复方五味子口服液对小鼠的药理作用

研究了复方五味子口服液对小鼠学习记忆、抗氧化和免疫功能的影响,结果表明：复方五味子口服液对D-gal所致小鼠亚急性衰老模型具有提高SOD活性和降低MDA含量的作用,有降低小鼠自主活动的作用,能提高小鼠耐缺氧能力,并且改善戊巴比妥钠所致小鼠记忆障碍,同时可明显促进小鼠淋巴细胞的增殖及网状内皮吞噬功能。     

微波辅助索氏提取法提取欧李仁油的工艺参数优化

为探讨欧李仁油提取的最佳工艺参数,以欧李种仁为材料,粗脂肪提取率为评价指标,采用随机试验设计和L9（3^4）正交试验设计,测定了不同提取剂、浸提时间、浸提温度、料液比、辐射功率、辐射时间对欧李仁油提取率的影响。结果表明：以三氯甲烷为提取剂,微波辅助索氏提取法提取欧李仁油的最佳工艺参数为：辐射功率462 W,辐射时间3 min,提取时间7 h,提取温度80℃,料液比1∶35,欧李仁油提取率为47.37%,比常规索氏提取法提高了18.63%。     

酸柏栀油软胶囊对去势大鼠学习记忆及脑内NO、Ach的影响

目的:观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对去势大鼠促学习记忆作用并初步探讨其机制。方法:采用Morris水迷宫法观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对去势大鼠学习记忆的影响,测定大鼠血清雌二醇(E2)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)及脑内一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAE)、胆碱酯酶(AChE)含量。结果:酸柏栀油软胶囊能缩短去势大鼠登台潜伏期,且随训练次数增加而逐渐缩短;增加穿越原平台次数;能增加血清E2,降低FSH、LH;能增加脑内NOS、ChAE活性,降低AChE活性。结论:酸柏栀油软胶囊对去势大鼠有促学习记忆作用,该作用可能与其影响雌激素、富含不饱和脂肪酸,增加脑内一氧化氮(NO)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量有关。     

酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠耐缺氧和抗疲劳的实验研究

目的:研究酸柏栀油软胶囊耐缺氧和抗疲劳作用。方法:采用常压耐缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒存活实验和急性脑缺血性缺氧实验,观察软胶囊对小鼠的耐缺氧作用;采用负重游泳法记录负重游泳时存活时间,观察药物对小鼠抗疲劳作用。结果:在耐缺氧方面,酸柏栀油软胶囊可以延长小鼠在常压条件下和亚硝酸钠中毒后的存活时间(P<0.05);在抗疲劳方面,酸柏栀油软胶囊能延长小鼠在负重情况下的存活时间,增加肝糖元含量,减少乳酸水平(P<0.05)。结论:酸柏栀油软胶囊能增强小鼠耐缺氧和抗疲劳能力。     

椒目仁油的质量标准研究

目的：建立椒目仁油的质量标准。方法：采用GC法测定椒目仁油中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸的含量;根据《中国药典》2010年版一部附录方法[1]测定椒目仁油的酸值、皂化值、碘值、杂质和水分。结果：GC法测得亚油酸、α-亚麻酸的峰面积比值分别在1.14～8.49 mg/mL,1.62～12.04 mg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,RSD值分别为0.58%,1.09%;椒目仁油酸值最高为5.98;皂化值180～195;碘值140～180;加热试验5批椒目仁油的颜色均无明显变化,也无任何析出物析出;5批测试样品杂质含量最高为0.20%,最低为0.10%;5批测试样品中水分含量最高为0.17%,最低为0.03%。结论：所建方法操作简便,重现性良好,可用于椒目仁油的质量控制。     

椒目仁油的成分分析及对家兔高血脂模型的影响

目的：分析椒目仁油的成分及探讨其对家兔高血脂模型的影响;方法：①采用GC-MS分析椒目仁油的成分;②建立家兔高血脂模型后,以CH、TG、HDL-C及血液粘度为检测指标,比较椒目仁油的量效与时效关系;结果：①椒目仁油的主要成分是α-亚麻酸酯与亚油酸等,总相对含量为71.34%;②每个椒目仁油组与模型组及对照组比较均能明显降低CH（P〈0.01）、TG（P〈0.01）、血液粘度（P〈0.01）以及明显升高HDL-C（P〈0.01）,其剂量效果是椒目仁油25mg/kg组〈50mg/kg组〈100mg/kg组,其时间效果是用药后第2周〈第4周〈第6周;结论：椒目仁油调节血脂的作用主要依赖其中不饱和脂肪酸即α-亚麻酸与亚油酸,其调节血脂的效果随着椒目仁油剂量的增加而加强,同时随着使用时间的延长而加强。     

阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠自主活动能力的分析

目的研究阿尔茨海默病APP/PS双转基因小鼠自主行为的改变和作为阿尔茨海默病行为特征的可行性。方法对APPswe/PSΔE9双转基因小鼠和野生鼠分别在4月龄、6月龄、8月龄进行旷场自主行为实验,并与Morris水迷宫分析进行比较,利用SPSS16.0软件统计分析。结果在4月龄、6月龄转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力、以及自主性探究性行为与野生鼠比较有明显的差异。表现为：模型鼠学习记忆能力减弱,兴奋性增高,自主活动增加。这些表现与临床患者的症状有许多相似性,8月龄时,差异减小。结论APPswe/PSΔE9双转基因小鼠的自主行为学表现为烦躁不安,自主活动增加,与阿尔茨海默病患者的临床表现有许多相似之处,可作为小鼠模型判别的行为标志之一,在阿尔茨海默病的病因病机研究和药物研发等方面具有一定的应用价值。     

云南使君子仁油化学成分的GC-MS分析

以常规溶剂萃取得使君子仁油,取两份油,一份经甲酯化处理,别一份不甲酯化,然后采用重量法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别测定使君子仁油含量和脂肪酸成分。结果表明：使君子仁油含量为15％;从甲酯化脂肪油中共检测出5种成分,其中E-9-十八烯酸占脂肪酸总量的46．99％,十六烷酸甲酯占脂肪酸总量的28．25％;另外,从未甲酯化脂肪油中共检测出7种成分,其中含防十八烯酸63．19％,十六烷酸甲酯15．26％,同时还检测出11．79％的γ-生育酚。使君子仁油是具有抗氧化性的植物源脂肪油,是开发和利用E-9-十八烯酸,十六烷酸甲酯和γ-生育酚的理想原料,在食用、医疗保健方面具有巨大潜力和广阔前景。     

云南使君子仁油中挥发性成分的GC—MS分析

采用醇提和乙酸乙酯萃取使君子仁油,用固相微萃取技术对油中的挥发性成分进行GC-MS定性和定量分析。结果表明：使君子仁油的挥发性成分中含有52种精油成分,鉴定出29种化合物,其中蚁酸、乙酸、柠檬烯、甲苯的含量较高,分别为1．65％、6．51％、2．41％、2．75％。使君子仁油中所含挥发性成分大多为有毒和刺激性化合物,为保证用药的安全性,在直接食用种仁驱虫时必须熟食,禁止生食,避免发生中毒现象。     

栀子功能性饮料制备工艺研究

目的：以栀子果浸提液为主要原料,在配方优化的基础上,研制出口感均衡、具有抗氧化和清热解毒等综合保健功效作用的栀子饮料。方法：采用感官评价及脂质膜电子舌味觉分析系统,通过风味调配正交试验,确定栀子饮料最佳制备工艺和相关参数。结果：栀子饮料原液制备参数为：栀子果粉碎后经1∶50 （g∶mL）比例的纯净水于80 ℃超声浸提30 min,高速离心收集上清液。栀子原液和辅料对该饮料的感官品质有较大影响,最佳配方为栀子原汁：水=1∶3; 糖添加配比为木糖醇6%、蜂蜜1%、甜菊糖0.006%;柠檬酸添加量0.04%。结论：该饮料色泽亮黄、澄清透明、具有栀子特有风味、口感清爽,是一款适合大众口味的栀子功能性饮料。     

Cell Wall,Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.     

Dissecting the Heat Stress Response in Chlamydomonas by Pharmaceutical and RNAi Approaches Reveals Conserved and Novel Aspects

To study how conserved fundamental concepts of the heat stress response （HSR） are in photosynthetic eukaryotes, we applied pharmaceutical and antisense/amiRNA approaches to the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Chlamydomonas HSR appears to be triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, as it was induced at ambient temperatures by feeding cells with the arginine analog canavanine. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine strongly retarded the HSR, demonstrating the importance of phosphorylation during activation of the HSR also in Chlamydomonas. While the removal of extracellular calcium by the application of EGTA and BAPTA inhibited the HSR in moss and higher plants, only the addition of BAPTA, but not of EGTA, retarded the HSR and impaired thermotoler- ance in Chlamydomonas. The addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytosolic protein synthesis, abolished the attenu- ation of the HSR, indicating that protein synthesis is necessary to restore proteostasis. HSP90 inhibitors induced a stress response when added at ambient conditions and retarded attenuation of the HSR at elevated temperatures. In addition, we detected a direct physical interaction between cytosolic HSP90A/HSP70A and heat shock factor 1, but surprisingly this interaction persisted after the onset of stress. Finally, the expression of antisense constructs targeting chloroplast HSP70B resulted in a delay of the cell＇s entire HSR, thus suggesting the existence of a retrograde stress signaling cascade that is desensitized in HSP7OB-antisense strains.     

眶额叶区5-HT与Glu、NO在急性强迫游泳应激抑郁症模型中的关系

目的：探讨眶额叶区5-羟色胺（5-HT）与谷氨酸（Glu）、一氧化氮（N0）在急性强迫游泳应激抑郁症模型中的相互作用。方法：雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组及各种药物注射组,强迫游泳制造大鼠应激性抑郁模型,眶额叶区微量注射各组药物,敞箱实验及游泳测试观察大鼠的抑郁样行为表现。结果：①与对照组比,注射Glu使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间显著增加;注射NMDA受体拮抗剂（MK-801）使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间减少;与Glu组比,MK-801预注射后Glu注射使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间减少;②与5-HT组比,MK-801预注射后5-HT注射使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间增加;③与对照组比,注射L-精氨酸（L-Ars）使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间显著增加;注射NOS抑制剂（L-NAME）（10μg/μl）使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间减少;L-NAME（20μg／μl）注射使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间增加;L-NAME（40μg/μl）注射使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间增加;④与L-NAME（10μg/μl）组比较,5-HT1A受体拮抗剂spipemne预注射后LNAME（10μg／μl）注射使大鼠强迫游泳不动时间增加。结论：眶额叶（OFC）区Glu含量的增加能够诱发抑郁,其作用可能主要是通过NMDA受体实现的,Glu经NMDA受体引发抑郁的同时还可能通过调节突触后膜上5-HT1A受体减弱5-HT的抗抑郁作用;OFC区NO可通过调节5-HT神经元进而参与抑郁的发生。     

Regulation of Cytokinesis by Exocyst Subunit SEC6 and KEULE in Arabidopsis thaliana

Proper vesicle tethering and membrane fusion at the cell plate are essential for cytokinesis. Both the vesicle tethering complex exocyst and membrane fusion regulator KEULE were shown to function in cell plate formation, but the exact mechanisms still remain to be explored. In this study, using yeast two-hybrid （Y-2-H） assay, we found that SEC6 interacted with KEULE, and that a small portion of C-terminal region of KEULE was required for the interaction. The direct SEC6-KEULE interaction was supported by further studies using in vitro pull-down assay, immunoprecipitation, and in vivo bimolecular florescence complementation （BIFC） microscopy, sec6 mutants were male gametophytic lethal as reported; however, pollen-rescued sec6 mutants （PRsec6） displayed cytokinesis defects in the embryonic cells and later in the leaf pavement cells and the guard cells. SEC6 and KEULE proteins were co-localized to the cell plate during cytokine- sis in transgenic Arabidopsis. Furthermore, only SEC6 but not other exocyst subunits located in the cell plate interacted with KEULE in vitro. These results demonstrated that, like KEULE, SEC6 plays a physiological role in cytokinesis, and the SEC6-KEULE interaction may serve as a novel molecular linkage between arriving vesicles and membrane fusion machin- ery or directly regulate membrane fusion during cell plate formation in plants.     

Strigolactone-Regulated Hypocotyl Elongation Is Dependent on Cryptochrome and Phytochrome Signaling Pathways in Arabidopsis

Seedling development including hypocotyl elongation is a critical phase in the plant life cycle. Light regula- tion of hypocotyl elongation is primarily mediated through the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome and red/far-red light photoreceptor phytochrome signaling pathways, comprising regulators including COP1, HY5, and phytochrome- interacting factors （PIFs）. The novel phytohormones, strigolactones, also participate in regulating hypocotyl growth. However, how strigolactone coordinates with light and photoreceptors in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation is largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that strigolactone inhibition of hypocotyl elongation is dependent on cryp- tochrome and phytochrome signaling pathways. The photoreceptor mutants cry1 cry2, phyA, and phyB are hyposensi- tive to strigolactone analog GR24 under the respective monochromatic light conditions, while cop1 and pifl pif3 pif4 pif5 （pifq） quadruple mutants are hypersensitive to GR24 in darkness. Genetic studies indicate that the enhanced respon- siveness of cop1 to GR24 is dependent on HY5 and MAX2, while that of pifq is independent of HY5. Further studies demonstrate that GR24 constitutively up-regulates HY5 expression in the dark and light, whereas GR24-promoted HY5 protein accumulation is light- and cryptochrome and phytochrome photoreceptor-dependent. These results suggest that the light dependency of strigolactone regulation of hypocotyl elongation is likely mediated through MAX2-dependent promotion of HY5 expression, light-dependent accumulation of HY5, and PIF-regulated components.     

Control of Rice Embryo Development,Shoot Apical Meristem Maintenance,and Grain Yield by a Novel Cytochrome P450

Angiosperm seeds usually consist of two major parts： the embryo and the endosperm. However, the molec- ular mechanism（s） underlying embryo and endosperm development remains largely unknown, particularly in rice, the model cereal. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of the rice GIANT EMBRYO （GE） gene. Mutation of GE resulted in a large embryo in the seed, which was caused by excessive expansion of scuteUum cells. Post-embryonic growth of ge seedling was severely inhibited due to defective shoot apical meristem （SAM） mainte- nance. Map-based cloning revealed that GE encodes a CYP78A subfamily P450 monooxygenase that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. GE is expressed predominantly in the scutellar epithelium, the interface region between embryo and endosperm. Overexpression of GE promoted cell proliferation and enhanced rice plant growth and grain yield, but reduced embryo size, suggesting that GE is critical for coordinating rice embryo and endosperm development. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtCYP78AlO, a GE homolog, also produced bigger seeds, implying a con- served role for the CYP78A subfamily of P450s in regulating seed development. Taken together, our results indicate that GE plays critical roles in regulating embryo development and SAM maintenance.     

The biology of melanocyte and melanocyte stem cell

The melanocyte stem cells of the hair follicle provide an attractive system for the study of the stem cells. Successful regeneration of a functional organ relies on the organized and timely orchestration of molecular events among dis- tinct stem/progenitor cell populations. The stem cells are regulated by communication with their specialized microenvironment known as the niche. Despite remarkable progress in understanding stem cell-intrinsic behavior, the molecular nature of the extrinsic factors provided to the stem cells by the niche microenvironment remains poorly understood. In this regard, the bulge niche of the mammalian hair follicle offers an excellent model for study. It holds two resident populations of SCs： epidermal stem cells and melanocyte stem cells. While their behavior is tightly coordinated, very little of the crosstaik involved is known. This review summarized the recent development in trying to understand the regulation of melanocyte and melanocyte stem cells. A better understanding of the normal regulation and behaviors of the melanocytes and the melanocyte stem cells will help to improve the clinical applications in regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, and aging.