外源-氧化氮供体硝普钠对黑麦草幼苗耐碱性的影响

采用营养液砂培方法,研究外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响.结果表明:60 μmol·L-1 SNP能够缓解100 mmol·L-1NaHCO3胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用,减缓NaHCO3胁迫导致的叶片O2产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加,提高NaHCO3胁迫下幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、质膜H+-ATP酶的活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸的含量及K+/Na+比,降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,对游离氨基酸含量影响不大.上述结果表明,NO可能通过激活抗氧化系统活性、促进渗透溶质积累和改善Na+、K+平衡等缓解碱胁迫对幼苗的伤害,从而提高黑麦草的耐碱性.     

燕麦幼苗对盐胁迫的响应及过氧化氢对响应的调节

为了探讨‘定莜6号’燕麦对盐胁迫的生理生化响应及H2O2的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究外源H2O2对盐胁迫下燕麦活性氧代谢、渗透溶质积累和Na+、K+平衡的影响。结果表明:小于100 mmol·L-1Na Cl未对‘定莜6号’幼苗的生长造成明显影响,150 mmol·L-1及以上浓度Na Cl使幼苗干重和叶片K+/Na+显著降低,O2-·产生速率、H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、质膜H+-ATP酶活性明显提高,但抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量变化不大;外施5μmol·L-1H2O2可显著缓解150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,使燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和CAT活性及H2O2、GSH含量明显提高,O2-·产生速率和MDA含量显著降低;5μmol·L-1H2O2还提高了150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下燕麦叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、有机酸和脯氨酸含量及质膜H+-ATP酶活性和K+/Na+,降低了游离氨基酸含量;表明外源H2O2可调控燕麦幼苗活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累,维持K+、Na+平衡,从而增强耐盐性。     

燕麦幼苗活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质积累对NaCl胁迫的响应

采用营养液砂培方法,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫(0、50、100、150、200和250mmol·L-1)对“定莜6号”燕麦幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著抑制燕麦幼苗的生长,抑制程度随NaCl浓度提高而增强,燕麦可耐受的最高NaCl浓度约为150 mmol·L-1;随着NaCl浓度的增加,叶片O2-产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛含量明显增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性先升后降,过氧化氢酶活性迅速下降后逐渐升高,NaCl胁迫明显降低了谷胱甘肽含量,而抗坏血酸含量变化不大;NaCl胁迫显著提高了叶片脯氨酸含量,Na+含量随着NaCl浓度增加不断提高,K+含量和K+/Na+逐渐下降,质膜H+-ATP酶活性、总可溶性蛋白、热稳定蛋白和热不稳定蛋白含量先升后降,游离氨基酸含量先降后升,可溶性糖含量呈降-升-降趋势变化;盐胁迫下活性氧代谢失调和Na+、K+平衡破坏及积累有机溶质进行渗透调节时更多能量的消耗可能是燕麦生长受抑的重要因素.     

外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

研究了外源一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）对盐胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗生长及相关生理指标变化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,50～200μmol·L-1NO供体硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）可缓解盐胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用,其中100μmo·lL-1SNP缓解作用最强。外施SNP显著缓解了盐胁迫导致的叶片相对电导率、K＋与Na＋比率、丙二醛含量和活性氧水平的增加,提高了盐胁迫下幼苗叶子中脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶的活性。这些结果说明,NO可能通过降低细胞吸收Na＋的量、增加细胞吸收K＋的量和脯氨酸含量以及激活抗氧化保护酶等减轻了盐对黑麦草的伤害,提高了黑麦草的抗盐性。     

外源IAA对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材,采用Hoagland营养液栽培,研究了不同浓度(0、0.01、0.1、1和10μmol·L-1)IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用,0.01~1μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量;使叶中Na+积累降低,K+积累增加,且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高,净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)增加,以1μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性及还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应;而10μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。     

外源SNP对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响北大核心CSCD

为明确外源一氧化氮(NO)对甜瓜幼苗耐盐性的影响,该研究以甜瓜品种‘农大甜10号’为试验材料,在300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫条件下,叶面喷施不同浓度(50、100、150、200、250μmol·L^(-1))外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP),分析甜瓜幼苗生长、光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的变化。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫显著抑制甜瓜幼苗的生长,同时显著降低叶片光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量。(2)叶面喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP能够显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、干鲜重、壮苗指数,并显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量,从而提高甜瓜的光合作用。(3)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)及脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性,显著降低盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量及超氧阴离子(O^(-)·_(2))产生速率。(4)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白的含量。研究认为,在盐胁迫环境下,适宜浓度的外源SNP(150μmol·L^(-1))可通过提高甜瓜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性以及光合色素和小分子可溶性有机化合物含量来增强活性氧的清除能力,降低膜脂过氧化作用,有效减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害,从而增强其耐盐性,促进幼苗生长。     

外源IAA对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材, 采用Hoagland营养液栽培, 研究了不同浓度（0、0.01、0.1、1和10 μmol·L-1） IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明, 碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用, 0.01-1 μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量; 使叶中Na＋积累降低, K＋积累增加, 且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高, 净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）增加, 以1 μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1 μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性及还原型抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量, 降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应; 而10 μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。     

外源NO对2+胁迫下小桐子幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

为探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对铜(Cu2+)胁迫的缓解效应,该试验以小桐子幼苗为材料,先通过小桐子幼苗根茎生长指标的变化筛选出后续实验适宜的SNP(0.2mmol/L)和Cu2+浓度(90mmol/L),再进一步考察SNP预处理对Cu2+胁迫下幼苗脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示:(1)Cu2+处理能诱导小桐子幼苗叶片中Pro和MDA含量显著升高,且过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)及抗坏血酸专一性过氧化物酶(APX)的活性增强。(2)用SNP预处理能显著提高Cu2+胁迫下幼苗叶片Pro的含量,进一步增强叶片中CAT、SOD、POD和APX活性,降低MDA的含量。研究表明,0.2mmol/L的SNP能够通过提高小桐子幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和游离脯氨酸含量来增强其抗氧化胁迫能力,从而显著缓解Cu2+胁迫对幼苗造成的氧化伤害,维持其正常生长发育。     

外源NO缓解蝴蝶兰低温胁迫伤害的生理机制研究

以蝴蝶兰品种‘台湾黄金’幼苗(苗龄15个月)为试验材料,通过叶面喷施200μmol·L-1的NO供体硝普钠(SNP),低温胁迫(昼/夜:12℃/7℃)处理5d和10d,分别测定叶片电解质渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、pH、渗透调节物质含量及几种保护酶活性,探讨外源NO缓解蝴蝶兰低温胁迫伤害的生理机制。结果表明:低温胁迫条件下,预施SNP处理可以有效抑制蝴蝶兰叶片电解质渗漏率、MDA含量和pH的上升,显著提高叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸(Pro)含量,显著延缓超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性的下降,增强多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性。研究认为,外源NO供体SNP可以通过保护蝴蝶兰幼苗的细胞膜系统,增加渗透调节物质含量,提高保护酶活性来减轻低温胁迫对蝴蝶兰幼苗的伤害,提高其抗低温胁迫的能力。     

外源NO对酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗生理特性的影响

研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对pH3.0酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明:酸雨胁迫下,龙眼幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,叶绿素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量下降,丙二醛含量升高,呈现出一定的毒害效应.外源NO对酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗的生理代谢的作用具有双重性,0.1 ～0.5.mmol·L-1SNP显著提高叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛含量;其中0.5 mmol·L-1 SNP处理效果最好,叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量分别比单独酸雨胁迫处理增加了76.0％、107.0％和216.1％,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高150.0％、350.9％和97.1％,丙二醛含量降低了46.4％.低浓度外源NO能通过刺激抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧,减轻氧化胁迫,缓解酸雨胁迫对龙眼幼苗的毒害作用;而高浓度外源NO对酸雨胁迫的缓解作用减弱.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.