮荫强度增加呈先降低后升高的趋势.     

天然更新红松苗针叶光合和解剖特性对不同郁闭环境的响应

本研究以帽儿山实验林场老山人工林实验站郁闭度为0.2～0.3、0.4～0.6和0.7～0.9的天然次生林下5年生红松苗为对象，以全光环境(CK)下红松苗为对照，研究其针叶光合特性以及解剖结构对郁闭度变化的响应，探讨林下红松苗生长发育与林分光环境之间的关系，揭示红松苗耐荫性特征。结果表明：红松苗高和地径均随着郁闭度的增大而呈下降趋势，比叶面积随郁闭度的增大而显著增加，不同郁闭度下红松苗总生物量由大到小排序为：郁闭度0.4～0.6>CK>郁闭度0.7～0.9>郁闭度0.2～0.3。针叶光合有效辐射与红松的叶生物量、茎生物量、根生物量呈显著正相关。红松苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度均随着郁闭度的增大呈逐渐下降的趋势，气孔导度随郁闭度的增大呈上升趋势，且净光合速率、叶绿素a/b与光合有效辐射呈显著正相关。红松苗的气孔密度随着郁闭度的增大呈逐渐下降的趋势，郁闭度为0.4～0.6时，红松苗的针叶横截面积、叶肉组织面积、木质部面积、韧皮部面积均显著高于其他处理。红松苗在郁闭度0.4～0.6下光合作用较强，针叶解剖结构中各参数数值较高，红松苗能在此生境...     

造林密度对水曲柳人工林地上生长和细根生物量的影响

密度对林木个体生长和林分蓄积量增长均有重要的影响,但是林分密度与树木根系之间的相互作用并不明确。为此,本研究以黑龙江省帽儿山4种造林密度(处理Ⅰ:株行距:1.0 m×1.0 m,Ⅱ:1.5 m×1.5 m,Ⅲ:2.0 m×2.0 m和Ⅳ:1.5 m×3.0 m)水曲柳(Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.)人工林为研究对象,在2012—2016年连续测定了林木的胸径和叶生产量(2013、2014和2016年)以及每年的林木枯死状况,并在2013年采用根钻法和内生长法分别对细根(直径≤2.0 mm)和吸收根(直径≤0.5 mm)的现存量和生产量进行了估计。结果表明:密度最低的处理IV中树木分杈率最高(31.55%),平均树高最低;密度次低的处理III中,胸径和树高均高于其他处理。叶生产量随着林龄增加而增大,以处理II中最高。总的林木自然枯死率以密度处理I最高。样地水平上,近5年林木株数保存率与叶生产量、胸径年生长量均为负相关(前者统计上显著)。细根和吸收根的现存量与生产量均以处理IV最高,处理I~IV中吸收根现存量分别为(184.62±17.73)、(146.45±5.59)、(150.32±5.39)和(242.81±19.07)g·m~(-2)。样地水平上,吸收根现存量和生产量均与林分密度负相关(后者统计上显著)。吸收根与叶生产量和胸径年生长量的比值以处理IV中最高,而其他处理间差异则相对较小。综合来看,造林密度2500株·hm-2林分具有最大的平均胸径和树高,最高的株数保存率,以及较为合理的吸收根和叶生产量比例,是本地区最适宜的密度。     

竹林专用控释肥对毛竹地上生物量和氮利用率的影响

控释肥是通过调节养分的释放速率来提高肥料利用率。为探明竹林专用控释肥对毛竹地上生物量和氮利用率的影响,本研究以黄山公益林场粗放经营毛竹试验林为研究对象,以普通复混肥(CCF)和不施肥(CK)为对照处理,在毛竹生长的2个连续小年(2009年和2011年)施用竹林专用控释肥CUF-1和CUF-2,调查了Ⅰ度竹(2012年成竹)、Ⅱ度竹(2010年成竹)和Ⅲ度竹(2008年成竹)地上生物量和氮利用率。结果表明:2种竹林专用控释肥(CUF-1、CUF-2)处理的毛竹胸径、竹高、标准枝叶重以及SPAD与CCF差异不显著,但均显著高于CK;竹林专用控释肥能显著提高Ⅰ度竹和Ⅱ度竹地上生物量和氮积累量,但对Ⅲ度竹影响不大,其中Ⅰ度竹的地上生物量和氮积累量分别提高19%~61%和29%~99%,Ⅱ度竹分别提高36%~59%和55%~89%,Ⅲ度竹地上生物量和氮积累量分别小于8%和15%;CUF-1和CUF-2的氮利用率分别为69.02%和56.82%,均显著高于CCF(19.60%),说明竹林专用控释肥能显著提高林地氮利用率。     

甘肃景电灌区不同栽植年限枸杞生物量分配特征

枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)常作为我国干旱区盐渍化土地开发利用中的首选灌木型经济林,研究枸杞各构件及根系生物量的分配特征可以为提高枸杞生产力及资源的持续利用提供理论依据.在甘肃景电灌区选择栽植4年、7年和11年的构杞,研究构杞枝条、果实、叶片生物量在垂直空间上的分布特征,并按地下根系径级的大小,研究了根系生物量在各径级的分配规律.结果表明:构杞栽植初期植株间高度、冠幅差异较小,栽植7年进入生长旺盛期后差异较大,而栽植11年个体间形态指标差异又减小.栽植4年、7年、11年的构杞总生物量及枝条生物量在50 ～ 100 cm空间最大,而栽植4年的果实及叶片生物量最大值在50～100 cm空间,栽植7年时果实及叶片生物量最大值在100 ～ 150 cm空间.4年生与7年生构杞粗根和细根生物量所占的比例均比较大,11年生时细根的生物量比例明显减小,而粗根的比例则超过了50％.果实与叶片以及中根与粗根的生物量均随栽植年限的增加而增加,但枝条以及细根和极细根的生物量为7年生＞11年生＞4年生.用二次函数可以较好地预测该区域枸杞叶片及地下根系各径级生物量与生长年限之间的关系.     

岷江上游亚高山林区老龄林地上生物量动态变化

中国川西亚高山森林中的天然林大部分为成过熟的老龄林,对其生物量动态研究有助于了解其碳储量的动态变化规律.利用全国森林资源连续清查的27个固定样地数据,基于地上各器官生物量与树干胸径(D)和树高(h)的异速生长方程,估算了岷江上游亚高林山老龄林地上生物量密度的动态变化特征及其时空变化规律.结果表明,(1)从1988～2002年期间,老龄林地上生物量密度净增量为(27.311±15.580)Mg·hm-2,平均每年增长率为(1.930±1.091 )Mg·hm-2·a-1,平均每年枯损率为(2 271±1.424)Mg·hm-2·a-1;(2)地上生物量变化受各径级保留木生长量、枯损量及进界生长量影响,其中20～40cm径级保留木生长量与生物量净增量最大,>80cm径级生物量增量最小,40～60cm和60～80cm径级生物量在调查期间净增量出现负增长.(3)岷江上游老龄林地上生物量动态变化具有时空异质性,同一样地在不同调查间隔期或同一调查期间不同样地间生物量变化不同,不仅有增量数值大小差异,还表现为生物量增量的正负差异.     

氮素指数施肥对杉木无性系苗生长及养分含量的影响

以1年生无性系杉木幼苗为材料,采用温室盆栽方法,设定对照、常规施肥和3个指数施肥共5个处理,施氮总量分别为每株0、0.5、0.5、1.0、2.0 g,施氮20次,间隔为10 d,施氮210 d后,测定杉木的苗高、地径、生物量、叶绿素荧光参数及养分含量.结果表明: 施肥显著促进了杉木无性系的苗高、地径和生物量的增长,以施氮量1.0 g·株^-1的指数施肥处理最佳,分别为59.0 cm、6.0 mm、52.99 g·株^-1;杉木无性系苗木叶绿素荧光参数特征均表现为指数施肥显著大于常规施肥,其中指数施肥的光化学淬灭系数、表观电子传递速率和PSⅡ的有效量子产量均随施氮总量的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,在施氮量为1.0 g·株^-1时达到最佳,分别为0.89、35.79和0.71.杉木无性系苗木氮含量表现为叶>根>茎.与对照相比,常规施肥根、茎、叶的氮含量分别增加39.6%、16.6%和41.1%,指数施肥根、茎、叶的氮含量分别增加22.6%～81.4%、27.3%～152.6%和73.6%～135.5%.施氮量为1.0和2.0 g·株^-1的指数施肥处理杉木幼苗根、茎和叶氮含量均显著大于常规施肥,而不同器官磷含量和钾含量无显著差异.从苗木生长性状、叶绿素荧光参数特征、植株氮磷钾含量等综合考虑,在本试验条件下,施氮量为1.0 g·株^-1的指数施肥是杉木无系性苗木温室培育的适宜方法.     

Contrasting patterns of diameter and biomass increment across tree functional groups in Amazonian forests

Species' functional traits may help determine rates of carbon gain, with physiological and morphological trade-offs relating to shade tolerance affecting photosynthetic capacity and carbon allocation strategies. However, few studies have examined these trade-offs from the perspective of whole-plant biomass gain of adult trees. We compared tree-level annual diameter increments and annual above-ground biomass (AGB) increments in eight long-term plots in hyper-diverse northwest Amazonia to wood density (rho; a proxy for shade tolerance), whilst also controlling for resource supply (light and soil fertility). rho and annual diameter increment were negatively related, confirming expected differences in allocation associated with shade tolerance, such that light-demanding species allocate a greater proportion of carbon to diameter gain at the expense of woody tissue density. However, contrary to expectations, we found a positive relationship between rho and annual AGB increment in more fertile sites, although AGB gain did not differ significantly with rho class on low-fertility sites. Whole-plant carbon gain may be greater in shade-tolerant species due to higher total leaf area, despite lower leaf-level carbon assimilation rates. Alternatively, rates of carbon loss may be higher in more light-demanding species: higher rates of litterfall, respiration or allocation to roots, are all plausible mechanisms. However, the relationships between rho and AGB and diameter increments were weak; resource availability always exerted a stronger influence on tree growth rates.     

Biomass dynamics in a logged forest: the role of wood density

Wood density (WD) is believed to be a key trait in driving growth strategies of tropical forest species, and as it entails the amount of mass per volume of wood, it also tends to correlate with forest carbon stocks. Yet there is relatively little information on how interspecific variation in WD correlates with biomass dynamics at the species and population level. We determined changes in biomass in permanent plots in a logged forest in Vietnam from 2004 to 2012, a period representing the last 8 years of a 30 years logging cycle. We measured diameter at breast height (DBH) and estimated aboveground biomass (AGB) growth, mortality, and net AGB increment (the difference between AGB gains and losses through growth and mortality) per species at the individual and population (i.e. corrected for species abundance) level, and correlated these with WD. At the population level, mean net AGB increment rates were 6.47 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 resulting from a mean AGB growth of 8.30 Mg ha^?1 year^?1, AGB recruitment of 0.67 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 and AGB losses through mortality of 2.50 Mg ha^?1 year^?1. Across species there was a negative relationship between WD and mortality rate, WD and DBH growth rate, and a positive relationship between WD and tree standing biomass. Standing biomass in turn was positively related to AGB growth, and net AGB increment both at the individual and population level. Our findings support the view that high wood density species contribute more to total biomass and indirectly to biomass increment than low wood density species in tropical forests. Maintaining high wood density species thus has potential to increase biomass recovery and carbon sequestration after logging.     

Above-ground biomass and vegetation attributes in the forest-savannah mosaic of Togo,West Africa

Despite the increasing interest in the role of African savannah and woodlands on the global carbon cycle, little is known about the above-ground biomass (AGB) and the factors affecting it in these ecosystems in West Africa. We estimated AGB in different vegetation types of a forest–savannah mosaic in Togo, and we investigated the relationship between AGB, structural and diversity attributes. We also assessed the effects of using the ≥5 or ≥10 cm diameter threshold on AGB estimates. We sampled tree diameter, height and species of all trees ≥5 cm diameter following standardised protocols in 160 plots of 50 × 20 m (50 × 10 m for riparian). Above-ground biomass (AGB) (all trees ≥5 cm diameter) ranged from 6.2 Mg/ha in shrub savannah to 292 Mg/ha in riparian forest and showed significant differences between vegetation types. Differences in AGB were related to structural attributes, with little influence of diversity attributes. The effects of minimum tree diameter size (5 or 10 cm) on AGB estimates were negligible. At a landscape level, closed-canopy and open forests stored important quantities of carbon. We highlight the importance of the forest–savannah mosaic as a large carbon pool, which could be released if converted to another land cover type.     

Long-term changes in above ground biomass after disturbance in a neotropical dry forest,Hellshire Hills,Jamaica

We used data from experimental plots (control, partially cut and clear-cut) established in 1998, in a tropical dry forest (TDF) in Jamaica, to assess changes in above ground biomass (AGB) 10 years after disturbance. The treatments reduced AGB significantly in 1999 (partially cut: 37.6 %, clear-cut: 94.4 %) and after 10 years, AGB did not recover overall, nor did it recover in the clear-cut plots. Partially cut plots, however, recovered the lost AGB in 10 years via growth of uncut trees, which contributed significantly to biomass recovery, with only minor contributions from recruited trees and coppice shoots. For clear-cut plots, coppice shoots contributed significantly to the recovered AGB when compared with recruited biomass. Together, they recovered 26 % of AGB lost, despite recovering 78 % of the density and height of the control plots. The probability of survivorship decreased for trees with higher pre-treatment AGB values, but was higher for trees with multiple stems in 1998, regardless of treatment. The magnitude of biomass reduction varied among the species assessed and this had a differential effect on their ability to recover AGB. We estimate that it will take approximately 45.4 years for the clear-cut plots to recover pre-treatment AGB; this is significantly longer than AGB recovery time for some successional rainforests on abandoned pastures/farmland. Consequently, this TDF may not be as resilient as tropical rainforests.     

Aboveground biomass dynamics of subalpine old-growth forest in the upper reach of the Minjiang River

Biomass estimation of old-growth forests in the upper Minjiang River (UMR) is important in quantifying carbon (C) sequestration and C sink size because majority of the natural forests in UMR are mature or over-mature. Based on the forest resource data from 27 fixed sampling plots that have been surveyed consecutively, the dynamics of the aboveground biomass density (AGBD) were characterized by the allometric relationships, and the space-time variations of the C sink size in the sub-alpine old-growth forests of UMR were explored. Our results showed that 1) the net increase in AGBD was (27.311 ± 15.580) Mg·hm^?2 and the mean annual growth rate and mean annual death rate were (1.930 ± 1.091) and (2.271 ± 1.424) Mg·hm^?2·a^?1 during 1988–2002, respectively. 2) The aboveground biomass (AGB) largely depended on the growth and death rates of the trees with different diameters at the breast height (DBH) classes and the recruitment rate from one DBH class to another as well. The largest increment component of AGB came from the DBH class of 20 to 40 cm, whereas the minimum increment component of AGB was above 80 cm in DBH. The net negative increment of AGB occurred at DBH classes of 40–60 and 60–80 cm. 3) There were space-time variations of AGB in the alpine old-growth forests, indicated by AGB changing over time in the same sampling plot and varying among the locations or plots during the same sampling period. These variations were not only reflected in numerical value but also in positive or negative biomass increment.     

黄土丘陵区油松水土保持林生长过程与直径结构

应用标准木树干解析法,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区阴坡和阳坡两种21年生(密度为2 222株·hm^-2)油松林分的生物量、林木生长过程和直径结构.结果表明：两种林分树高、林木直径和材积生长过程明显不同,阴坡林分的生物量、生长状况和直径结构优于阳坡林分.两种林分树高速生期出现在9～13年生之间,13年生以后,阴坡林分的生长量明显高于阳坡林分(21年生时,前者的连年生长量约在0.26 m·a^-1,后者在0.1 m·a^-1左右).两种林分的胸径生长量在13年生以后明显降低,但阴坡林分的降幅明显小于阳坡林分;17年生以后,前者的连年生长量明显大于后者(21年时,前者约在0.46 cm·a^-1,后者只有0.27 cm·a^-1左右).两种林分单株材积生长量在13年生之前差异较小,13年生之后,阴坡林分的连年生长量明显大于阳坡林分(21年生时,前者为0.0023 m³·a^-1,后者只有0.0015 m³·a^-1).两种林分直径分布都呈现顶峰左偏(林分密度偏大)的现象,但阴坡林分的偏度系数(SK为0.75)小于阳坡林分(SK为1.03)、而峰度系数(K为1.05)大于阳坡林分(K为0.94),说明阳坡林分密度偏大的程度大于阴坡林分.     

树种组成和径级结构对热带次生林生物量恢复影响的研究

本研究在海南尖峰岭和吊罗山热带林区海拔245～1255 m范围内根据林分恢复时间设立固定监测样地,探讨了森林地上生物量与树种组成和径级结构的关系.结果显示:海南热带次生林平均地上生物量为(155.38±37.16)×103 kg/hm2,其中低地次生雨林为(137.91±31.02)×103 kg/hm2,山地次生雨林...