十种菊科外来入侵种连萼瘦果风力传播的特性

借助风力传播连萼瘦果, 是菊科入侵种最普遍的自然扩散方式, 而其适应风力传播的特性与入侵性关系的研究还未得到足够的重视。阐明种子本身的风力传播特性与入侵潜力间的关系, 可以为深入理解外来入侵种的入侵机制以及入侵种的控制提供理论依据。该研究以10种菊科入侵种为研究对象, 测量其连萼瘦果的形态特征, 测定它们在静止空气中的垂直沉降速度和模拟风力条件下的水平扩散距离, 分析比较连萼瘦果的形态性状与沉降速度、水平扩散距离以及这些菊科入侵种在国内入侵范围的相关性。结果表明, 根据连萼瘦果的形态特征, 将这10个入侵种分为强、中和弱风传播3类; 连萼瘦果的重量和冠毛特征对垂直沉降速度和水平扩散距离均有显著影响, 对垂直沉降速度影响最大的因素是冠毛长度和冠毛上的小刺对数, 对水平扩散距离影响最大的因素是连萼瘦果的重量和冠毛长度。在垂直沉降速度和水平扩散距离间存在极显著负相关性(r = -0.806, p = 0.005), 表明沉降速度越慢, 借风力水平移动的距离越远。这些入侵种的发生程度与沉降速度间存在显著负相关性(r = -0.721, p = 0.019), 而与水平扩散距离之间存在着极显著正相关性(r = 0.927, p = 0.000), 说明水平扩散距离比垂直沉降速度更适合作为评估菊科入侵种入侵能力的指标。根据上述研究结果, 提出了南京市需重点防范胜红蓟(Agratum conyzoides)和牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)等菊科入侵种的建议。     

长白山9种槭树的翅果扩散及种子萌发研究

翅果的风媒传播是槭属植物的主要扩散方式之一,且与种子萌发有着密切关联,但具体机理一直还并不明确。以分布于长白山的9种槭树为对象,探讨翅果的形态特征,测定它们在空气中的垂直沉降速度、不同风速下的水平扩散距离以及在扩散距离上的种子萌发率,进而比较并分析翅果的形态性状与沉降速度、水平扩散距离的相关性以及萌发率在不同扩散距离上的差异性。结果表明：(1) 9种槭树的翅果长、宽和面积与沉降速度、水平扩散距离均呈负相关;尽管如此,翅果形态并不是风传播物种的最佳分类指标,而翅载力能较好地反应物种的风传播能力;(2)翅果垂直沉降速度和水平扩散距离间存在显著负相关,表明沉降速度越小,翅果在空气中停留的时间越长,水平方向上扩散距离越远,且强风有助于提高翅果的扩散能力;(3)沉降速度最慢的花楷槭在不同风速下的水平扩散距离均最远,而沉降速度最快的拧筋槭水平扩散距离最短;(4)种子萌发率随扩散距离的增加呈下降趋势。上述结果不仅为深入理解翅果的风力传播机制以及种子萌发对水平扩散距离的响应机制提供科学依据,还可为种群实生更新方面的理论研究提供参考。     

珍稀植物蓑衣油杉濒危机制的初步研究

对云南特有珍稀植物蓑衣油杉（Keteleeria evelyniana var. pendula）的地理分布、自然生境概况及种群大小和年龄结构等种群特性进行研究,并掌握其形态特征、生长发育规律及种子散布和萌发等生物学特性。结果表明：蓑衣油杉在云南省华宁县主要分布于平地和吗哒等山区村寨周边地区;现有蓑衣油杉自然居群均为小种群,高群集分布,年龄结构不合理,种群处于相对不稳定阶段;虽然种子的种翅特征利于远距离传播,但可育种子产率极低,种子向幼苗难以转化使其有性生殖受阻,生活史趋于断裂,是最终导致其濒危的重要内因之一;自然生境的严重破坏、成年植株的过度采挖对蓑衣油杉种群的生存构成严重威胁,也是造成部分野生种群个体数量急剧减少的主要外因。本文还针对蓑衣油杉的濒危机制提出进行保护和利用的有效措施。     

动物对松属植物种子的传播作用研究进展

松属植物约110种,根据种子传播方式可分为风传播松和动物传播松。风传播松占绝大多数,种子多具有适应风力的翅。动物传播松大约23种,都具有大、可食用、无翅或短翅的种子,无法借助风力传播。动物传播松的分布生境多为贫瘠的山地,而且多位于高海拔地区。目前已知9种松树的动物传播种类,其余14种可推测为动物传播。动物传播者包括鸦科鸟类和啮齿类动物,动物将获得的种子分散贮藏,未被重取的种子可能萌发,完成传播。动物传播是定向传播,微生境多适合种子萌发。啮齿类的传播距离可达数10 m,而鸦科鸟类的传播距离可达数公里。动物传播的松树会出现树丛和多树干现象,一般由同一贮点内贮藏的多粒种子萌发造成的。动物贮藏的种子大部分被重取,称传播后取食。一些具有大种子的风传播松在种子落地后,啮齿类和鸟类会再次埋藏而形成二次传播,可看做是一个单独的传播类型,即风-动物传播松。动物传播者与依赖传播松树之间可看作是互利共生关系。     

金沙江河谷特有药用植物——云南百部的分类学处理

通过对云南百部（Stemona mairei（H.Lév.）K.Krause）及其形态相似种金沙江百部（S.jinshajiangensis X. D. Cong et G. J. Xu）和变种滇北百部（S.jinshajiangensis var.dianbeiensis X. D. Cong et G. J. Xu）模式标本采集地野外居群植株的实地调查和研究,发现金沙江百部及其变种滇北百部的形态特征变异式样均在云南百部形态特征的正常变异范围内,因此将金沙江百部及其变种处理为云南百部的异名,同时对云南百部的形态特征进行了补充描述。结合对云南百部6个野生居群成熟植株的开花结实特征、种子传播策略分析,对云南百部受威胁状况进行了评估。     

绒毛白蜡二态型果实的扩散特征

多态型果实或种子的出现对植物种群的扩散具有重要的意义。绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)的果实具有二态型特征,主要表现在果翅数量上不同,分别定义为二翅型和三翅型果实,为了比较两类果实在风传扩散时的差异,研究了两类果实的形态、果翅结构和扩散距离及扩散时长。在大型封闭地下室内,以电扇在不同速度档位产生的气流作为风源,分别从2、1.5、1m处手动释放果实,对风速为0、4.6、6.5、7.3m/s时的果实扩散距离及扩散时长进行了比较;并在此基础上对果实的形态特征与扩散特征进行了线性相关分析。结果表明:在同一高度及相同风速下,三翅型果实的水平扩散距离都极显著的大于二翅型,但其相应的扩散时长都小于二翅型。在相同情况下,三翅型的果实沉降速度显著高于二翅型。两类果实随着释放高度的增加,其扩散距离和扩散时长都相应的增加;随着风速的升高,其扩散距离及扩散时长都相应的增加。三翅型果实质量显著高于二翅型,相反,三翅型果翅长与宽都显著小于二翅型。两种翅型的果翅细胞结构都一样,细胞内部都呈现气囊状,果翅表面沿纵轴方向有流线型的纵棱。通过直线相关分析发现,翅型是对扩散距离和扩散时长影响最显著的形态特征;与果实释放高度相比,风速是影响绒毛白蜡果实扩散距离与扩散时长最显著的环境因素。绒毛白蜡三翅型果实比二翅型果实传播的远,关键在于其具有三翅,三翅对阵风瞬间响应,使得沉降速度较二翅型高,可以在瞬时风的作用下,快速传播到较远的距离。三翅型与二翅型在扩散方式上的结合增强了绒毛白蜡的生存与定殖机会。     

红壤典型地区大气硫输入的干沉降通量研究

在江西（鹰潭）红壤典型地区农田下垫面上进行大气SO2、硫酸盐（SO4^2-）的浓度采样,利用阻力模式计算SO2和SO4^2-的干沉降速度,估算大气S输入农田生态系统的干沉降通量,结果表明,农田下热垫面上SO2和SO4^2-干沉降速度的平均值分别是0．43、0．23cm.s^-1,干沉降速率具有明显的日变化特征,一般白天大于夜间,午后出现最大值,大气S输入农田生态系统的半年干沉降通量为6．7g.m^-2。     

用于研究种子风力传播的野外环境风洞

为了研究种子风力传播过程,中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所与中国林业科学研究院沙漠林业实验中心合作研制了一座野外环境风洞。风洞要求能够在传播体尺度、植株尺度和景观尺度上满足种子风力传播过程的室内和野外研究,特别强调在野外起伏地形下能够开展种子传播过程观测。基于此,风洞设计为2 m×2 m的实验段断面,并采用错落式安装。在4种不同下垫面(砖块地面、沙地、农田土地、砾石地)3种不同风速(4.6,5.7和8.0 m獉s-1)下测试结果显示,风洞底板边界层和侧壁边界层分别为28和15 cm,风洞气流稳定性系数4%,横向不均匀度7%,紊流度在6%左右。测评显示,本风洞能满足在传播体尺度、植株尺度与景观尺度种子风力传播的室内和野外试验。     

甘草野生种群果实与种子形态特征的地理变异研究

目的：研究甘草荚果和种子形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法：采用样方调查的方法测定全国4省区8个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草荚果和种子形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果：（1）不同甘草种群的荚果数、荚果腺毛长度、种室数目、每荚种子粒数和结实率5项指标的差异达到了极显著水平（P〈0．01）;荚果长度、荚果厚度、荚果腺毛密度和种子长度4项指标的差异达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）。（2）荚果厚度、种室数目等5项形态特征与经度呈显著相关,只有荚果腺毛长度1项指标与纬度显著相关。结论：甘草野生种群荚果与种子形态特征存在显著的地理变异,其变异趋势以经向变异为主,光照因子差异是导致地理变异的主要原因,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

喀斯特地区珍贵树种黄枝油杉的种子萌发特性

黄枝油杉为中亚热带喀斯特地区珍贵树种,该物种分布范围狭窄,野生种群幼苗数量少,严重限制了其自然更新。为探求该物种濒危的原因,同时为其保护和利用提供参考,该文对黄枝油杉的种实性状进行了测定,并研究了温度、光照、土壤含水量、基质、贮藏温度和时间、不同地理种源等因素对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)黄枝油杉球果平均结种率为7.45%±6.54%,种子有较长种翅[(2.27±0.32)cm],种子平均长度为(1.55±0.15)cm(不含种翅),平均宽度为(0.62±0.05)cm,平均厚度为(0.46±0.04)cm,平均千粒重为(214.81±14.76)g,风干种子平均含水量为15.28%±1.66%。(2)黄枝油杉种子萌发的适宜温度为25 ℃,在20 ℃和30 ℃下萌发率显著降低(P<0.05); 种子萌发不需要光照,但周期性光照条件下的萌发率显著高于持续光照和持续黑暗条件(P<0.05); 种子在土壤含水量为10%～30%条件下均能萌发,且能耐一定程度的干旱; 适宜萌发基质为质地疏松、透气性好的泥炭土和珍珠岩; 种子不耐贮藏,采集后应及时播种; 3个不同地理种源中以桂林恭城县三江乡种群种子萌发率最高。黄枝油杉球果结种率较低,种子萌发对温度要求严格,且种子易失去活力,这可能与其濒危有很大关系。     

Comparison of Seed Weed dispersed Characteristics between Pinus yunnanensis and Keteleeria evelyniana

Seed morphological and wind dispersed characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis and Keteleeria evelyniana were compared in this study to clarify the relationship among seed morphological, dispersal characteristics and wind dispersal ability. The results showed that: 1)Seed wing loading had the greatest effect on the seed settlement velocity, but the effect of seed shape(the ratio of seed wing length to width) on it was unobvious. Seed morphological and dispersal characteristics of two species slightly influenced the horizontal dispersal distance. 2)Seed morphological characteristics(weight, length, width and seed wing area) of Pyunnanensis were significantly lower than Kevelyniana’s. 3) The ratio of seed wing length to width of Pyunnanensis was greater, and had less seed wing loading than Kevelyniana, the seed settlement velocity of Pyunnanensis (773cm·s-1) was lower than Kevelyniana’s (1169cm·s-1). Meanwhile, the seed horizontal dispersal distance(075m) under same wind speed was further than Kevelyniana’s (071m). The present study indicated that wind dispersal ability of Pyunnanensis’ seed was stronger. The research results provided more knowledge to understand seed wind dispersal mechanism and seed adaptation strategies in term of evolution and ecology.     

天山云杉种子形态性状的地理变异

以新疆天山山脉从西到东不同经度3个地点(昭苏、天池和奇台)的天山云杉林为对象,沿海拔梯度采集不同地点的天山云杉球果,分析其种子性状(种鳞长、种鳞宽、种鳞长宽比、种翅长、种翅宽、种翅长宽比、种子长、种子宽和种子长宽比)的变化.结果表明: 随海拔的升高,天山云杉种子性状(种子宽除外)总体呈现下降的趋势;除种翅宽、种子宽和种子长宽比与海拔的相关性不显著外,种子其他性状与海拔均呈显著负相关;种鳞长、种鳞宽、种鳞长宽比与经度呈现显著正相关;种鳞长、种鳞长宽比、种翅长宽比与坡度呈显著负相关;除种翅宽外,种子其他性状与坡向相关性均不显著.海拔是影响天山云杉种子的种鳞长、种鳞长宽比和种翅长宽比的主要因子.     

西藏小型猪与人血液流变学指标的比较分析

目的探讨西藏小型猪与人血液流变学指标间的变化规律。方法采集成年西藏小型猪和人的血液样品,分别检测其WBV（高、中、低切变率）、PV、HCT、ESR及Fi等5项血液流变学指标。结果（1）雄性西藏小型猪的150s^-1、30s^-1、5s^-1、1s^-1WBV值和Fi含量均显著低于雌性（P〈0.05,P〈0.01,P〈0.05,P〈0.01,P〈0.01）;（2）在人的血液流变学指标中男性的WBV值（1s^-1）和HCT值显著高于女性（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;（3）西藏小型猪的HCT值和Fi含量与人相比存在显著差异（P〈0.01）,其余指标均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论西藏小型猪除HCT和Fi两指标与人有差异外,其余指标均与人基本接近。     

Reproductive variability in Pinus sylvestris in southern France: Implications for invasion

Abstract. Though fecundity and dispersal have been recognized as major factors in most invasion models, their ecological determinants are still poorly known. This paper aims to identify the main sources of variation in seed production and dispersal distance in a naturally expanding Pinus sylvestris population. We propose some tree measurements that may be related to their contribution to population expansion. We quantified cone and seed production and measured three seed characteristics related to their dispersal ability: mass, wing area and wing‐loading (mass:area ratio) in cones sampled at different relative heights and aspects in the canopy and in trees of different age and competitive status. Results showed that isolated trees had a much more abundant cone production, which was more evenly distributed in the canopy than trees within stands. Age was also positively related to cone production. Seed dimensions varied between and within trees but we found no effect of isolation or age. The strong positive correlation between wing area and seed mass leads to a limited variability of seed wing loading. Seed characteristics may thus play a minor role in individual dispersal ability and relative tree position in the stand that is strongly linked to tree fecundity should be more appropriate for estimating the individual contribution to the whole population expansion. Our results also highlight the importance of obtaining demographic data in low‐density populations to estimate the invasive potential of a species.     

Functional importance of avian seed dispersers changes in response to human-induced forest edges in tropical seed-dispersal networks

Although seed-dispersal networks are increasingly used to infer the functioning of ecosystems, few studies have investigated the link between the properties of these networks and the ecosystem function of seed dispersal by animals. We investigate how frugivore communities and seed dispersal change with habitat disturbance and test whether relationships between morphological traits and functional roles of seed dispersers change in response to human-induced forest edges. We recorded interaction frequencies between fleshy fruited plants and frugivorous bird species in tropical montane forests in the Bolivian Andes and recorded functional bird traits (body mass, gape width and wing tip length) associated with quantitative (seed-removal rate) and qualitative (seed-deposition pattern) components of seed-dispersal effectiveness. We found that the abundance and richness of frugivorous birds were higher at forest edges. More fruits were removed and dispersed seeds were less clustered at edges than in the interior. Additionally, functional and interaction diversity were higher at edges than in the interior, but functional and interaction evenness did not differ. Interaction strength of bird species increased with body mass, gape width and wing tip length in the forest interior, but was not related to bird morphologies at forest edges. Our study suggests that increases in functional and interaction diversity and an even distribution of interaction strength across bird morphologies lead to enhanced quantity and tentatively enhanced quality of seed dispersal. It also suggests that the effects of species traits on ecosystem functions can vary along small-scale gradients of human disturbance.     

The seed dimorphism of Spergularia marina in relation to dispersal by wind and water

Summary The seeds of the halophyte Spergularia marina differ both within and between individuals in that they either possess or lack a membranaceous border. This paper presents a morphological study of the length, weight and area of the seed types, and their dispersal characteristics under experimental conditions of wind and water dispersal. The winged seeds are shown to be larger both by length and by weight. Their rate of descent increases with wing loading. If the wing is lacking, however, the rate of descent increases with weight only. The distance of dispersal is equal for both seed types except at low wind speeds, when the winged seeds disperse farther. If the seed wing is removed, the excised seeds have shorter dispersal distances. When dispersed by water, a difference in the distance seeds are dispersed can only be detected in the presence of vegetation. The winged seeds are more frequently trapped in the vegetation as compared to the unwinged seeds. The hypothesis that the seed dimorphism is an adaptation for differential dispersal distances is discussed.