北京地区夏大豆田间杂草的生态经济杀除阈期研究

本文提出了杂草生态经济杀除阈期的概念，并在北京地区田间试验的基础上，建立了苗后放任和免除夏大豆田间杂草生长的相对时间与大豆相对产量间的函数关系，并在此基础上确立了夏大豆田间杂草群落的生态经济杀除阈期的计算模型。结果表明，夏大豆田间杂草的相对生态经济杀除阈期约处在大豆出苗至成熟期总天数的１２．４％－３１．０％的天数之前。在此期间进行除草，即能确保大豆不会因杂草生长而显著减产，又可节约阈期之前和之后盲     

北京地区夏大豆田间杂草的生态经济杀除阈期研究

本文提出了杂草生态经济杀除阈期的概念,并在北京地区田间试验的基础上,建立了苗后放任和免除夏大豆田间杂草生长的相对时间与大豆相对产量间的函数关系,并在此基础上确立了夏大豆田间杂草群落的生态经济杀除阈期的计算模型。结果表明,夏大豆田间杂草的相对生态经济杀除阈期约处在大豆出苗至成熟期总天数的12.4%—31.0%的天数之前。在此期间进行除草,既能确保大豆不会因杂草生长而显著减产,又可节约阈期之前和之后盲目除草所消耗的费用,并在一定程度上可利用杂草的固土保肥、增加土壤有机质等作用。     

黄淮海地区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期研究

 本文通过北京和唐山多年多点田间试验,研究了黄淮海地区夏玉米田苗后放任和免除自生一年生杂草生长的相对时间与夏玉米相对产量的函数关系,并据此导出了该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期计算模型。结果发现,该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期约处在夏玉米苗后总生育期的(天)第11.2—50.9%之间。该区夏玉米生长季节中只要此期田间保持无草,便可望以最小的代价和费用,最大限度地使杂草弃害扬利,从而获得较高的生态经济除草效益。     

稗草阴蔽对大豆根瘤固氮速率的影响

在自控人工气候室内系统研究了稗草阴蔽对大豆根瘤固氮速度的影响，结果表明：在每盆6，12和24株稗草的阴蔽作用下，,播后44－101天期间大豆单株根瘤的平均固氮速率分别比无阴蔽对照下降了31．5，39．5和44．5％，稗草阴蔽引起大豆根瘤固氮速率下降的原因与其通过降低大豆植株的受光量及其叶片的CO2传导速率从而降低其叶片的净光合速率有关，播后43－75天期间在每盆6，12和24株稗草的阴蔽作用下，由于大豆植物的受光量分别比无阴蔽对照平均减少了32．1，39．1和43．4％，叶片的CO2传导速率分别比无阴蔽对照平均下降了14．0，16．7和19．3％，导致大豆叶片的净光合速率分别比无阴蔽对照降低了25．4，32．7和37．3％。     

科尔沁沙地15种禾本科植物种子萌发特性比较

在实验室条件下,观测了科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区禾本科植物当年新采种子的萌发特点．15种植物中,披碱草、糙隐子草、冠芒草、大油芒、芦苇、虎尾草、野古草、狼尾草的发芽率超过80％,水稗草、牛鞭草、虱子草、狗尾草的发芽率不足10％．1～3d开始发芽的植物有大油芒、画眉、芦苇、虎尾草、披碱草、冠芒草、毛马唐、糙隐子草．超过10d基本不发芽的植物包括狗尾草、虱子草、牛鞭草．发芽持续期小于10d的植物包括毛马唐、水稗草、芦苇、画眉草、大油芒;发芽持续期21～30d的植物有披碱草、冠芒草．发芽种子超过总发芽种子的50％需要天数为虎尾草2d,芦苇3d,大油芒4d,披碱草5d,糙隐子草5d,野古草7d,冠芒草7d,狼尾草10d．与英国Sheffield地区相比,乌兰敖都地区一年生禾草发芽率低的所占比重更大,发芽更为缓慢;乌兰敖都地区多年生禾草的发芽率差别很小,但发芽更为缓慢．杂草植物萌发的风险分摊能力相对明显,因此抗干扰能力相对较强．     

不同作物轮作制度对土壤杂草种子库特征的影响

为明确不同作物轮作制度对杂草种子库特征的影响,比较研究了玉米-小麦(MW)、大豆-小麦(SW)轮作和原水稻-小麦(RW)轮作方式下杂草种子库的特征。结果表明,作物轮作显著影响杂草种子库的密度和种类组成,进行玉米-小麦或大豆-小麦轮作2年后,杂草种子库密度分别比稻麦轮作降低27．16％、44．44％。在原水稻-小麦轮作方式下,种子库中主要杂草为陌上菜、异型莎草、菵草、水苋菜、千金子等。玉米-小麦轮作使种子库中马唐、碎米莎草、飘拂草的相对优势度显著上升,鸭舌草、水苋菜、菵草的相对优势度显著下降。而在大豆-小麦轮作方式下,种子库中通泉草、马唐、鳢肠、飘拂草的相对优势度显著上升。玉米-小麦轮作种子库的物种多样性指数高于大豆-小麦轮作和水稻-小麦轮作。玉米-小麦与大豆-小麦轮作种子库的物种组成相似性较高。作物轮作影响杂草种子库密度和种类组成的机制,可能在于通过轮换种植不同的作物,提供了多样化的选择压,限制了某些对单一种植系统有着良好适应性的杂草种类的生长。     

铅污染土壤中杂草对铅的吸收

利用盆栽试验,研究了杂草对铅的吸收积累及铅污染土壤中杂草养分吸收和根系丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染的特点．结果表明,铅污染对杂草生长没有明显影响．铅主要富集在根系中,对某些杂草吸收养分有影响．苗期除了升马唐钾含量铅处理与对照之间有显著差异外,其它差异均不显著,说明苗期铅处理对鸡眼草、苦荬菜、升马唐和无芒稗吸收养分基本没有影响;成熟期铅处理中苦荬菜和升马唐的全磷含量极显著高于对照,而无芒稗全氮含量显著低于对照．根系AMF的侵染特点是,无论是苗期还是成熟期。鸡眼草和升马唐根系的AMF侵染率变化不大;苦荬菜铅处理低于对照,苗期铅处理和对照的根系侵染率分别是45．52％和69．44％,成熟期分别是74．64％和82．21％;无芒稗铅处理根系的AMF侵染率显著高于对照,苗期铅处理和对照的根系侵染率分别是82．45％和59．19％,成熟期分别是91．36％和78．28％．     

西藏林芝地区油菜田杂草群落动态及生态位

采用田间调查方法,对林芝地区油菜田杂草群落相对丰度和生态位进行了研究。初步明确了林芝地区油菜田间杂草种类共有7科11种,其中主要科为:豆科、禾本科和藜科;优势种群为:藏蓟、车前、野燕麦、天蓝苜蓿、早熟禾和窄叶野碗豆。同时明确了优势杂草的消长变化规律,即4月中旬为杂草始发期,5月初和6月底为2个出草高峰期。天蓝苜蓿的综合生态位宽度值最大,对油菜的危害最大,其次为车前和藏蓟;早熟禾与车前的时间生态位重叠值最大,与野燕麦的水平生态位重叠值和垂直生态位重叠值都最大,它们相互之间利用资源的相似性较高。利用相对丰度和生态位宽度均能确定优势杂草的种类,反映杂草对作物危害程度的大小。     

二氯喹啉酸诱导稗草EcDnaJ基因表达

DnaJ作为分子伴侣在植物抗逆中起重要作用. 但目前在二氯喹啉酸逆境下,其在抗药性稗草中表达特点却鲜有报道. 本研究采用RACE技术从抗二氯喹啉酸稗草中克隆了1个DnaJ基因, 命名为EcDnaJ1 (GenBank登录号：JX518598), 其cDNA全长为2 154 bp, 开放阅读框为1 350 bp,编码449 个氨基酸, 理论分子量为48.4 kD, 等电点为9.5. 该蛋白质氮端含有1个保守的J结构域, 中部含有4个模式为CxxCxGxG的锌指结构. Real-time PCR分别测定EcDnaJ1在二氯喹啉酸抗性和敏感的稗草生物型苗期叶、根及成株期根、茎、叶和种子中的表达, 在感、抗生物型的相对表达量分别是0.8～20.9和7.4～30.2, 其中在抗性稗草苗期叶片中相对表达量最高为30.2, 而在敏感稗草种子中最低为0.8, 抗性稗草是敏感稗草的1.4～9.2 倍. 受二氯喹啉酸诱导后, 其在感、抗稗草的相对表达量分别为35.8～72.5和84.9～261.9, 在抗性稗草苗期叶片中相对表达量最高为261.9, 而在敏感稗草的种子中相对表达量最低为35.8, 抗性稗草是敏感稗草的2.4～3.6 倍. 诱导前后, 无论是在苗期根和叶中还是成株期的根、茎、叶和种子中, EcDnaJ1表达量均是抗性稗草高于敏感稗草. 抗、感稗草生物型的EcDnaJ1在mRNA水平差异表达暗示,它可能参与了稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性.     

夏大豆病虫害系统最优控制研究

１９９３－１９９６年作者研究了豆田１６种可控因素对夏大豆病虫害、天敌和产量的综合效应。根据既控病虫增产又保护生态的原则,综合评价了可控因素,提出了夏大豆病早了优控制策略：同穴（４：１式）或间作（９：２式）,鲁豆４,６月１０日前后播种、１８００ｇ／ｈｍ＾２微肥拦种,Ｎ４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｋ２０１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,有机肥２２５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,甲拦磷０．３６％拌种,多菌     

Effects of cycloheximide on thymidine metabolism and on DNA strand elongation in Physarum polycephalum

Treatment of Physarum polycephalum with cycloheximide during the DNA synthesis period resulted in a reduction in the incorporation of [³H]thymidine into DNA. This effect was caused by both a reduction in the specific activity of TTP and by an inhibition of progeny strand elongation within replication units. No effect of the drug on the initiation of synthesis of replication units or on the ligation of DNA fragments was detected.     

Components of Partial Disease Resistance in Wheat Detected in a Detached Leaf Assay Inoculated with Microdochium majus using First, Second and Third Expanding Seedling Leaves

The use of first, second and third expanding seedling leaves of wheat (L1, L2 and L3 respectively), inoculated with conidial suspensions of Microdochium majus (syn. Microdochium nivale var. majus) in a detached leaf assay, for detecting components of partial disease resistance (PDR) was investigated across a range of wheat cultivars. Incubation periods (period from inoculation to first appearance of symptoms; a dull grey–green water‐soaked lesion) and latent periods (period from inoculation to the first appearance of sporodochia) were longest and lesions smallest on L3. The expression of PDR components on L2 was intermediate to those on L1 and L3. The longer latent periods on L3 typically occurred after leaf senescence contrasting with latent periods on L1 and L2 where sporulation most frequently occurred on relatively green leaf tissue. Cultivar differences in the first appearance of symptoms, incubation period, which occurred before any leaf senescence was observed, correlated significantly across all leaf positions. Similarly cultivar differences in latent period were correlated for L1 and L2. However, latent periods on L3, which were the least consistent between cultivars across experiments, were not correlated with those of L1 or L2 in any experiment. The results indicate that due to the delay in sporulation until after leaf senescence, observations on latent period in L3 are less representative of what occurs in the whole plant where infection of living tissue is of greatest interest. This work indicates that the selection of the first or second expanding leaf of wheat is optimal for the use in the detached leaf assay using M. majus for studying components of PDR.     

A study of the macro-environment at BenCat in southern Vietnam

Based on the meteorological data over a period of 4 years (1980–3), the macro-environment of BenCat Farm situated in the southern part of Vietnam (27 m above mean sea-level, 11° N and 106° E) was categorized as a “monsoon tropical climate”, due to heavy rainfall (annual mean 2028.96 mm) and about 32% wet days (annual mean 116.52 days) together with high air temperature (annual mean daily temperature 28.58, max. 32.33 and min 24.85° C). April was the hottest (monthly mean >35°C) and January the coldest month (monthly mean <22° C) of the year. The maximum number of wet days were during September and October (mean 18 days.month), whereas the minimum number of wet days were during January and February (mean <1 day/month). The months of December and January at Ben-Cat buffalo farm were categorized as the “comfortable (moderate-Dry) period” as the mean daily temperature was <27° C, while the remaining 10 months of the Calender year (February–November) were categorized as the “hot period” (mean daily temperature >27° C). On the basis of rainfall and the number of wet days, the hot period was further subdivided into a “hot-dry period” (February–April, mean of 1.67 wet days/month and mean rainfall 19.43 mm/month) and a “hot-humid period” (May–November, mean of 15.57 wet days/month and mean rainfall 276.28 mm/month).     

我国丹顶鹤栖息地选择研究进展

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,被世界自然保护联盟列为濒危物种。本研究通过搜集和整理2000至2017年丹顶鹤栖息地选择和生境适宜性相关文献,分析了丹顶鹤在繁殖期、迁徙期、越冬期的栖息地选择,发现丹顶鹤在这三个时期的最偏好生境均为芦苇沼泽或芦苇滩,回避人为干扰较为严重的居民点、道路、盐田等生境。通过梳理丹顶鹤繁殖地、中途停歇地、越冬地的栖息地变化及其原因,发现丹顶鹤栖息地变化是自然因素和人为因素共同驱动的结果,以人为因素为主。本研究希望为科学评价栖息地变化对丹顶鹤野生种群的影响、针对性地开展栖息地保护管理工作、促进丹顶鹤野生种群健康可持续发展提供依据。     

The Effects of Temperature on the Incubation and Latent Periods of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) on Clematis

The effects of temperature on the length of the incubation and latent periods of clematis powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe polygoni , were studied. At constant temperatures over the range of 10–29°C, the length of the incubation period ranged from 4 to 11 days, and the length of the latent period ranged from 4 to 13 days; no visible colonies developed at 30°C after 19 days. The relationship between temperature and the rates of fungal development within the incubation and latent periods (expressed as the reciprocal of the lengths of the incubation and latent periods) under constant temperature were described well by a non-linear model. The resulting curves were not the usual form of an asymmetrically bell-shaped type; instead, they were of exponential type with the development rate increasing with increasing temperatures. The relationship between temperature and the development rate during the post-incubation (before sporulation) period was non-linear with an optimum temperature of approximately 20°C.     

一类传染病动力学时滞模型的分析

研究了一类传染病动力学模型,用摄动理论讨论了相应的非线性时滞问题,得到了被传染病感染的人群数与健康人群数比例的变化规律的渐近表达式,从而揭示了传染病的潜伏期和传染期对疾病传播的影响和作用.本文的研究为解决这一类非线性时滞模型提供了一种有效的方法.     

Relationship between latex yield of Hevea brasiliensis and antecedent environmental parameters

A study on the relationship between latex yield and antecedent environmental data was undertaken for five clones (RRII203, RRII118, RRIM600, RRII105 and GT1) of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) in Agartala, northeast India, a region in which rubber is not traditionally cultivated. The explained variance for the regression equations based on parameters determined on the day of tapping and up to 3 days prior to it, varied from 72% to 37% during the NWT period and 94-83% during the WT period. Soil moisture storage, 1 and 3 days prior to tapping, was found to be the primary parameter affecting yield for the NWT and WT periods, respectively. It was observed that the clone RRII105, with a comparatively lower yield to that of RRIM600, was more susceptible to daily WD conditions during the non-winter season. RRIM600 and RRII105 being high-yielding clones were also found to be fairly dependent on the AT of the day prior to tapping. The mean lag period correlation of this parameter with yield was also found to be higher during the WT period than during the NWT period. As a whole, the mean lag period based on prior measurements of environmental variables showed optimum correlation with yield at 15-20 days prior to the day of tapping. The study also confirms that varied responses of yield with environmental factors in this non-traditional region of rubber cultivation depend on clonal character.     

泽雅水库混合深度的年内变化及其对藻类生消影响

就水库藻类水华的发生机制而言,近年来值得关注的研究动向是,一些研究者开始认识到光照和混合的交互作用可能对藻类水华生消过程起到了关键作用,即认为水体混合深度的变化直接影响着可获得光强,从而决定着藻类生物量的时空分布。在这些研究中,混合层深度的确定是探讨藻类生消过程影响的前提。然而已有的研究大都只进行粗略的估计。本文提出采取系统聚类分析的方法确定泽雅水库不同时期的混合深度。在具体分析过程中,将测得的某一天某一深度处的pH,DO,温度,电导率,氧化还原电位等5个参数结果看成一类,采用类间平均连接法,间隔尺度变量为欧氏距离的平方进行聚类。对采用系统聚类分析法和已有的"1°C"法计算得的全年的混合深度的变化趋势进行比较,认为系统聚类分析法可以更为准确地反应水体混合的实际情况。依据混合深度的不同特征,在年内水库水体可划分为热成层时期,全混时期和两者之间的过渡期,藻类生物量与混合深度呈负相关。在热成层期间,藻类生物量都超过了13mm³L^-1。而到了9月份,当混合层深度扩展到15m以上时,藻类生物量明显下降,此后水体处于全混时期,藻类生物量较低,在9-20mm³/L^-1波动。基于稳态假设的前提下,发现随着混合深度增加,稳态藻类生物量呈单峰变化,在混合深度2m处达到最大值,即在混合深度为0-2m之间时,藻类沉降作用是藻类生物量的主要影响因素,随着深度增加,沉降作用下降,因此藻类生物量增加;当混合深度超过2m之后,光限制作用占主导因素,藻类生物量随混合深度增加而下降。这一结果为 Diehl的假说提供了水库现场的实证。     

Agriculture and food from the Roman to the Islamic Period in the North-East of the Iberian peninsula: archaeobotanical studies in the city of Lleida (Catalonia, Spain)

The urban archaeological excavations carried out in the city of Lleida (Catalonia, Spain) have opened the way for an interdisciplinary project on the ancient landscape, agriculture and food. Here we present the results of the archaeobotanical study of seeds and fruits from this project, centred on the Roman and Islamic periods of the city, between the 2nd century B.C. and the 11th century A.D. During the whole of this period the cultivation and consumption of cereals was found. The most important cereals were hulled barley and naked wheat. This was already known from the later prehistoric era in the area and is similar to findings at other sites from the same period in the western Mediterranean. These cereals are accompanied by some leguminous crops and the presence of grapes and figs is very significant. The expansion of vine cultivation, together with a certain amount of tree growing was one of the basic contributions of the Roman world to proto-historical (Bronze- and Iron Age) agriculture in western Catalonia, as in other parts of Europe. In the Islamic period, there seems to have been an increase in the number of fruit tree species; however for taphonomical reasons this has to be confirmed by future investigations. Flax, already known in prehistoric times, and Gold-of-pleasure must be added to the finds. Also since the Roman period some other taxa, such as celery or fennel, might have been grown. During the time period considered in this paper, there was a wide range of plants grown and consumed. This clearly contrasts with everything known about earlier periods in western Catalonia, during which the only cultivated plants were cereals and flax.