RNAi分析舞毒蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)基因对黄酮和槲皮素胁迫响应

为了明确舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar谷胱甘肽S-转移酶家族基因对生长发育影响及对次生物质的响应机制,采用RNAi技术分别沉默LdGSTe2、LdGSTs1、LdGSTs2和LdGSTz1基因,分析对舞毒蛾3龄幼虫体重、存活率、营养利用等生理指标的影响以及次生物质黄酮和槲皮素胁迫响应.结果表明,dsRNA可有效抑制LdGSTe2、LdGSTs1、LdGSTs2和LdGSTz1基因表达,分别注射dsLdGSTe2、dsLdGSTs1、dsLdGSTs2和dsLdGSTz1处理组舞毒蛾幼虫的相对生长率、相对取食量、食物利用率、食物转化率均低于对照组,但对幼虫的存活率无影响,表明LdGSTe2、LdGSTs1、LdGSTs2和LdGSTz1影响舞毒蛾幼虫生长发育;次生物质黄酮和槲皮素胁迫下,沉默LdGSTe2、LdGSTs1、LdGSTs2和LdGSTz1后舞毒蛾幼虫存活率显著下降,体重显著降低.沉默LdGSTe2、LdGSTs1、LdGSTs2和LdGSTz1基因对舞毒蛾幼虫的生长发育、食物利用具有抑制作用,同时影响了舞毒蛾幼虫对黄酮和槲皮素的适应能力.     

荧光增白剂UBL对蜀柏毒蛾核型多角体病毒增效作用研究

用1%UBL荧光增效剂作为蜀柏毒蛾核型多角体病毒的增效剂,对蜀柏毒蛾2龄幼虫进行室内毒力测定,结果表明1%UBL对Parocneria orienta NPV有较强的增效作用。     

竹毒蛾属一新种(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)

近几年我国某些产竹区发生一种毒蛾科重要害虫。幼虫为害竹叶,发生严重时,使整片竹林枯黄,甚至造成竹林大面积死亡。经研究此害虫系竹毒蛾属(Pantana)一新种,命名为刚竹毒蛾(PantanaPhyllostachysae)。 刚竹毒蛾 Pantuna phyllostachysae 新种(图1—3) 形态描述 雄蛾下唇须浅黄色,外侧略带橙褐色。触角干黄白色,栉齿炭黑色。头、胸和腹部浅黄     

茶黑毒蛾的发生规律与预测预报

2010-2012年对云南省普洱市茶黑毒蛾Dasychira baibarana Matsumura的发生规律开展了系统调查,结果表明, 茶黑毒蛾在云南普洱市一年发生5代, 6-10月为茶黑毒蛾幼虫的发生高峰期,3-4代为主害代。茶黑毒蛾幼虫历期以第1代最长,平均33-34 d,其次是第5代,平均为26 d。第2、3、4代幼虫历期为20-21 d。7-9月为茶黑毒蛾成虫的主要发生期。此外, 研究发现, 根据茶园茶黑毒蛾的发蛾高峰日,采用历期法预测防治时期基本可行,可按照预测的时间进行防治或适当提前进行防治。      

为害林木的白毒蛾

在林业害虫中,经常遇到多种白毒蛾,它们的形状,色泽和斑纹十分近似,其幼虫期常大量为害杨、柳,槭、茶等经济林木,有些年份造成大害,本文将较常见的八种白毒蛾:柳毒蛾Stilpnotia candida Staudinger、茶白毒蛾Arctornis alba Bremer、盗白毒蛾Porthesia similis Fueszly、瑕素毒蛾Laelia menoseda Collenette、直角点足毒蛾Redoa anserella Collenette、茶点足毒蛾Redoa phaeocraspeda Collenette鹅点足毒蛾Redoa anser Collenette、弯纹白毒蛾Arctornis L-nigrum Müller成虫及七种雄性外生殖器制成检索表,并附特征图,以供识别参考。     

木毒蛾复合病毒制剂研究

通过木毒蛾质型多角体病毒、核型多角体病毒和颗粒体病毒,对木毒蛾幼虫的复合感染试验,以及三种病毒最佳配比的筛选试验,发现木毒蛾质型多角体病毒、核多角体病毒和颗粒体病毒,按6：3：1混合后防治木毒蛾效果最佳。同时通过添加适量936乳油和人工大田繁殖木毒蛾病毒,较好地解决了病毒制剂的室温保存问题和毒源生产问题。复合病毒制剂的林间大面积防治试验结果表明,该制剂防治效果好,配制容易,成本低廉,不污染环境,是一种优良的生物制剂。     

舞毒蛾卵寄生蜂大蛾卵跳小蜂发育与温度的关系及利用替代寄主柞蚕卵繁育的子代品质评价

舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar (L.)是国际性检疫害虫。大蛾卵跳小蜂Ooencyrtus kuwanae (Howard)是舞毒蛾卵的重要寄生蜂, 对舞毒蛾有一定的控制作用。为了在规模化繁育大蛾卵跳小蜂时控制小蜂的发育进度, 设置不同的温度梯度研究了该蜂发育与温度的关系; 同时, 为了对替代寄主繁育出的天敌质量进行评价, 对利用其自然寄主舞毒蛾卵和替代寄主柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵繁育出的子代成蜂的寿命、 胸宽、 雌雄性比进行了比较。结果显示： 大蛾卵跳小蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.50±1.41℃和260.74±25.09日·度, 温度与发育速率的关系为T=10.50+260.74V。当采用30%的蜂蜜水饲喂成蜂时, 柞蚕卵繁育出的大蛾卵跳小蜂雌、 雄蜂的平均寿命分别为15.01和10.38 d, 采用原寄主舞毒蛾卵繁育出的雌、 雄蜂平均寿命分别为20.94和15.95 d, 两者差异显著; 采用柞蚕卵繁育出的雌蜂个体显著大于用舞毒蛾卵繁育出的雌蜂个体; 柞蚕卵和舞毒蛾卵繁育出的大蛾卵跳小蜂雌雄性比没有显著差异, 分别为2.42∶1和2.57∶1。结果表明, 在野外开展舞毒蛾的生物防治时, 释放利用柞蚕卵繁育出的大蛾卵跳小蜂具有可行性。     

盗毒蛾属一新种(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)

本文记述盗毒蛾属(Porthasia Stephens)一新种。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。 小盗毒蛾Porthesia pulchella sp.nov.(图1) 本新种与盗毒蛾(Porthasia similis Fueszly)相似,但不同在于:头部、胸部和腹部白色混有黑棕色,肛毛簇白色;前翅白色,三角形,在中室M_3脉起点上方、翅顶角和外缘稀     

Relationship between temperature and development of Ooencyrtus kuwanae(Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae),the egg parasitoid of Lymantria dispar(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae),with an evaluation of its offspring quality reared from eggs of the substitute host Antheraea pernyi(Lepidoptera:Saturniidae)

舞毒蛾Lymantr dispar(L.)是国际性检疫害虫.大蛾卵跳小蜂Ooencyrtus kuwanae (Howard)是舞毒蛾卵的重要寄生蜂,对舞毒蛾有一定的控制作用.为了在规模化繁育大蛾卵跳小蜂时控制小蜂的发育进度,设置不同的温度梯度研究了该蜂发育与温度的关系;同时,为了对替代寄主繁育出的天敌质量进行评价,对利用其自然寄主舞毒蛾卵和替代寄主柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵繁育出的子代成蜂的寿命、胸宽、雌雄性比进行了比较.结果显示:大蛾卵跳小蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.50±1.41℃和260.74±25.09日·度,温度与发育速率的关系为T=10.50+ 260.74V.当采用30％的蜂蜜水饲喂成蜂时,柞蚕卵繁育出的大蛾卵跳小蜂雌、雄蜂的平均寿命分别为15.01和10.38 d,采用原寄主舞毒蛾卵繁育出的雌、雄蜂平均寿命分别为20.94和15.95 d,两者差异显著;采用柞蚕卵繁育出的雌蜂个体显著大于用舞毒蛾卵繁育出的雌蜂个体;柞蚕卵和舞毒蛾卵繁育出的大蛾卵跳小蜂雌雄性比没有显著差异,分别为2.42∶1和2.57:1.结果表明,在野外开展舞毒蛾的生物防治时,释放利用柞蚕卵繁育出的大蛾卵跳小蜂具有可行性.     

露毒蛾属一新种(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)

露毒蛾属(Daplasa Moore,1879)是毒蛾科的一个小属,到目前为止,已知二种:露毒蛾(Daplasa irrorata Moore)和黑线露毒蛾(Daplasa blacklinea sp.nov.)。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Analysis of the intra-individual differences of the joint surfaces of the calcaneus

Patients with calcaneus fractures experience considerable interferences with daily living activities. The quality of anatomical reconstruction is important because of its influence on functional outcome. The aim of this study was to develop an automatic algorithm based on computer tomographic (CT) images to quantify the integrity of calcaneal joint surfaces. Validation of this algorithm was done by assessing intra-individual variations of characteristic joint parameters. Bilateral hind foot CT data of 12 subjects were manually segmented, and 3D models from the calcaneus, talus and cuboid were generated. These models were implemented in a custom-made software to analyse the area, 3D orientations and bone distance of the joint surfaces of the calcaneus. Three joints were detected, and the calculated parameters were compared between right and left hind foot by the evaluation of the directional asymmetry (%DA). The results were statistically analysed with a paired t-test. The median of area (5–7 %DA) of the joint surfaces and the distance between two articulating surfaces (8–9 %DA) showed the greatest intra-individual differences. Median differences in 3D orientation were comparatively low (1–2 %DA). None of these differences was statistically significant. Inter-individual variations among subjects were several magnitudes larger than intra-individual differences. The presented computational tool provides 3D joint-specific parameters of the calcaneus, which enable to describe their respective joint integrity. The results show that only small intra-individual differences within the anatomy exist. Surgical treatment should take place with the aid of CT data from the contralateral side. Thus, a good restoration of the anatomy may be reached. The computational tool assesses the quality of reduction, and may be helpful to evaluate the outcome and quality of operative treatment based on the calculated joint-specific parameters of joint reconstructions in the hind foot.     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

Topography of the contours of the inner surface of the wall of the left ventricle of the heart in systole

Chosen at random 38 diastolic preparations of human hearts from persons having not any cardiac pathology, as demonstrate the postmortem examination, have been investigated. The left ventricle casts have been made during the first 24 hours after death according to a strictly fixed technique by means of filling the cardiac chambers with polymere mass--protacryl--under a physiological pressure of the diastolic filling. The trabecules are arranged as a spiral from the apex of the ventricle up to the atrioventricular fibrous ring, with approaching the apex the spiral step increases and the trabecules straighten. The left ventricle cast is devided into some planes, the envelopes and the trabecularity lines are measured. Average values of the shift in the trabecularity lines I, II, III and in the cross sections B, C, D, E are defined in relation to the plane A and in every case in relation to the previous plane Cn-1. The data obtained are presented in tables and diagrams. The greatest shift demonstrate the trabecularity lines I running predominantly along the posterior wall of the left ventricle in the planes B and which are situated nearer to the atrioventricular ring projection. Owing to the presence of the spiral-shaped course of the trabecules, it is possible to suppose that it influences the blood stream twisting clockwise in the left ventricle during the diastole phase. This indicates the necessity to work out some new constructions of artificial cardiac valves, securing the twisted blood stream. The condition mentioned should be taken into consideration while making prostheses of the cardiac valves.     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

Forms of the Word and the Mystery of the Objectified Nature of the Word

The time has come to proceed from forms of givenness of the word to forms of the word as such. They can, if you like, be called external and inner structures. Humboldt, however, preferred to speak of the external and inner forms of the language. Shpet adopted precisely this distinction. Why did this problem interest Shpet? Already in [Appearance and sense], he had set the task of returning to the source of pretheoretical, living science. Shpet wrote that the outer cover of words and logical expressions obscure the objectified meaning and that it was necessary to remove another cover from the objectified sign so as to grasp a certain genuine intimacy, and in it the fullness of being (Shpet, 1914. Pp. 5-6). We shall keep in mind this major undertaking posed by this scientist. The existence of the inner form of words should not come as a surprise. That same year (1914) Ortega y Gasset wrote that material objects have a third dimension. However, we cannot see or touch it: "For just as depth needs a surface beneath which to be concealed, the surface, or outer cover, in order to be so, needs something over which to spread, covering it" (Ortega y Gasset, 2000. Pp. 62-63).     

Drainage of the prelymphatics of the brain via the adventitia of the vertebral artery

Carbon particles injected into the cortex of the cerebellum of the rat were found in the Virchow-Robin spaces of the adjacent capillaries, and in the adventitia of the cerebellar artery, basilar artery and vertebral artery--both inside and outside the skull. They were also found in some portions of the deeper cervical lymph nodes. However, while tracers injected into the cerebral hemispheres are drained via the tissue channels in the adventitia of the internal carotid arteries, tracers injected into the cerebellar hemispheres are drained via those of the vertebral arteries.