不同类型莲资源的RAPD聚类分析

利用17个随机引物对32份莲属(Nelumbo)品种资源进行RA PD分析.扩增形成207条谱带,其中多态带193条,占93.23%,显示该属植物在我国具有丰富的遗传多样性.结果还表明:(1)莲属种质资源可分为3个品种群:花莲、子莲和藕莲,与传统的园艺学分类相吻合.(2)美洲黄莲与中国莲的花莲之间在DNA水平上差异不大,遗传背景与花莲更相似.(3)藕莲、子莲和花莲可能由不同遗传背景的野莲演化而来.     

应用SRAP标记对莲藕资源的聚类分析

利用一种新的分子标记SRAP技术对17个莲藕品种进行了DNA多态性分析。选取7对引物扩增基因组DNA,共获得168条带,其中159条为多态性条带,每对引物平均提供24个标记信息。由UPMGA方法得到的聚类分析结果表明了17个品种间的遗传关系:(1)亚洲莲与美洲莲之间有明显的差异;(2)在亚洲莲内部,藕莲和花莲有明显的遗传分化,在花莲内部亚洲莲与美洲莲的杂交后代和其它花莲品种之间存在明显的差异;(3)SRAP标记是作分子图谱的好标记,但很难区分遗传关系较近的品种。     

濒危物种珊瑚菜遗传多样性的ISSR分析

该研究采用ISSR分子标记对中国10个居群的241个珊瑚菜样本进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示:8条引物共检测到76条清晰谱带,其中多样性条带64条;POPGENE分析显示,其物种水平多样性条带百分率(PPB)为84.21%,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.562 8,Shannon多样性指数(I*)为0.866 3,Nei’s遗传多样性指数(h*)为0.342 5,居群间的遗传分化系数(GST)为0.205,基因流(Nm)为1.939 1,表明野生珊瑚菜具有较高的遗传多样性,且大部分遗传多样性存在于居群内;AMOVA分析显示,珊瑚菜居群间遗传分化水平(FST)为0.259 1,也表明珊瑚菜居群内变异大于居群间变异。研究认为,珊瑚菜的濒危原因主要来源于野生生态环境的破坏,应当加强种质资源的保护。     

基于ISSR与RAPD标记分析内蒙古赤芍的遗传多样性

采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术对28个赤芍种群进行遗传变异和亲缘关系分析,为准确地评价赤芍种质的遗传特征、资源保护及新品种选育提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)利用分别筛选的14条ISSR和RAPD引物扩增出257条和215条条带,其中多态性条带分别为251条和209条,多态性条带百分率分别为97.8%和97.2%;同时证实野生赤芍种群的遗传多样性高于栽培种群。(2)根据Shannon’s信息指数(I)和Nei’s基因多样性指数(H_e)值,发现内蒙古多伦种群(DL)的遗传多样性水平最高,建议在此地建立野生赤芍资源保护区。(3)根据遗传分化系数(G_(st)),发现野生赤芍种群的遗传分化主要发生在种群内,可能由遗传漂变引起;而栽培赤芍种群的遗传分化主要在种群间,说明栽培赤芍种群间的基因交流较少。(4)两种分子标记的聚类分析结果均将28个赤芍种群聚为5大类,遗传距离变化范围分别为0.115 1～0.343 8和0.095 5～0.286 2。研究表明,互相印证的ISSR和RAPD方法可以在DNA水平上更准确有效地分析赤芍种质资源的遗传结构和遗传多样性。     

青蛤两个异域种群的遗传多样性与分化研究

利用RAPD技术对分布于中国辽宁庄河(LZ)及广东惠东(GH)的两个青蛤(Cyclinasinensis)野生种群遗传多样性及其遗传分化进行了分析。22个10碱基引物从两个种群分别扩增到179和181条扩增谱带,全部扩增片段长度在210—2850bp之间。根据扩增结果计算出两个种群的多态位点比例(P)分别为76.92%和81.31%,平均杂合度(H)分别为0.2815和0.3012。两种群间遗传距离(D)和近交系数(Fst)分别达到0.103及0.1997,结果表明两个异域种群不但遗传多态性较高,而且出现了明显的种群分化现象。文章还初步讨论了青蛤种群分化的机制、遗传结构与异地引种关系等问题。       

陕西唐棣遗传多样性和遗传分化的AFLP分析

采用扩增片段长度多态性分子标记技术对陕西省分布的6个野生唐棣居群的96个个体进行了遗传多样性分析, 以明确野生唐棣资源的亲缘关系,为唐棣资源的保护、良种选育和开发利用提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)从64对引物组合中筛选出8对扩增条带清晰、多态性高的引物组合,共扩增出277条清晰条带,其中多态性条带116条,多态性位点百分率为42.86%。(2)UPGMA聚类、主坐标分析(PCoA)和遗传结构分析结果相似,将6个陕西野生唐棣居群分成2大支,秦岭南北居群间遗传分化明显,且群体间存在一定基因流。(3)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示遗传变异主要存在于居群内(63%),居群间遗传变异为37%。Mantel检验表明陕西唐棣居群地理距离与遗传距离之间无明显相关性(r = 0.192,P = 0.220)。研究表明,AFLP分子标记可以准确、有效地用于唐棣遗传多样性分析;唐棣遗传变异主要来源于居群内,居群间的基因交流有限;陕西野生唐棣遗传多样性水平较低,但部分居群的遗传多样性较高。该研究结果可为野生唐棣资源的保护、良种选育和开发利用提供理论依据。     

莲瓣兰DALP遗传多样性研究

采用DALP(Direct amplification of length polymorphism)检测莲瓣兰5个居群的遗传结构.5个引物组合共检测到103个多态位点.和其它具有相似生活史(多年生草本、以动物为媒介的杂交、种子随风散布)的物种相比,莲瓣兰原变种水平(PPB=88.18％,A=1.8818,Ae=1.4880,H=0.2911,I=0.4412)和物种水平(PPB=93.64％,A=1.9364,Ae=1.5262,H=0.3129,I=0.4732)均具有较高的遗传多样性;各居群间(Gst=0.3292)存在较大的遗传分化.基因流的估计值(Nm=1.0186)表明莲瓣兰物种水平上各居群间每代有1.0186个移居个体.地理隔离和选择压力可能是造成莲瓣兰居群间基因流动受到限制的原因.在这些研究的基础上,探讨了野生莲瓣兰资源的保护问题.     

基于ISSR分子标记的野生桃儿七遗传多样性研究

通过对甘肃南部青藏高原边缘区道地性药材桃儿七遗传多样性研究,为野生桃儿七资源的保护提供依据。采用ISSR分子标记技术,对13个野生桃儿七居群153份DNA进行PCR扩增,对其扩增条带进行遗传多样性分析,在所得遗传距离的基础上进行UPGMA聚类和Mantel检验地理距离,对野生桃儿七居群间遗传多样性差异进行分析。11条ISSR引物共检测到155个条带,每条引物10～17个,平均14.1个,共1320个多态性位点;居群平均多态性位点百分比(PPL)65.50%;Nei′s遗传多样性指数(H)为0.2101,Shannon′s信息指数(I)为0.3191;遗传距离变化范围0.0316～0.3769;Mantel检验P=0.4220。甘肃南部青藏高原边缘区13个野生桃儿七居群间具有较高的遗传多样性,种群内的基因流十分丰富,居群内的遗传分化明显比居群之间的分化要大,各居群间遗传距离与地理距离无相关关系。     

濒危植物山白树遗传多样性及亲缘关系的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记,对我国特有种金缕梅科(Hamamelidaceae)濒危植物山白树(Sinowilsonia fienryi Hemsl)6个野生居群和2个栽培居群75份试验材料的遗传多样性进行研究,以期为该物种种质资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据。试验结果显示:(1)10条引物共检测到89条清晰的谱带,其中多态性条带85条,多态位点百分率(PPB)为95.5%,说明山白树在物种水平上遗传多样性较高;(2)Nei's基因多样度指数(H)为0.283 3,Shannon's多样性信息指数(I)为0.4034;Nei's遗传分化系数(G_(st))为0.3507,居群间与居群内变异百分率分别是25.49%,74.51%,说明山白树居群内与居群间都存在遗传分化,且主要遗传分化来自居群内部;(3)聚类分析(UPGMA法)得到,在阈值0.87处,山白树8个调查居群分为三类,分类结果与其地域分布存在一定规律。     

利用AFLP分子标记探讨蜡梅种质资源的遗传多样性

利用AFLP分子标记技术,对中国蜡梅种质资源7个野生种群的遗传多样性进行了研究。利用筛选出的3对引物,共扩增出253条谱带,其中218条多态带,多态位点占86.17% ;种群间的基因分化系数为0.2906,说明蜡梅基因多样性主要存在于种群内;种群总的Nei s基因多样性指数为0.2933,Shannon信息多态性指数为0.4487,蜡梅总的遗传多样性水平较高。蜡梅不同种群遗传多样性水平差异较大,种群多态位点百分率在65.44% ～87.16%之间,Nei s基因多样性指数为0.1653 ～0.4012,Shannon信息多态性指数为0.3132 ～0.5603。神农架种群(SN)和保康种群(BK)的遗传多样性水平较高。用NTSYS2.01版软件对样品进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果7个种群并没有按地理距离进行聚类。最后提出要对各蜡梅野生群体采取相应的迁地和就地保护措施。     

Whole genome re‐sequencing reveals evolutionary patterns of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera or lotus) is an important aquatic plant in horticulture and ecosystems. As a foundation for exploring genomic variation and evolution among different germplasms, we re‐sequenced 19 individuals from three cultivated temperate lotus subgroups (rhizome, seed and flower lotus), one wild temperate lotus subgroup (wild lotus), one tropical lotus group (Thai lotus) and an outgroup (Nelumbo lutea). Through genetic diversity and polymorphism analysis by non‐missing SNP sites widely distributed in the whole genome, we confirmed that wild and Thai lotus exhibited greater differentiation with a higher genomic diversity compared to cultivated lotus. Rhizome lotus had the lowest genomic diversity and a closer relationship to wild lotus, whereas the genomes of seed and flower lotus were admixed. Genes in energy metabolism process and plant immunity evolved rapidly in lotus, reflecting local adaptation. We established that candidate genes in genomic regions with significant differentiation associated with temperate and tropical lotus divergence always exhibited highly divergent expression pattern. Together, this study comprehensive and credible interpretates important patterns of genetic diversity and relationships, gene evolution, and genomic signature from ecotypic differentiation of sacred lotus.     

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in sacred lotus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nelumbo nucifera</Emphasis> Gaertn.) using AFLP and SSR markers

The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic plant of economic and ornamental importance in China. In this study, we developed twenty novel sacred lotus SSR markers, and used AFLP and SSR markers to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among 58 accessions of N. nucifera including 15 seed lotus, 12 rhizome lotus, 24 flower lotus and 7 wild lotus. Our results showed that sacred lotus exhibited a low level of genetic diversity, which may attribute to asexual reproduction and long-term artificial selection. A dendrogram based on both AFLP and SSR clustering data showed that: (1) the seed lotus accessions and rhizome lotus accessions were distinctly clustered into different groups, which indicated the significant genetic differentiation between them. This may be attributed to the two modes of reproduction and lack of genetic exchange; (2) the accessions of Thailand wild lotus were separated from other wild lotus accessions. This implied that the Thailand lotus might be genetically differentiated from other wild lotuses. In addition, Mantel test conducted gave highly significant correlation between AFLP-SSR data and each of the AFLP and SSR ones, with the values of r = 0.941 and r = 0.879, respectively, indicating the higher efficiency of the combination of these techniques (AFLP and SSR) in estimation and validation of the genetic diversity among the accession of sacred lotus. This knowledge of the genetic diversity and genetic relatedness of N. nucifera is potentially useful to improve the current strategies in breeding and germplasm conservation to enhance the ornamental and economic value of sacred lotus.     

Genome-Wide Identification of SSR and SNP Markers Based on Whole-Genome Re-Sequencing of a Thailand Wild Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

Genomic resources such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), insertions and deletions (InDels) and SSRs (simple sequence repeats) are essential for crop improvement and better utilization in genetic breeding. However, the resources for the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) are still limited. In the present study, to dissect large-scale genomic molecular marker resources for sacred lotus, we re-sequenced a Thailand sacred lotus cultivar ‘Chiang Mai wild lotus’ and compared with the reported lotus genome ‘Middle lake wild lotus’. A total of 3,180,059 SNPs, 328, 251 InDels and 14,191 SVs were found between the two genomes. The functional impact analyses of these SNPs indicated that they may be involved in metabolic processes, binding, catalytic activity, etc. Mining the genome sequences for SSRs showed that 191,657 SSRs were identified with a frequency of one SSR per 4.23 kb and 103,656 SSR primer pairs were designed. Furthermore, 14, 502 EST-SSRs were also indentified using the available RNA-seq data in the NCBI. A subset of 150 SSRs (genomic and EST-SSRs) was randomly selected for validation and genetic diversity analysis. The genotypes could be easily distinguished using these SSR markers and the ‘Chiang Mai wild lotus’ was obviously differentiated from the other Chinese accessions. This study provides considerable amounts of genomic resources and markers for the quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification and molecular selection of the species, which could have a potential role in various applications in sacred lotus breeding.     

RAPD Analysis of Germplasm in Ancient

By using 40 random primers and 8 anchor-SSR primers, RAPD and microsatellite DNA (SSR) polymorphism were detected in the ancient "Taizi lotus" and the modem Chinese red flower lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ) from Hebei, Harbin (wild population), Jiangxi and Hunan (cultivar). The polymorphism information could be provided with 13 random primers and 2 SSR primers. Total 135 loci were amplified, 71 loci of these were polymorphic (53%). Agarose electrophoresis showed high genetic identity without any genetic variation whithin "Taizi" and Harbin lotus by using the above-mentioned 15 primers. However, there were different extent of differentiation within Hebei, Jiangxi and Hunan lotus. According to the UPGMA analysis of MEGA program, "Taizi", Harbin and Hebei lotus were gathered to a branch in the dendrogram. The genetic distance of "Taizi" and Hebei lotus were very close (0.05). They shared a common ancestry. Comparing with the modem Chinese lotus ( N. nucifera ), the ancient "Taizi" lotus only lacked one locusOPM06-300, so it still belonged to N. nucifera. Hunan and Jiangxi lotus were close to gather and could be grouped in another branch. Their genetic distances from the ancient "Taizi" lotus were farthest (0.67).     

基于SSR标记的荷花品种遗传多样性及群体结构分析

采用SSR标记技术对42个荷花品种( Nelumbo spp.)的基因组DNA进行扩增,在此基础上,对供试品种进行UPGMA聚类分析、群体结构分析和主坐标分析( PCoA)。结果表明：采用17对SSR引物从42个荷花品种的基因组DNA中扩增出77个位点,多态性位点百分率为88.31%;每对引物可扩增出1~9个多态性位点。根据Nei's遗传距离,供试的42个荷花品种可被分成Ⅰ和Ⅱ两组,分别包含3和39个品种;在Nei's遗传距离0.150处,Ⅱ组被进一步分成Ⅱa、Ⅱb和Ⅱc 3个亚组,分别包含3、16和20个品种。群体结构分析结果表明：组分概率高于等于0.80时,供试的42个荷花品种被分成Pop1、Pop2和混合群3个亚群,分别包含17、16和9个品种。 PCoA分析结果表明：在F1水平上,供试的42个荷花品种被分成2个部分;其中,Pop1亚群的品种均分布在第二和第三象限,而Pop2亚群的品种则分布在第一和第四象限。总体来看,聚类分析、群体结构分析和PCoA分析的结果基本一致。综合分析结果表明：玉组包含美洲黄莲( N. lutea Pers.)品种‘艾江南',且与传统中国莲( N. nucifera Gaertn.)品种的亲缘关系最远,故认为该组为美洲黄莲;Ⅱ组为中国莲,其中,Ⅱc亚组以传统中国莲品种为主,而Ⅱb亚组则偏重于美洲黄莲。总体上看,供试的42个荷花品种主要被分为中国莲和美洲黄莲两组,而中美杂交莲并没有独立成组,其成因有待进一步研究。     

莲科系统学和遗传多样性研究现状

分析回顾了莲科的系统位置、莲品种分类的现状与问题和莲的遗传多样性。莲科（Nelumbonaceae）植物传统上被归入睡莲科（Nymphaeaceae）。许多研究表明,莲科与睡莲科在形态、细胞、孢粉等方面差异很大,因而建立莲科,置于睡莲目（Nymphaeales）、毛茛目（Ranunculales）或莲目（Nelumbonales）中。分子系统学研究发现,睡莲科为被子植物的基部类群之一,而莲科则是真双子叶植物的基部类群之一,与山龙眼科和悬铃木科有密切关系。莲科含莲（Ndumbo nucifera）和美洲黄莲（N．lutea）两种,间断分布于太平洋的两岸。莲在我国有悠久的栽培历史和广大的栽培面积,栽培品种超过600个。由于杂交和反复回交的原因,品种之间的遗传关系非常复杂。莲的遗传资源的研究还很不充分,尤其是野生类型。对一些栽培品种的研究其实验材料又含有美洲黄莲的遗传组分,因而多高估了莲的遗传多样性。     

Two very unusual macrocyclic flavonoids from the water lily Nymphaea lotus

Three novel flavonols, myricetin-3'-O-(6"-p-coumaroyl)glucoside and two epimeric macrocyclic derivatives, as well as the known myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and pentagalloyl glucose, have been isolated from the wild water lily Nymphaea lotus L. and identified using 2D NMR. This is the first report of such a macrocycle from any source.     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) accessions assessed by simple sequence repeats

Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) is a perennial aquatic crop of substantial economical and ecological importance. Currently, the evaluation of the genetic variation of lotus germplasm accessions using codominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers is significant, and it is essential for understanding the population structure of N. nucifera. Here we report the genetic diversity and differentiation of 92 N. nucifera accessions (82 cultivated varieties and 10 wild lotus) using 50 polymorphic SSR markers. A total of 195 alleles were detected, with an average of 3.9 alleles/locus. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) and the mean expected heterozygosity were 0.43 and 0.50, respectively. The genetic relationships among accessions were estimated using an unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster and principal coordinate analysis (PCA). Both methods revealed that the lotus accessions from China and those from its adjacent Asian countries formed a single cluster, respectively. The cultivated varieties were correlated with their major characteristics in cultivation (the seed, rhizome and flower type) rather than their geographic distribution. On the basis of the Bayesian model‐based analyses, two genetically distinct groups (the seed lotus group and the rhizome lotus group) were generated, with a strong differentiation between them (F_ST = 0.57). The seed lotus group exhibited higher genetic diversity than did the rhizome lotus group. The results herein indicated that the current levels of genetic diversity and differentiation between the lotuses have been greatly influenced by artificial selection.     

Analyses of genetic relationships in Nelumbo nucifera using nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data,ISSR and RAPD markers

Despite the economic importance of Nelumbo nucifera, there have been no molecular studies on genetic relationships among cultivars in the species. In the present study 38 accessions were sampled including 37 accessions of N. nucifera or hybrids between N. nucifera and Nelumbo lutea and a single accession of N. lutea. In the ITS analyses, Chinese and Japanese lotus comprise a single cluster with a moderate bootstrap support 68% indicating there is very high similarity between them. Moreover, these ISSR and RAPD results also indicate that there is very close genetic relationship between Chinese and Japanese lotus. In the ISSR and RAPD analyses, although 38 accessions all are distinctly separately into two groups, viz. N. nucifera and N. lutea, there is a high Jaccard similarity coefficient (0.785 and 0.656) between the two species. In N. nucifera the two different groups of the species, viz. flower lotus and rhizome lotus accessions show clear genetic variations. Seed lotus accessions do not form a distinct cluster but are interspersed among the flower accessions indicating that seed lotus is phylogenetically close to flower lotus and they might originate from close wild lotus in genetic relationship. In flower lotus, big-flower type accessions and medium-small type accessions have obvious genetic variation, indicating height is an important criterion in the classification system of flower lotus.