辽宁省首株柯萨奇病毒B组5型全基因组序列分析

研究引起辽宁地区手足口病的柯萨奇病毒B组5型（coxsackievirus B5,CV-B5）基因组特征。对2018年从辽宁省688份肠道病毒核酸阳性的标本中分离到的1株CV-B5进行高通量测序,并对其全基因组进行遗传进化分析。结果表明,CV-B5辽宁分离株与国内流行株的全基因组核苷酸序列同源性为78.5%～97%,氨基酸序列同源性为75.3%～96.7%。基于全基因组的进化分析将CV-B5流行株分为A～D四个基因型,辽宁分离株属于D基因型。通过重组分析发现其在P3区的3D区段发生重组。首次在辽宁地区手足口病患儿中分离出CV-B5,辽宁省分离株（LN2018-23-21/CHN/2018）可能为重组株。     

天津市致病毒性脑炎柯萨奇病毒B组5型全基因组序列分析

肠道病毒是我国病毒性脑炎(Viral encephalitis,VE)的主要病原体。本文研究对4株引起VE的天津柯萨奇病毒B组5型(Coxsackievirus B5,CV-B5)分离株进行Illumina MiniSeq高通量测序,并对其全基因组特征、进化及重组特点进行分析。结果提示,4株CV-B5天津分离株的全基因组核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为84.5%~100.0%和98.1%~100.0%,与国内流行株的全基因组核苷酸序列同源性为83.2%~96.5%,氨基酸序列同源性为96.4%~99.4%。基于全基因组的系统进化分析将CV-B5流行株分为A-D四个基因型,其中天津与国内流行株均属于C基因型。C基因型进一步分为3个进化分支,而天津分离株处在两个不同的分支上。基于基因组各区段序列的系统进化与SimPlot重组分析结果显示,天津分离株15-39N、15-41N与埃可病毒30型(Echovirus 30,E-30)原型株在P3区3B、3C、3D区域均检测到重组信号。本研究有助于了解CV-B5的全基因组特点和重组规律,为相关疾病的防控提供依据。     

中国柯萨奇病毒B5的全基因组测序及其序列分析

本文对我国首株与手足口病相关的柯萨奇病毒B5(01/CVB5/SD/CHN/09,CVB5/09)进行了基因组测序并与现有的相关序列进行了比较和进化分析。CVB5/09基因组长7399nt,共编码氨基酸2185aa,与现有的CVB5基因组核酸序列相似性在80.6%～85.3%之间,氨基酸序列相似性在96.1%～96.9%。进化分析发现,利用不同的基因组片段P1、P2和P3区构建的进化树中,CVB5/09分别处在不同的进化分支上,不同基因组片段有着不同的进化速率。Simplot相似性分析没有发现基因组有明显的重组发生。本文完成了我国第1株柯萨奇病毒B5全基因组序列的测定,通过与其它相关病毒的比较分析深入了解其遗传特征,以期为手足口病的流行病学调查和预防控制提供有价值的信息。     

柯萨奇病毒B组3型基因组剪切片段的序列分析

柯萨奇病毒B组(Coxsackievirus B,CVB)感染细胞时其基因组RNA存在不稳定现象,但产生机制尚不清楚。本研究将柯萨奇病毒B组3型(CVB3)感染细胞后,利用5′ cDNA末端快速扩增技术(5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends,5′ RACE)扩增并克隆细胞内CVB3基因组片段,并对每条序列及其5′端的二级结构进行分析。结果获得的20条CVB3基因组片段,长度为 2 067～5 547 bp,片段断端主要分布于2Apro和2C编码区。RNAfold分析显示,这些片段多数在5′断点端形成二级茎-环结构。本研究显示,CVB在宿主细胞感染时可形成大量不完整基因组RNA片段,这些片段可在5′断点端形成局部双链结构,提示片段不是随机产生,可能是RNA酶剪切产物。此发现有助于理解CVB基因组不稳定的机制。     

表达红荧光蛋白的重组柯萨奇病毒B组3型基因组稳定性分析

本文旨在分析含红荧光蛋白mCherry基因的重组柯萨奇病毒B组3型（coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）基因组的稳定性。用重组质粒pCVB3-mCherry转染HeLa细胞,观察细胞病变和mCherry的表达。收获病毒后,用噬斑实验纯化病毒并测定病毒毒力。将重组病毒CVB3-mCherry在HeLa细胞中连续传代,提取第2~6代重组病毒总RNA,经反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）扩增出报告基因mCherry及CVB3部分序列,进行测序分析。结果表明, CVB3-mCherry转染的HeLa细胞出现细胞病变并表达红荧光蛋白mCherry;从第2代开始, CVB3-mCherry出现报告基因mCherry及部分CVB VP4基因序列丢失,基因序列丢失导致病毒开放读码框架移位。本研究表明,mCherry基因序列的插入导致CVB3基因组不稳定,随着病毒的传代逐渐丢失插入的报告基因mCherry及CVB3基因组的部分序列,病毒读码框移位,产生致死性突变株。因此,应用CVB3-mCherry时,病毒的传代次数应不超过2代,否则应重新从重组质粒中收获病毒,并对每代重组病毒进行纯化和毒力测定。     

柯萨奇病毒B组3型上海分离株的基因特征分析

为探讨上海市不同来源的柯萨奇病毒B组3型(coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)菌株的循环动态变化及基因特征,本研究对分离自上海市环境污水、健康儿童和急性弛缓性麻痹(acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)病例中的CVB3菌株进行VP1区基因序列测定,并对照全球 CVB3代表株进行序列相似性分析和系统发生学分析。结果显示,1989—2021年上海市不同来源的CVB3分离株共有120株,属于D、E基因亚型。上海CVB3分离株的核苷酸和氨基酸相似性差异较大,分别为78.7%～100%和93.3%～100.0%。2016年首次从上海环境污水中分离到E基因亚型CVB3,2021年再次分离到该基因亚型。2021年上海环境污水中的E基因亚型CVB3分离株与2020年的广东手足口病(hand,foot,and mouth disease,HFMD)病例CVB3分离株VP1 区的核苷酸相似性较高,但上海暂未有该基因亚型感染病例报道。因此,仍须长期对环境污水和不同肠道病毒感染病例进行监测,以提高肠道病毒监测的敏感性,为肠道病毒相关疾病的诊疗提供数据支撑。     

柯萨奇病毒A组2型江苏分离株(JS16-80)全基因组序列分析

柯萨奇病毒A组2型(CV-A2)是引起手足口病和疱疹性咽峡炎暴发流行的重要病原体。本文选取中国大陆流行的D基因型代表毒株JS16-80/JS/CHN/2016(简写JS16-80)进行全基因组序列测定和分析,了解其基因特征,并进行重组和进化分析。结果提示,JS16-80在非结构蛋白P2和P3多区段均有出现重组现象,并且多个A组肠道病毒血清型参与了非结构蛋白的重组。本研究可帮助了解CV-A2的全基因组特征和重组特点,进一步为CV-A2重组对其进化和潜在致病力的影响提供基础数据。     

江西省2010年柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株的全基因组序列分析

急性出血性结膜炎(Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,AHC)是目前人类最常见的眼病之一,柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株(Coxsackievirus A24 variant,CV-A24v)是近年来报道引起该病的主要病原体。本研究选取10株来自江西省2010年AHC暴发疫情的CV-A24v,采用特异性引物扩增并测定其全基因组序列。对该10条CV-A24v的全基因组序列进行系统发育分析以及重组分析,计算本研究测定的江西10条以及GenBank中所有22条CV-A24v的全基因组序列的氨基酸置换熵值,并预测其正向选择位点。结果表明,在江西10条CV-A24v基因组序列中未检测到重组。基于全基因组序列构建的最大似然树表明江西10株CV-A24v属于GIV基因型,且分处于两条传播链。对上述32条CV-A24v序列的氨基酸置换熵值计算,共得到25个易突变位点(熵值>0.6),易突变概率最高的区段为2A区。基于Datamonkey中FUBAR和FEL模型分析,发现位于结构蛋白VP2区的234位氨基酸为两种模型共同获得的CV-A24v的正向选择位点。本研究分析了江西10株CV-A24v的全基因组序列特征,为CV-A24v引起的AHC防控工作提供了基础资料。     

2004—2018年青海省乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征分析

目的 了解青海省2004—2018年乙型病毒性肝炎(简称乙肝)流行病学特征,为乙肝防治工作提供科学依据。方法 对青海省15年间乙肝监测数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 15年来青海省共报告乙肝患者201931例,年平均报告发病率239.71/10万,总体呈下降趋势。2004—2018年西宁市乙肝报告病例98218例,占48.64%;果洛藏族自治州最低,乙肝报告病例6766例,仅占3.35%。玉树藏族自治州乙肝报告发病率最高332.89/10万,海东市最低133.43/10万,不同地区乙肝报告发病率有统计学意义(χ^2=21997.32,P<0.05)。报告病例主要分布在25~55岁人群中,50~<55岁组发病率最高为454.99/10万,0~<5岁组发病率最低为23.69/10万;男、女性别比为1.57∶1。报告病例职业分布以农、牧民为主,占47.19%。结论 青海省经过多年的计划免疫的实施,乙肝防控效果明显,2009年以后乙肝报告病例呈现平稳状况。     

柯萨奇病毒B5的VP1区域基因特征分析及蛋白二级结构预测

柯萨奇病毒B组5型(Coxsackievirus B5,CVB5)感染人体后可引起一系列疾病,包括上呼吸道感染、腹泻、手足口病(Hand,foot,and mouth disease,HFMD)、病毒性脑炎、无菌性脑膜炎、胰腺炎、弛缓性麻痹、扩张性心肌炎以及糖尿病等症状。为了解云南省手足口病和疱疹性咽峡炎患者中CVB5的分子特征,本研究从2018-2019年昆明市儿童医院收集的HFMD和疱疹性咽峡炎(Herpangina,HA)患者粪便中分离得到9株CVB5,基于CVB5的VP1区的系统进化树以及蛋白二级结构的预测来分析分离株的基因序列特征以及与CVB5原型株Faulkner之间的差异,并对CVB5的分子流行病学特征进行分析。结果显示,2018-2019年分离株均属于E基因簇,与Faulkner株相比,所有分离株的VP1区域的氨基酸出现共同的10个氨基酸突变且增加了1个蛋白连接位点。本研究初步探索了肠道病毒CVB5进化过程中突变导致患者症状的差异以及揭示CVB5的全球流行趋势。     

A variant of the breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein (BRC) repeat is essential for the RECQL5 helicase to interact with RAD51 recombinase for genome stabilization

The BRC repeat is a structural motif in the tumor suppressor BRCA2 (breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein), which promotes homologous recombination (HR) by regulating RAD51 recombinase activity. To date, the BRC repeat has not been observed in other proteins, so that its role in HR is inferred only in the context of BRCA2. Here, we identified a BRC repeat variant, named BRCv, in the RECQL5 helicase, which possesses anti-recombinase activity in vitro and suppresses HR and promotes cellular resistance to camptothecin-induced replication stress in vivo. RECQL5-BRCv interacted with RAD51 through two conserved motifs similar to those in the BRCA2-BRC repeat. Mutations of either motif compromised functions of RECQL5, including association with RAD51, inhibition of RAD51-mediated D-loop formation, suppression of sister chromatid exchange, and resistance to camptothecin-induced replication stress. Potential BRCvs were also found in other HR regulatory proteins, including Srs2 and Sgs1, which possess anti-recombinase activities similar to that of RECQL5. A point mutation in the predicted Srs2-BRCv disrupted the ability of the protein to bind RAD51 and to inhibit D-loop formation. Thus, BRC is a common RAD51 interaction module that can be utilized by different proteins to either promote HR, as in the case of BRCA2, or to suppress HR, as in RECQL5.     

The specificity of monoclonal antibody A2B5 to c-series gangliosides

To examine the specificity of monoclonal antibody A2B5, four A2B5-reactive gangliosides (designated as G-1, G-2, G-3 and G-4) were purified from bonito fish brain. Ganglioside-1, -2, and -3 migrated above GD1b, below GQ1b, and far below GQ1b on thin-layer chromatography. Ganglioside-4 had the slowest chromatographic mobility and migrated below G-3. The structures of these gangliosides were characterized by overlay analysis with glycolipid-specific ligands, product analysis after sialidase or mild acid treatment, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Accordingly, G-1, G-2 and G-3 were identified to be GT3, GQ1c and GP1c, respectively. The ganglioside G-4 was shown to have the following structure: NeuAc-NeuAc-NeuAc-Galbeta1-3Gal NAcbeta1-4(NeuAc-NeuAc-NeuAcalpha2-3)Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-1'Cer. The antibody A2B5 reacted with these c-series gangliosides, but not with GD3 and other gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids. The antigenic epitope for A2B5 was assumed to include the trisialosyl residue connected to the inner galactose of the hemato- or ganglio-type oligosaccharide structure of gangliosides. Phylogenetic analysis of brain gangliosides using the A2B5 preparation demonstrated that c-series gangliosides are enriched in lower animals, especially bony fish of different species. The monoclonal antibody A2B5 would be a useful tool for examining the distribution and function of c-series gangliosides.     

Regional changes in density of serotonin transporter in the brain of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B knockout mice, and of serotonin innervation in the 5-HT1B knockout

5-HT1A knockout (KO) mice display an anxious-like phenotype, whereas 5-HT1B KOs are over-aggressive. To identify serotoninergic correlates of these altered behaviors, autoradiographic measurements of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B serotonin (5-HT) receptors and transporter (5-HTT) were obtained using the radioligands [3H]8-OH-DPAT, [125I]cyanopindolol and [3H]citalopram, respectively. By comparison to wild-type, density of 5-HT1B receptors was unchanged throughout brain in 5-HT1A KOs, and that of 5-HT1A receptors in 5-HT1B KOs. In contrast, decreases in density of 5-HTT binding were measured in several brain regions of both genotypes. Moreover, 5-HTT binding density was significantly increased in the amygdalo-hippocampal nucleus and ventral hippocampus of the 5-HT1B KOs. Measurements of 5-HT axon length and number of axon varicosities by quantitative 5-HT immunocytochemistry revealed proportional increases in the density of 5-HT innervation in these two regions of 5-HT1B KOs, whereas none of the decreases in 5-HTT binding sites were associated with any such changes. Several conclusions could be drawn from these results: (i) 5-HT1B receptors do not adapt in 5-HT1A KOs, nor do 5-HT1A receptors in 5-HT1B KOs. (ii) 5-HTT is down-regulated in several brain regions of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B KO mice. (iii) This down-regulation could contribute to the anxious-like phenotype of the 5-HT1A KOs, by reducing 5-HT clearance in several territories of 5-HT innervation. (iv) The 5-HT hyperinnervation in the amygdalo-hippocampal nucleus and ventral hippocampus of 5-HT1B KOs could play a role in their increased aggressiveness, and might also explain their better performance in some cognitive tests. (v) These increases in density of 5-HT innervation provide the first evidence for a negative control of 5-HT neuron growth mediated by 5-HT1B receptors.     

2007-2009年玉溪市流行性腮腺炎病毒的基因型分析

目的了解2007-2009年玉溪市流行性腮腺炎病毒流行株(MuV)的基因型分布及变异情况。方法采集玉溪市医疗机构部分临床诊断病例含漱液进行RT-PCR病毒核酸检测,对核酸检测阳性标本进行病毒培养病毒分离,将分离病毒株进行SH基因316 bp片段序列分析,并与其他基因型参考株进行同源性比较,构建亲缘进化树。结果采集流行性腮腺炎病例标本136份,RT-PCR病毒核酸阳性30份,阳性率为22.1%;vero细胞分离到6株,6株MuV属于F基因型,各流行株SH基因之间的核苷酸最大差异为2.6%;与其他各基因型代表株之间的核苷酸最大差异达到17.8%,与疫苗株的最大差异为17.4%,与国内F基因型代表株SP的基因差异为2.7%。结论玉溪市流行性腮腺炎病毒流行株为F基因型,针对基因型变异和疫苗效果评价的预防控制策略变得日益重要。     

Parallel synthesis of 5-cyano-6-aryl-2-thiouracil derivatives as inhibitors for hepatitis C viral NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

From random screening of our compound libraries, we identified a hit compound with an IC50 of 27 microM against hepatitis C viral NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. By using a parallel synthetic strategy, a series of its derivatives were synthesized. From their anti-HCV activity screening, compounds with single digital 3.8 micromolar activity were obtained.     

广州市荔湾区2009—2013年流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征分析

目的为了解荔湾区2009—2013年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征及规律,以便更好制定流行性腮腺炎防制措施提供科学依据。方法对2009—2013年荔湾区报告的流行性腮腺炎发病情况进行描述流行病学分析。结果 2009—2013年荔湾区共报告流行性腮腺炎1 332例,年平均发病率为29.93/10万;全区22个街道都有病例发生;全年12个月均有病例发生,呈夏季高发态势;发病主要集中在0~14岁儿童和青少年,学生占38.06%;男女比例为1.89∶1;无流行性腮腺炎疫苗免疫史或免疫史不详的病例占72.75%;有流行性腮腺炎免疫史的病例占27.25%,其中接种2剂流行性腮腺炎疫苗的病例占2.75%。结论 2013年荔湾区流行性腮腺炎发病率呈现下降趋势,学生和托幼儿童是流行性腮腺炎的高发人群。应将流行性腮腺炎疫苗纳入入学、入托接种证查验工作,4岁儿童接种第2剂含流行性腮腺炎成分的疫苗,以形成有效的免疫屏障。     

Antiviral effects of sophoridine against coxsackievirus B3 and its pharmacokinetics in rats

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a major pathogen for acute and chronic viral myocarditis. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral effects of sophoridine, an alkaloid extracted from Chinese medicinal herb, Sophora flavescens, against CVB3, and the underlying pharmacokinetics. First, we determined the antiviral effects of sophoridine against CVB3 in in vitro (primarily cultured myocardial cells), in vivo (BALB/c mice) and serum pharmacological experiments. Then, we determined the pharmacokinetic behavior in serum samples of SD rats after oral administration by HPLC. Finally, we determined the effects of sophoridine on the production of cytokines in a murine viral myocarditis model by measuring mRNA expression of some important cytokines in hearts of infected BALB/c mice by RT-PCR. We found that sophoridine exhibited obvious antiviral effects both in vitro and in vivo, and serum samples obtained from rats with oral administration of sophoridine reduced the virus titers in infected myocardial cells. The serum concentration profile correlated closely with antiviral activity profile. Moreover, sophoridine significantly enhanced mRNA expression of IL-10 and IFN-gamma, but decreased TNF-alpha mRNA expression. In conclusion, sophoridine possesses antiviral activities against CVB3, by regulating cytokine expression, and it is likely that sophoridine itself, not its metabolites, is mainly responsible for the antiviral activities. Therefore, sophoridine may represent a potential therapeutic agent for viral myocarditis.     

Frequency of X-Y chromosome dissociation in mouse spermatocytes from interstrain crosses,recombinant inbred strains,and chimeras: Possible involvement of paternal genome imprinting

The frequency of dissociation of the X-Y chromosome bivalent in diakinesis-metaphase I spermatocytes differs significantly between two inbred mouse strains, CBA (29%) and KE (7%), that were used to obtain reciprocal F1 hybrids, and to develop recombinant inbred (R1) strains. The level of X-Y dissociation was significantly higher in (KExCBA)F1 hybrids sired by the CBA males (24%) than in reciprocal F1 hybrids (12%), revealing the inheritance after the father. Among 14 RI strains, nine were concordant with KE, one with CBA, and four had intermediate phenotype, significantly different from both progenitor strains. This shows that at least two genes are involved, and their possible linkage with agouti and Trf loci is suggested. The linkage with agouti was confirmed by testing additional 10 CBXE incipient RI strains. There was no significant difference in the level of X-Y dissociation between EXCB RI strains derived from the original cross sired by the CBA males and CBXE RI strains derived from the reciprocal cross. The involvement of the Y chromosome-linked factors was unlikely because it was found earlier (Krzanowska, 1989: Gamete Res 23:357–365) that two congenic strains, KE and KE.CBA, differing with respect to the source of the Y chromosome, had the same level of X-Y dissociation. Thus, the difference obtained between reciprocal F1 hybrids is interpreted in terms of paternal genome imprinting imposed by CBA males and propagated only in the presence of some alleles derived from this strain. Analysis of six KE ? CBA-T6 chimeras, among them three germ line chimeras, points to the conclusion that the tendency to low or high level of X-Y chromosome dissociation is expressed rather autonomously by KE or CBA-T6 spermatocytes (as recognized by a marker chromosome pair), respectively, and was not modified by the presence of somatic cells of the opposite strain. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.