2015年中国15省儿童青少年肉类摄入情况和影响因素分析

目的：分析中国15省（区、直辖市）儿童青少年肉类摄入情况及影响因素。方法：采用2015年中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究资料,选取有完整连续3天24h膳食调查数据6～17岁的1 974名儿童青少年为研究对象。应用Kruskal Wallis 或Wilcoxon rank sum非参数检验和χ2检验分析不同特征的儿童青少年肉类的摄入量,各类肉类摄入量占总摄入量的比例和消费率。应用多因素Logistic回归模型分析儿童青少年肉类摄入情况的影响因素。结果：儿童青少年肉类的摄入量P50（P25,P75）为77.0 g/d（33.3 g/d,133.3 g/d）。高、中等城市化社区,家庭收入高的儿童青少年肉类摄入达到推荐量的概率高于低城市化社区、家庭收入低的儿童青少年。结论：我国儿童青少年的肉类消费以猪肉为主,城市化水平和人均家庭收入是儿童青少年肉类摄入的影响因素。     

中国居民环境保护意愿的调查分析

调查了不同因素对我国居民环境态度的影响,从国家安全和农户意愿双重角度分析了我国生态环境保护政策的运行状况.结果表明:我国公民的生态环保意识普遍提高,公众的环保意识与经济收入的关系符合环境经济库兹涅茨(Kuznets)曲线.这主要是因为大部分贫困人口生活在环境恶劣的城市周边地区或环境严重退化的偏远山区,而城市化的快速发展也加剧了城市的环境恶化;通过年龄与环境态度的比较分析发现,我国居民对环境严重恶化的关切程度及对政府开展环境保护的支持力度增强;发展经济、强化教育、改善居民的生活质量是制定环境保护政策不可忽视的重要内容.     

关于我国国民环境的态度调查

2004年10月随机抽取了北京、上海、河北、河南、湖南、陕西六省市对5000余位国民做了环境态度问卷调查.了解我国民众的生态观念、制约因素、以及潜在的保护环境的动机.调查结果显示,91%的被访者感到我国环境已严重恶化,78%的被访者支持政府耗资3000多亿元人民币开展退耕还林项目.居民的环境意识同经济收入、受教育水平、年龄、职业、居住环境有着密切关系,其中经济收入和受教育水平是影响居民环境意识变化的首要因素.区域差异分析结果表明,我国现阶段的环境压力主要集中在贫困的边远山区和快速崛起的城市周边地区,把发展经济、改善教育、提高居民的生活质量与环境修复有机地结合起来,是生态政策管理的根本途径.     

野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用及机制——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

野生动物肇事补偿是缓和人与野生动物冲突的常用措施之一，其核心目的是补偿社区居民的经济损失并最终改善社区居民对于肇事动物的态度，实现人与野生动物的和谐共处。以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例，研究了目前以及假设补偿后社区居民态度的变化及其影响因素和作用机制。在对态度进行多维特征划分的基础上，使用Wilcoxon秩和检验、二元logistic回归模型等方法探究野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用以及影响因素。研究发现：野生动物肇事补偿可显著改变社区居民对于肇事动物的态度，且均发生了积极的改变，但对不同维度态度的改变作用不同。其中，喜厌态度的改变最明显，其次是捕杀态度和保护态度，最后是期望态度。肇事补偿对于社区居民的态度及其改变作用受到其社会经济特征的影响，其中是否受到过野生动物破坏、耕作总收入或总收入中耕作收入比重以及受教育程度显著影响社区居民的态度，农地总面积、牲畜数量、玉米地面积会显著影响社区居民情感态度的改变，玉米地损失面积会显著影响社区居民行为态度的改变。论文进一步讨论了各个影响因素的作用机制，并根据研究结果提出了普及肇事补偿制度、完善肇事补偿机制、调整生计策略和种植结构、通过多种...     

辽宁省重化工业地区公众的环境意识调查与评价

公众环境意识对国家环境保护政策的制定与实施具有重要影响.辽宁省中部重化工业区公众环境意识水平的调查对象为5个城市的居民、决策者、教师、学生、企业职工与农民,主要调查内容包括公众对环境质量变化的评价、对所居住社区环境的满意程度、公众关注的环境问题、环境污染类型、环境污染和生态破坏的原因、造成地区环境质量差异的原因、对环境保护的认知程度及国家未来的发展目标等.调查表明,78.7%的公众认为环境质量同5年前相比明显好转;但65.3%的公众认为居住社区环境一般,公众对于环保经费的使用排序为垃圾处理＞植树造林＞建污水处理厂＞改善空气质量.总体来看,多数公众缺乏必要的环境保护知识,对水体、食品污染的严重性普遍认识不足;居民环保意识差对环境质量改善具有明显制约作用;公众对环境意识宣传具有很强要求.本调查结果可为研究辽宁地区的环境保护、生态建设、经济可持续发展和政府部门制定各种环保政策法规提供依据.     

辽宁省中部城市群居民地的分布格局

根据2006年Landsat TM影像,利用Erdas和ArcGIS软件,结合区划理论和聚落地理学,对辽宁省中部城市群的居民地分布格局进行了研究。结果表明：1)辽宁省中部城市群居民地在斑块数量上主要以小型斑块为主,斑块面积<1 km2的斑块数量达斑块总数的96.38%,在斑块面积上以沈阳等几个大型城市的居民地占主要地位。2)依据居民地面积的空间比重将辽宁省中部城市群居民地划分为东部地区、沈阳地区和西部地区3个特征区域,其中沈阳地区平均斑块面积最大,城市化程度最高;西部地区斑块密度最大,居民地最为密集;东部地区平均斑块面积和斑块密度均最小,居民地发育程度低于另2个区域。3)尽管居民地在3个区域内都呈随机分布,但其指示参数——最邻近点指数还是体现出明显的区划差异。4)居民地分布受中心城市的影响显著,各中心城市的辐射范围不同,大小依次为沈阳>鞍山>铁岭>营口>辽阳>本溪>抚顺。     

城市社区尺度的生态交通评价指标

交通出行的便捷和绿色程度是城市生态社区评价的关键内容。基于生态社区评价研究中交通出行相关指标的筛选及分析,选择了评价社区交通出行生态水平的5项关键指标,即居民工作出行时长,社区停车状况,绿色出行比例,公共交通满意度,社区停车环境满意度,建立了基于交通出行数据采集的客观评价和基于居民满意度问卷调查的主观评价相结合的评价方式。选择北京市城区和近郊的4个不同社区案例进行调查、评价和比较,验证评价指标的有效性及北京典型社区的交通出行生态水平。北京居民工作出行时长在60 min以内的占样本总量的75%左右,7%的居民出行时长在90 min以上;居民平均绿色出行比例为69.5%;北京居民对公共交通的满意度约为46%,对社区停车环境满意度则不足19%。居民工作出行时长指标可以更直接的反应交通便捷程度,而公共交通的便利程度会影响到居民选择绿色出行方式的比例。     

卧龙自然保护区社区居民政策响应研究

自然保护区与当地社区居民之间具有长期的相互依存关系,二者协调发展是自然保护区管理的核心内容之一。保护区政策是联结保护区和社区关系的纽带,通过调查和分析社区居民对保护区政策的响应,可以获得改善两者关系的有、效信息。本研究通过对卧龙自然保护区内社区居民的问卷调查,分析了影响自然保护区和社区协调发展的因素。研究结果表明：（1）保护区的主要生态保育政策和工程对改善保护区和社区的关系具有显著影响,其中有两个问题需要特别注意：一是退耕还林政策的实施,减少了农业就业人口,出现了大量剩余劳动力,对生物多样性保护将产生潜在威胁;二是天然林保护工程和以电代柴政策与居民用电消费和补偿的切身利益直接相关,需要制定科学的用电消费和补偿机制。（2）社区居民对自然保护区的认知响应在不同社会特征的群体之间存在明显差异,其中教育水平和性别影响社区居民对保护区现行政策的认知响应,教育水平和居住地点影响社区居民对移民政策的响应,根据上述调查和分析结果,本文提出了加强公众参与,提高教育水平,增加居民就业,科学确定电价以及逐步移民等相应对策。     

城市化对城市麻雀栖息地利用的影响:以北京市为例

本文以北京市为例研究了城市化水平不同的8个区域中麻雀(Passermontanus)的数量分布现状以及影响麻雀分布的栖息地因子。结果表明,越冬期和繁殖期的麻雀数量均与城市化程度呈显著的负相关关系;城市化程度高的城市中心商业区、高层居民区和城市主干道中的麻雀数量均很少;城市化程度较低的城乡结合区、公园、城市的平房区及古建筑区域中麻雀数量均较多;高校校园和低层楼房居民区,虽然城市化程度相对较高,但由于植被较丰富,麻雀数量也较多。平房面积、针叶树数量、阔叶树数量、空调数量、高层楼房的面积、硬化地面的面积、人流量及车流量是影响麻雀栖息地利用的重要因素。其中平房面积、针叶树、阔叶树、空调的数量增加,可为麻雀提供栖息条件而有利于麻雀的利用;硬化地面的面积、高层楼房的面积、人流量及车流量的增加,由于减少了杂草等麻雀的食物来源并增加了干扰,不利于麻雀的利用。结果表明,虽然麻雀是一个适应人类生活环境的物种,但在快速的城市化变迁中,它已表现出对高度城市化环境的不适应。在城市的规划与建设中,应考虑到为以麻雀为代表的城市鸟类提供生存必要的植被和繁殖场所,构建人鸟和谐共存的生态城市。     

深圳城市扩展模式的时空演变格局及驱动力分析

城市扩展是城市化过程最显著的特征之一, 研究不同城市扩展模式的景观格局演变规律对理解城市化过程, 揭示城市格局演变规律和形态发展特征具有重要意义。以快速城市化典型地区--深圳市为研究区域, 通过对1980-2010年6期Landsat遥感影像进行解译, 将城市扩展模式识别与景观格局指数分析方法相结合, 对城市景观格局进行分析, 对比不同区域不同扩展模式的城市扩展格局, 并探究城市增长的社会经济驱动因素。结果表明: 过去30年间城市用地类型转变为深圳景观主导类型, 其空间格局破碎化程度增加, 2005年后斑块破碎化程度下降; 两种城市增长模式中, 边缘扩展是城市增长的主要方式; 深圳城市扩展格局动态是以国家政策为导向的经济发展、人类活动和城市规划等多重因素共同驱动作用的结果。     

The Effects of Demographic Factors on the Environmental Awareness of Omani Citizens

In year 2007, a survey was conducted in the Sultanate of Oman in order to evaluate the current environmental awareness of the Omani general public and their willingness to protect the environment. The focus of the survey was to explore the role played by demographic factors (sex, age, and education level) in determining the environmental awareness of the Omani public. The survey was administered to 425 respondents among all areas of the entire Muscat governorate in Oman. The results of the survey revealed that the environmental awareness of the Omani public was related to gender, age, and education level. Males were found to have a higher level of knowledge about environmental issues than females. Males were also more environmentally concerned and tended to engage in more environmental behaviors than females. Younger and more educated respondents tended to be more knowledgeable and concerned about the environment than older and less educated respondents.     

广西猫儿山自然保护区生态补偿标准与补偿方式

利用问卷调查和条件估值法,以猫儿山自然保护区为例,探讨自然保护区生态补偿机制的构建。结果表明:(1)当地居民对保护区和退耕还林政策不熟悉,如果给相应的补偿,超过一半的居民愿意为保护生态环境而放弃在保护区内从事垦荒、砍伐、放牧等活动。建立保护区后,绝大多数村民在生产生活和家庭收入等方面受到影响。(2)不同村庄农户的家庭受损和机会成本相差较大。对于林地没有被保护区划占的农户,机会成本为10000元/户。对于林地被保护区划占的农户,机会成本为10000元/户+750元/666.7m2×被划占的林地亩数。(3)采用投标卡方法,确定农户受偿意愿为230.66元666.7m-2a-1。(4)通过卡方检验,受教育程度、民族和居民所在村别均不同程度地影响受偿意愿。文化层次与受偿意愿的关系呈单调变化,瑶族的受偿意愿最高,其次是苗族,汉族的受偿意愿最低,受保护区影响越大的村庄,其受偿意愿也越大。(5)当地居民的受偿方式呈多样化。多数居民希望得到现金补偿,选择多种受偿方式的组合较为普遍。补偿金主要用于基本生活和生产的需要。农户的技术补偿需求主要是优良林木种植技术和果木蔬菜种植技术,最关心的政策补偿是提供就业。     

Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root

While the environment is considered the primary origin of the plant microbiome, the potential role of seeds as a source of transmitting microorganisms has not received much attention. Here we tested the hypothesis that the plant microbiome is partially inherited through vertical transmission. An experimental culturing device was constructed to grow oak seedlings in a microbe-free environment while keeping belowground and aboveground tissues separated. The microbial communities associated with the acorn's embryo and pericarp and the developing seeding's phyllosphere and root systems were analysed using amplicon sequencing of fungal ITS and bacterial 16S rDNA. Results showed that the seed microbiome is diverse and non-randomly distributed within an acorn. The microbial composition of the phyllosphere was diverse and strongly resembled the composition found in the embryo, whereas the roots and pericarp each had a less diverse and distinct microbial community. Our findings demonstrate a high level of microbial diversity and spatial partitioning of the fungal and bacterial community within both seed and seedling, indicating inheritance, niche differentiation and divergent transmission routes for the establishment of root and phyllosphere communities.     

Environmental issues in relation to agricultural practices and attitudes of farmers: A case study from Saudi Arabia

PurposeThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is continuously in search of environment-friendly farming practices since mass-scale agriculture was initiated. It is imperative to gauge to the level of awareness of the farmers on the agricultural practices causing environmental issue in order to devise new agricultural extension programs. This research aims to identify the attitudes of farmers towards agriculture and environment in Al-Ghat area of Saudi Arabia.MethodologyA simple random sample of 110 farms truly representing the farming community was drawn to meet the objectives of the study. Data were collected by using the pre-tested questionnaire during the face-to-face interviews. In order to understand the message of study, data were analyzed for percentages, arithmetic average and standard deviation in addition to the simple Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultsThe results showed that the high proportion (87.3%) of farmers was interested in continuing to work farm and 77.3% of farmers did not consider adopting agriculture their main occupation. The findings of the survey reveal that some 55.5% of the respondent farmers were aware of the agricultural practices and their relation to the environment. Some 57.3% of the surveyed farmers are aware of potential benefits of enhanced utilization of agricultural organic wastes. However, main profession, farm employment (as the independent variables) showed a significant positive correlation with the attitudes of farmers towards their working in agriculture (as a dependent variable). Also a significant negative relationship between the educational levels and the attitudes of the farmers towards working in agriculture was noticed. The study also indicated a significant correlation between education and the degree of awareness of agricultural practices related to the environment and maximizing the optimum utilization of agricultural waste i.e. organic residues.ConclusionsThe study suggested the need for new awareness and orientation programs to educate farmers and extension workers, highlighting the environment- friendly agricultural practices.Recommendation: There is need to offer incentives and facilities to keep the farmers stay in the farming business. Extension staff must keep educating them on beneficial features of organic farm waste and crop residues as organic fertilizers.     

黄土丘陵区不同侵蚀环境下土壤有机碳对植被恢复的响应

植被恢复是提高土壤有机碳累积和储存的重要措施。以黄土丘陵区两个典型侵蚀环境下的小流域即黄土区坊塌流域和砒砂岩区满红沟流域退耕坡面为研究对象,分析了土壤有机碳含量(SOCC)、有机碳密度(SOCD)在同一侵蚀环境不同群落下的变化以及在同一群落不同侵蚀环境间的差异,旨在探明不同侵蚀环境下土壤有机碳对植被恢复的响应。结果表明:1)同一侵蚀环境下,与坡耕地相比,自然恢复方式下退耕地植被恢复初期SOCC、SOCD均显著降低,之后随植被恢复均显著升高(P0.05);人工恢复方式下退耕地20—25年柠条锦鸡儿群落和13—14年刺槐群落SOCC、SOCD均显著升高(P0.05),说明同一侵蚀环境内,退耕地在两种恢复方式下均能显著提高土壤有机碳累积和储存。2)同一侵蚀环境下,与相近恢复年限的自然恢复群落相比,刺槐群落SOCC、SOCD均显著高于长芒草+铁杆蒿群落(P0.05),砒砂岩区柠条锦鸡儿群落SOCC、SOCD均显著低于铁杆蒿群落(P0.05),黄土区柠条锦鸡儿群落SOCC显著低于而SOCD显著高于铁杆蒿群落(P0.05),说明相同恢复时间内,相对于自然恢复方式,人工刺槐造林在两种侵蚀环境下均能累积与储存较多的土壤有机碳,而柠条锦鸡儿造林在两种侵蚀环境下累积土壤有机碳的效果均不佳,在黄土区储存土壤有机碳效果好于砒砂岩区。3)同一群落下,黄土区人工和自然恢复群落SOCC均高于砒砂岩区;黄土区人工恢复群落SOCD均显著高于而自然恢复群落SOCD均低于砒砂岩区(P0.05),说明黄土区人工恢复累积和储存土壤有机碳及自然恢复累积土壤有机碳的效果较好,而砒砂岩区自然恢复储存土壤有机碳的效果较好。     

Participatory Ecological Monitoring of the Alaotra Wetlands in Madagascar

Participatory ecological monitoring is a realistic and effective approach in wetlands such as Alaotra, Madagascar, where important biodiversity is found in an area with high human population density. Since 2001, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, government technical services, regional non-governmental organisations and local communities have collected data on key species, such as waterbirds, a locally endemic lemur and useful natural resources. The monitoring was linked with environmental quizzes and an inter-village competition, which helped raise interest in the monitoring and publicise results. The monitoring has assisted wetland management by guiding amendments to and increasing respect for the regional fishing convention, raising awareness, catalysing marsh management transfer to communities and stimulating collaboration and good governance. The sustainability of the monitoring scheme and the usefulness of the data for detecting trends and guiding local managements are discussed.     

Two contemporaneous equilibrium communities in the Ordovician of Wisconsin

Two statistically different fossil assemblages were recognized in the Mifflin Submember of the Platteville Formation. These are believed to be ecologic communities because of their recurrence over a large area, their well-defined trophic structure, and their concurrence with lithofacies boundaries. The Hesperorthis—Eoleperditia community, which roughly coincides with the limestone facies of the Mifflin, has a diverse brachiopod fauna, abundant ostracodes, and several forms of trilobites and gastropods. The Hesperorthis-Sinuites community, coincident with the Miffin dolomite facies, contains abundant. but less diverse, brachiopods, and fewer trilobites and ostracodes. Gastropods and cephalopods are more abundant and diverse, and corals and bivalves are present. In both communities the most abundant genera were non-competitive in terms of trophic resources. and each trophic group was dominated by one or two genera. The two communities are interpreted to be equilibrium associations based on their vertical persistence through the section. Lithologic and faunal evidence indicates that these communities inhabited a quiet-water open-shelf environment which was occasionally disturbed by physical reworking (storm?) events. The distinction of two separate communities within an overall rather homogeneous environment suggests that the control was not physical energy or substrate type but a non-preservable factor such as food supply.     

城市边缘区生态脆弱性时空演变——以大连市甘井子区为例

以1998年的土地利用数据和2003、2007、2013 SPOT5遥感数据等多元数据为基础,运用ESC模型结合空间分析法,线性加权方法计算社区的EVI值,并将甘井子区生态脆弱性划分为5个等级;以及运用二乘算法计算变化斜率,F值测算变化显著性,将变化斜率和变化显著性分为4个等级,研究大连市甘井子区1998—2013生态脆弱性的时空分异。结果表明:(1)从城市边缘区生态脆弱性等级分布特征来看,城市边缘区生态环境呈现出相同等级聚集,以邻近沙河口区社区为中心,相邻等级呈现出明显的辐射状,东西方向差异明显的特征。(2)从社区间生态脆弱性差异的角度来看,甘井子内部各社区生态状态差异显著。邻近市区的社区生态脆弱性变化显著生态环境迅速恶化,平均EVI由0.62增加至0.73,变化显著性指数为2.26。远离市区的部分社区生态环境变化不大,生态环境保持良好状态。部分社区EVI变化值呈现负增长,生态逐渐恢复。(3)从城市边缘区生态脆弱性整体变化趋势来看,1998—2013年间甘井子区的生态脆弱性变化与城市化发展速度密切相关,以2007年为节点,1998—2007年平均变化斜率指数为0.51,2007—2013年平均变化斜率指数为0.19,呈现出先快后慢的下降趋势。