5个早籼稻品种不同播种期米质性状的主成分分析

对8个播种期的5个早籼稻品种的品质性状进行主成分分析,归纳出了对综合米质影响较大的外观因子、加工因子、营养因子、蒸煮因子,它们对综合米质的贡献率依次减小,因此,稻米品质改良工作的重点应首先放在对外观及加工品质的改良上．不同品种及不同播种时期的稻米品质有较大的差异,整精米率和垩白是变异幅度较大并且对综合米质影响最大的指标、品种或播种期对米质的影响同时表现在米质性状的各个方面,综合米质好的稻米往往整精米率高、垩白少、蒸煮品质良好、蛋白质含量适中．在早稻生产中,应争取3月底以前播种并采取保温育秧措施,避开灌浆结实期高温的不良影响。此外,本文还阐述了各品质指标间的相关关系．     

湘稻994的选育与特征特性及其开发利用

利用辐射与杂交相结合的方法育成的优质早籼“湘辐994”,产量为6976．5kg/hm^2,生育期112天,米质优良,食味好,中感稻瘟病,中抗白叶枯病、褐飞虱和白背飞虱,田间抗性好。本文介绍了该品种的选育过程、特征特性及其开发利用。     

根癌农杆菌介导的水稻转化及转基因R1代植株表型特征

用根癌农杆菌介导的方法对２个粳稻品种和４个籼稻品种进行了转化。粳稻成熟胚和籼稻幼胚来源的愈伤组织用携带质粒ｐＧＩＨ的农杆菌ＥＨＡ１０１感染,对所有品种均获得较高的愈伤转化频率（２０．８３％～６２．３２％）。粳稻“申香粳４号”植株转化频率为１７．３９％,“秋丰”为９．２１％。４个品种籼稻中仅“超丰早１号”获得１株转化植株。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析、ＧＵＳ染色、Ｔ－ＤＮＡ整合边界序列分析等结果表明外源     

水稻耐光氧化和耐荫特性的生理基础

用简易、有效的人工光氧化和遮荫技术对３０个水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）种质进行筛选,鉴定出既耐光氧化又耐荫、耐光氧化不耐荫、耐荫不耐光氧化、既不耐荫又不耐光氧化等４种品种类型,并用既耐光氧化又耐荫的品种“武育粳３号”和对光氧化和遮荫均敏感的品种“香籼”进行光合特性研究。结果表明：在遮荫条件下,与对光氧化和遮荫敏感的品种“香籼”比较,“武育粳３号”的ＰＳⅡ活性差异不大,ＲｕＢｉｓＣＯ活性降     

小麦品种演化与远缘杂交亲和性

以７９个改良小麦品种（系）与黑麦进行杂交,研究普通小麦品种与黑麦杂交亲和性的差异及其亲和性在品种更新,更换过程中的演变趋势,结果表明：供试改良小麦品种与黑麦的杂交亲和性显著低于对照中国春;结实率大于５０％的品种３个,占供试品种的３．８％,结实率介于３０％￣５０％之间的品种４个,占５．１％,结实率介于１０％￣３０％之间的品种８个（１０．１％）,结实率小于５％的品种５０个,占６３．３％,另外,结实率介     

印水型杂交水稻开创杂交水稻超高产制种新时代

在2005年国家主推的19个籼型超级杂交稻中有9个印水型杂交水稻,这种水稻连续创造了世界水稻最高产量纪录, 1／15hm2产达到了1 231．17 kg。印水型杂交水稻由中国水稻研究所主持完成,其育成和推广,从制种产量、杂种产量和米质等方面把我国杂交水稻的生产水平总体提高到一个新台阶,开创了杂交水稻超高产制种新时代,米质主要指标达到国际3-2级;制种产量创造并保持了我国和世界制种最高产量纪录,达到每1／15hm2440 kg;制种成本降低50％以上。从1998年至2004年,全国累计推广印水型杂交水稻24万hm2以上,增产稻谷64亿kg,创造经济效益 95亿元。该所“印水型水稻不育胞质的发掘及应用”项目荣获了2005年度国家科技进步一等奖和浙江省科技进步一等奖。     

耕作制度与水稻品种对二化螟发生世代的影响

探讨了我县耕作制度与水稻品种的变化对二化螟发生世代及危害程度的影响。双季杂交水稻的大面积种植,一是使早稻的播、插期提早,二化螟第1、2代发生期也相应提早,发生量与危害程度转轻;二是杂交早稻为2代安全过渡创造了条件。提高2代转化率,导致晚稻上第3代发生期提早、危害加重;三是杂交水稻改善了二化螟的营养条件,加速幼虫发育,促进世代的转化。     

非洲旱稻IRAT359农艺性状评价和利用

从非洲引进的早稻品种ERA,1359,叶片和颖壳均光滑无毛,为光壳稻,属粳稻一类。分集能力较强,抗早性强,产量较高,米质较优,适合在有一定灌溉条件的云、贵、川、渝、桂等地和雨水充足的长江流域种植。     

美洲拟鲽抗冻蛋白基因(afp)导入番茄的研究

将整合在Ｔｉ质粒上的ａｆｐ基因作为供体ＤＮＡ,用花粉管通道和子房注射方法导入番茄品种“中蔬四号”中,对Ｄ１、Ｄ２代进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交获得杂交带;田间抗寒性试验表明,在春季平均气温低于正常年份４·４℃条件下,转基因组植株生长势优于对照;致死温度也比对照降低２℃．说明ａｆｐ基因已整合到转化番茄基因组并获得表达     

美洲拟鲽抗冻蛋白基因（afp）导入番茄的研究

将整合在Ｔｉ质粒上的ａｆｐ基因供体ＤＮＡ,用花粉管通道和子房注射方法导入番 茄品种“中蔬四号”中,对Ｄ１、Ｄ２代进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交获得杂交带;田间抗寒性试验表明,在春季平均气温低于正常年份４．４℃条件下,转基因组植株生长势优于对照;致死温度也比对照降低２℃、说明ａｆｐ基因已整合转化番茄基因组并获得表达。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.